1. The Brain – Module #8
•Weighs about 3 pounds
•Composed of bundles of
neurons
•Processes information
•Need lots of oxygen and glucose
•Needs ATP to run sodium-
potassium pump

2. Hypoxia – the condition in
which inadequate oxygen is
available to tissue.
Hypoglycemia – condition
where blood glucose levels
drop symptom -can’t think
clearly

3. Stroke – most common
brain injury/disorder
Two types of strokes

4. Two types of strokes:
1. Ischemic stroke – blood
clot blocks blood flow

5. Two types of strokes:
1. Ischemic stroke – blood clot blocks blood flow
2. Hemorrhagic stroke –
blood vessels burst – most
fatal

6. The brain requires:
Oxygen
Glucose
Vitamin A, B complex, C & E
Folic acid
Fatty acids for myelin

7. Brain Anatomy:
White matter
Neurons of brain wrapped in
myelin make it look white
Is found in the inside area of
the brain

9. Brain Anatomy:
White matter
Gray matter
neurons of brain that are
not wrapped in myelin makes
look gray
Found on the outside area
of the brain (cerebral cortex)

11. Brain Anatomy:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) - instrument that will
give you images of the brain

12. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem cerebrum
diencephalon
2. Diencephalon
brain stem cerebellum
3. Cerebellum
4. Cerebrum

13. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem
located between
cerebrum and spinal cord

14. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem
3 parts to brain stem:
A. medulla oblongata
• section closest to spinal cord
• regulates vital functions (i.e.
breathing, blood pressure)
• where decussation occurs
• can be fatal if injured

15. Decussation = crossing over
Vasomotor area – area of
medulla that controls the
dilation and constriction of
blood vessels to regulate blood
pressure.

16. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem
3 parts to brain stem:
A. medulla oblonga
B. Pons
links cerebrum & cerebellum
assist in regulating breathing
coordinates eye movement

17. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem
3 parts to brain stem:
A. medulla oblonga
B. Pons
3. Midbrain
• located above the pons
• coordinates eye movements and
pupil dilation
• hearing center
• contains reticular formation

18. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem
2. Diencephalon
Located between midbrain and
cerebrum
Includes the thalamus and
hypothalamus
is part of the limbic system

19. 2. Diencephalon
Limbic System
Structures involved in emotions and
motivations related to survival
include fear, anger, and emotions
related to reproduction and eating
Includes amygdala, hippocampus,
thalamus and hypothalamus

20. 2. Diencephalon
Thalamus
Acts as a relay or switch board
sending impulses to right place in
brain
Involved in pain & temperature
Origin of fear and anger

22. 2. Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Relay between thalamus and
cerebrum
Controls hormones through
pituitary gland
Involved in emotions and modes
Controls hunger, body weight,
body temperature, water balance

24. 2. Diencephalon
Reticular Formation:
•Regulates sleep and awake cycles
and level of alertness of cerebrum
•Located in brain stem &
diencephalon
• If damaged may lead to an
irreversible coma

25. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebellum
second largest brain region
Latin for little brain
Has right and left hemispheres
Composed of white and gray
matter

26. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebellum
tightly packed, convoluted
mostly unconscious thought

27. 3. Cerebellum
Functions:
A. Regulates and coordinate
complex voluntary muscular
movement (often once trained by
cerebrum).

28. 3. Cerebellum
Functions:
B. Equilibrium – maintains
proper muscle tone to keep
you up right.
C. Muscle preset – it presets
the muscles for the amount of
strength you might need

29. 3. Cerebellum
Functions:
D. Dampening – keeps upper
limbs from swinging wildly
when you run or walk.
E. Muscle tone - continuous
and passive partial
contraction of the muscles

30. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebellum
4. Cerebrum
oLargest part of brain
oDivided into two hemispheres
oRight – creative, big picture
oLeft – logical, mathematical

31. Brain Anatomy:
Four major divisions:
1. Brain stem
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebellum
4. Cerebrum
oRight side of brain
controls the left
side of the body
oLeft side of the
brain controls the
right side of the body

33. 4. Cerebrum
oLongitudinal fissure - divides two
halves of cerebrum

34. 4. Cerebrum
oTwo sides connected by the
corpus callosum the largest
commissure.
oCommissure –
connection of
nerve fibers
between 2
hemispheres

