Despiste the provocative title, this lecture delivers an account of how the idea of Active Citizenship has evolved in history and how this idea is related to the Right to the City. True citizen participation has the potential to deliver the right to the city. In this lecture, I explore a very old line of thought that goes from Aristotle and Plato, to Rousseau, Hannah Arendt, Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey, all of whom affirm the power of active or engaged citizenship in shaping the city while simultaneously shaping us.
2. THE DOWNSIDE OF PARTICIPATION
CRITICS OF PARTICIPATION SAY IT’S…
‣ EXPENSIVE
‣ TIME CONSUMING
‣ INEFFECTIVE
‣ LIP-SERVICE
‣ FOR OLD RETIRED MEN
‣ DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT
‣ “NOBODY CARES ABOUT PARTICIPATION: WHAT EVERYBODY WANTS IS EFFICIENCY”
‣ IT IS A TOOL FOR MANIPULATION: IT IS A PUBLIC RELATIONS TOOL FOR THE POWER
HOLDERS (ARNSTEIN, 1969)
‣ IT IS A DEVICE FROM THE RIGHT TO JUSTIFY THE END OF THE WELFARE STATE
‣ IT IS A DEVICE FROM THE LEFT TO JUSTIFY THE PROPAGATION OF ITS IDEOLOGY
3. THE UPSIDE
A-CRITICS OF PARTICIPATION SAY, IT’S
‣ THE SOLUTION FOR ALL OUR PROBLEMS
‣ ANYTHING TOP DOWN IS NECESSARILY BAD, SO
EVERYTHING BOTTOM UP IS NECESSARILY GOOD
7. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IS (OR COULD BE) THE
REDISTRIBUTION OF POWER THAT ENABLES
(DISADVANTAGED) CITIZENS TO BE
DELIBERATELY INCLUDED IN DECISION
MAKING PROCESSES.
Arnstein, S. (1969). "A Ladder of Citizen Participation." JAIP 35(4): 216-224.
9. SPATIAL JUSTICE
TERRITORIAL OR SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF
DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, GOODS AND
OPPORTUNITIES
EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL ECONOMIC
RELATIONSHIPS HAPPENING IN SPACE
17. By A.Savin (Wikimedia Commons · WikiPhotoSpace) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27948211
Polis is the space of
shared decision-making,
otherwise known as ‘politics’.
18. By After Lysippos - Jastrow (2006), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1359807
Aristotle: “man is a political
animal”
We can only achieve the good life by living as
citizens in organised societies. In doing so we
become fully human (as opposed to animals in a
state of nature).
19. THE SPATIAL DIMENSION OF POLITICS
City: the shared political and physical
space, where decisions must be taken by
citizens together. http://timelines.latimes.com/occupy-wall-street-movement/
22. The political space of the city:
the ‘social contract’ that
establishes rights and duties and
where government is legitimised
by the consent of the citizens.
https://02varvara.wordpress.com/2011/10/19/19-october-2011-occupy-wall-street-becomes-“occupy-the-world”-why-is-the-
us-corporate-media-silent/00-01l-occupy-wall-street-19-10-11-vancouver-bc-canada/
23. THE RIGHT TO THE CITY=
ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP
*right to take part in the affairs
of the city
*to make decisions about one’s
own living environment
*realize one’s full potential as a
human being
24. THE RIGHT TO THE CITY IS THE RIGHT TO ACTIVELY SHAPE
THE CITY TO ONE’S NEEDS AND DESIRES, THUS
EXERCISING ONE’S FULL CITIZENSHIP
By Robert Crc - Subversive festival media, FAL, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27132002
25. THE RIGHT TO THE CITY
…is far more than the individual liberty to access
urban resources: it is a right to change ourselves by
changing the city. It is, moreover, a common rather
than an individual right since this transformation
inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective
power to reshape the processes of urbanisation. The
freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves
is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most
neglected of our human rights (Harvey, 2008)
28.
…designing and planning the built
environment are
profoundly political activities in which
power relationships must be continually
exposed and power must be
distributed.
Active citizenship is not granted, but
rather conquered through struggle.
Photo by Arlette. Arlette Reloaded on Flickr and Instagram. Reproduced here with special permission.
31. WAIT! ARE YOU SAYING
PARTICIPATION WILL DELIVER
THE RIGHT TO THE CITY?
IT IS NOT THAT SIMPLE! HOWEVER, IT IS
UNDENIABLE THAT ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP
IMPLIES PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVE
CITIZENSHIP IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT
TO ACHIEVE THE RIGHT TO THE CITY.
42. THE FALL OF
PUBLIC SPACEHOMESTEAD, FLORIDA, IS ONE
OF A NUMBER OF GATED
COMMUNITIES IN THE US. THEY
HAVE BECOME MORE POPULAR
NOT ONLY FOR CELEBRITIES
BUT FOR MIDDLE-CLASS
HOMEOWNERS FEARFUL FOR
THEIR SAFETY. PHOTOGRAPH:
SIPA PRESS/REX
43. THE PROFOUND CULTURAL
ABYSS BETWEEN CITIES,
SUBURBS AND RURAL AREAS
CLINTON WON ALMOST 90
PERCENT OF URBAN CORES,
WHILE TRUMP WON THE VAST
MAJORITY – BETWEEN 75 AND
90 PERCENT – OF SUBURBS,
SMALL CITIES AND RURAL
AREAS. THOUGH THESE LATTER
GEOGRAPHIES ARE MORE
SPARSELY POPULATED, THEY
WERE HOME TO THE MAJORITY
OF VOTERS THIS ELECTION.
46. THANKS FOR WATCHING
THIS PRESENTATION.
SHOULD YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS, PLEASE
WRITE TO:
R.C.ROCCO@TUDELFT.NL
47. TEXT
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