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12. F2012 England before the Conquest
- 1. England Before the Conquest Æthelred
- 2. Æthelred – Alfred Compared Alfred Æthelred Paying Payment to buy time to Payments at increasing Vikings build up defenses rate (gafol, Danegeld) Efficacy Peace over 15 years Temporary respites Defenses Burhs as garrisoned Existing burhs now forts commercial centers Stone walls added New burhs at South Cadbury, Old Sarum, and Cissbury Fyrds Rotating standing army Ad hoc army
- 3. Æthelred – Alfred Compared Alfred Æthelred Army Shortage of armor Large stock of coats of mail Navy Start navy but it is Start navy but betrayed ineffective by Wulfnoth Dealing Forced to contribute Forced to contribute with the hostages as well as geld supplies as well as geld enemy Support Support of nobles Lack of support by many nobles
- 4. Æthelred – Alfred Compared Alfred Æthelred Enemy force 2,000-3,000 5,000-10,000 organized troops Area defended Wessex England Governmental Not yet organized Organized structure Chroniclers Contemporary texts Retrospective texts after in A-S Chronicle defeat in A-S Chronicle Context Millenialism
- 5. Æthelred – Alfred Compared Alfred Æthelred Personality Intellectual approach Subject to rage to kingship counselors English and Untrustworthy military Continental clergy leaders Law New law code based Several law codes on precedents dealing with regional variations Culture Fostered education Period of continuing and church building excellence in fine arts, education and scholarship
- 6. References Simon Keynes (1986). ―A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Æthelred the Unready‖. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 36, pp 195-217 [Not as bad as later writers painted him] Leonard Neidorf ―II Æthelred and the Politics of The Battle of Maldon” Journal of English and Germanic Philology— October 2012, pp 451-473 Richard Abels English Logistics and military administration, 871-1066: The Impact of the Viking Wars http://asnoc.wordpress.com/2012/06/28/english-logistics-and-military-administration-871- 1066-the-impact-of-the-viking-wars/
- 7. England-Danish, Anglo-Saxon, Norman? Canute Edward the Confessor Harold II
- 8. Danish Invasion Preparations? Aggersborg Trelleborg
- 10. 1014 Attack on London? ‖Fact or Folklore: The Viking Attack on London Bridge,‖ London Archaeologist, Spring 2004, 328-333
- 11. King Cnut (England and Denmark) • 1019 His brother, Harold, dies: Cnut now King of Denmark • Commissions Wulfstan to produce new law code • c. 1025 Thorkell dies, Ulf, Cnut’s brother-in-law made regent for Harthacnut in Denmark • 1035 Harthacnut, King of Denmark
- 12. Succession Crisis • Cnut dies 12 November 1035 • Harold Harefoot – Earl Leofric Mercia – Earl Siward Northumbria – northern thanes – London fleet • Harthacanute – Earl Godwine of Mercia
- 13. Godwine • His father may have been Wulfnoth, an Anglo-Saxon turned viking and nephew of Streona • 1018 Appears as ealdorman on charters • 1022? travels with Cnut to Denmark • Married to sister-in-law of Cnut
- 14. Reign of Harold I • Emma given Winchester • Later driven to Bruges in 1037 1037 Harold tortures Alfred Godwine embraces Alfred
- 15. Reign of Harthacanute • 1040 Harold dies, buried at Westminster • 1041 Edward returns to England • 1042 Harthacanute dies at a wedding feast
- 16. Succession • Danish Claimants – Harold of Denmark, died 1043 – Swein of Denmark –preoccupied with own kingdom • Norwegian Claimant – Magnus –purportedly in pact with Harthacnute • Edward – Welcomed by Harthacanute – Championed by Godwine, Leofric and Siward
- 17. Coronations of Edward and Edith
- 18. Edward the King • Opted out of Norway-Denmark conflict • 1050 Dismisses Navy • 1051 Abolishes heregeld • 1051 Robert of Jumieges, Archbishop of Canterbury • Administrative apparatus entrusted to others
- 21. Godwine • Appointment of Stigand to Winchester in 1047; Canterbury in 1052 • 1051 The Dover fracas • 1051 ‘Get thee to a nunnery’ • Dies 1053
- 22. Godwinesons • Harold, Earl of Wessex • 1055 Tostig, Earl of North • 1057 Gyrth, Earl of East Anglia • 1057 Leofwine, Earl of E. Midlands • 1058 Leofric dies • Aelfgar banished; returns • 1062 Aelfgar dies
- 23. Earl Harold • 1058 Leofric dies • m. Ealdgyth, daughter of Aelfgar Harold, son of Godwine kneels before King Edward
- 26. Jumièges
- 27. Death of Edward Edith Harold I commend this woman and all the kingdom to your protection
- 28. England 1066
Notas del editor
- If the unification of England seemed to make particular progress during thereigns of Athelstan and Edgar, this may be in part attributable to the fact that bothkings, though members of the West Saxon dynasty, had begun their reigns as kingsof the Mercians; jEthelred did not enjoy such an advantage.
- that is truly original;his originality lay rather in the extent to which he, more than anyother king, took the responsibilities of his office to heart, and in hisability to look beyond the end of his own nose. Even so, we shouldnot claim too much familiarity with Alfred: for it is always salutaryto reflect that had his 'Handbook' survived to this day, with itscollection of Alfred's favourite prayers, psalms and other texts, ourunderstanding of what made him tick would have been transformed
- Trelleborg is a collective name for six Viking Age circular forts, located in Denmark and the southern part of modern Sweden. Five of them have been dated to the reign of the Harold Bluetooth of Denmark (died 986). The fort in Borgeby[1] has been dated to the vicinity of 1000 AD, so it is possible that it too, was built by the same king.
- 11th c battle axe found near London Bridge 208 mm bladeÓláfr was one of Æthelred’s armycommanders, who volunteered to lead his ships ina daring attack on London Bridge. Snorri statesthat this attack was only undertaken to helpÆthelred regain his throne, which places it after Swein’s death and before Æthelred’s own deathin 1016.20The attack on the bridge in 1014involved sailing westwards upstream to thedefended timber bridge, fixing ropes andgrappling irons to it, then sailing downstreamagain and pulling down or badly damaging thesuperstructure of the bridge and compelling itsdefenders to surrender London to Æthelred’sforces (Fig. 1).21 Next, Æthelred’s forces defeatedthe Scandinavians.