35. 4. Cerebrum
oconsist of both gray matter and
white matter
oGray matter on the outside
called cerebral cortex and white
matter on the inside

36. 4. Cerebrum
ois convoluted or folded to get
more in a tight space.
oFolds are called gyri
oGrooves are called sulci

37. 4. Cerebrum
oCarries on higher –level brain
functions such as:
Thought
Voluntary movement
Language
Reasoning
Perception

38. 4. Cerebrum
Four lobes of the cerebrum:

39. 4. Cerebrum
Four lobes of the cerebrum:
A. Temporal lobe:
•separated by lateral fissure
• sense of hearing, smell and
taste
•Place of memory (hippocampus)
and abstract thought

40. 4. Cerebrum
Four lobes of the cerebrum:
A. Temporal lobe:
B. Frontal lobe:
• site of personality, judgment,
long term memory, attention, self
control and some skeletal muscle
control.
•Boundary is the lateral fissure and
central sulcus.

41. 4. Cerebrum
Four lobes of the cerebrum:
A. Temporal lobe
B. Frontal lobe
C. Occipital lobe:
• visual center contains the
primary visual cortex
•Is hard to differentiate, no
fissures or sulcus to divide it

42. 4. Cerebrum
Four lobes of the cerebrum:
A. Temporal lobe
B. Frontal lobe
C. Occipital lobe:
D. Parietal lobes:
• analyzes sensory information,
knowledge of numbers and their
relations, spatial perception and
manipulation of objects (map
reading)

43. 4. Cerebrum
Functional areas in the cerebrum:
A. Primary somatic sensory area or
cortex
•Receives sensory info from all over the
body
•Located on the central gyrus
•Mapped in 1950’s through shock
therapy
•Localizes where sensation came from

45. 4. Cerebrum
Functional areas in the cerebrum:
A. Primary somatic sensory area or cortex
B.Somatic Sensory Association Area
•Determines nature of the
sensation and puts it in proper
context

47. 4. Cerebrum
Functional areas in the cerebrum:
A. Primary somatic sensory area or cortex.
B. Somatic Sensory Association Area
C. Visual cortex
Located in the occipital lobe
Receives action potentials from the
optic nerve
Interprets basic shape, size and
color
Passes info to visual association
area

49. 4. Cerebrum
Functional areas in the cerebrum:
A. Primary somatic sensory area or cortex.
B. Somatic Sensory Association Area
C. Visual cortex
D. Visual Association Area
 Compares the basic image from
the visual cortex to historic past for
recognition
 Always is developing (how baby
recognizes mom)

51. 4. Cerebrum
Functional areas in the cerebrum:
A. Primary somatic sensory area or cortex.
B. Somatic Sensory Association Area
C. Visual cortex
D. Visual Association Area
E. Primary Auditory Area
 located on temporal lobe
 Responds to basic sound
determining volume and pitch
 Passes signal to auditory
association area

53. Functional areas in the cerebrum:
A. Primary somatic sensory area or cortex.
B. Somatic Sensory Association Area
C. Visual cortex
D. Visual Association Area
E. Primary Auditory Area
F. Auditory Association Area
• Puts sound in historic context
• If speech sends to Wernicke’s
area

55. 4. Cerebrum
Functional areas in the cerebrum:
A. Primary somatic sensory area or cortex.
B. Somatic Sensory Association Area
C. Visual cortex
D. Visual Association Area
E. Primary Auditory Area
F. Auditory Association Area
G. Broca’s (front) and Wernicke’s Area
- center of motor speech and
speech comprehension
H. Insular cortex - interprets taste
I. Olfactory bulb – interprets smell

57. Insular cortex

59. 4. Cerebrum
Functional areas in the cerebrum:
G. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area
H. Insular cortex
I. Olfactory bulb
J. Primary Motor Area/cortex
o Located on precentral gyrus
o Controls basic skeletal muscle
movement

61. 4. Cerebrum
Functional areas in the cerebrum:
G. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area
H. Insular cortex
I. Olfactory bulb
J. Primary Motor Area/cortex
K. Premotor area
oWorks out motor sequences
beforehand for fine motor skills
for the primary motor cortex

63. 4. Cerebrum
Functional areas in the cerebrum:
I. Olfactory bulb
J. Primary motor area/cortex
K. Premotor area
L. Prefrontal area
o Largest part of cerebrum
o Center for ability to reason and
motivation (personality)
o Lobotomy – procedure to
control violent behavior