history and generation of computer

1. HISTORY
OF
COMPUTER
Presentation by
Pradaban. D
MLIS-I YEAR
Pondicherry University

2.  As early as the seventeenth century, mathematicians
were trying to create a machine that could perform
basic mathematical functions such as, addition,
subtraction, division and multiplication.

3. Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
An English mathematician, Professor
Charles Babbage made a “difference
Engine” in 1833, which was powered
by steam to solve mathematical
equations.
After 10 years, in 1842, he made a
general purpose computer named
“Analytical Engine”.
This analytical engine could add,
subtract, multiply and divide in
automatic sequence at a rate of 60
additions per second.

4.  First Generation 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
 Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors
 Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
 Fourth Generation -1971Present:Microprocessors
 Fourth Generation -1971Present:Microprocessors

5.  The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.

6.  Technology- Vacuum Tubes
 Memory -Magnetic drums
 Language-Machine Language
 Input -Punched cards and paper cards
 Memory capacity-10,000 to 20,000 characters
 Output - Printout
 Application -record keeping
 Beginning of data processing business

7. Demerits
 Very expensive
 Relatively slow
 Great deal of electricity
 Very large in size and weight
 Generated a lot of heat
 Not programmable
 Unreliable
 Non portable
Examples
 ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
 ( Eckert & Archly).
 UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer) I, UNIVAC II
 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)
 Whirlwind

8.  Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in
the second generation of computers.
 The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 50s.
 smaller, faster and cheaper.

9.  Technology- Transistors
 Memory - Magnetic core
 Language- assembly Languages, high level programming
languages
 Input - Punched cards
 Memory capacity- 4,000 to 64,000 characters
 Output - Printout
 Application - record keeping, billing, etcRapid growth in
data processing applications

10. Merits
 Smaller size compared to 1st generation
computers
 More reliable
 Better portability
 Less heat generated
 Less prone to hardware failures
Demerits
 Frequent maintenance required
 Air conditioning required
 Commercial production was difficult and costly
Example
 UNIVAC III
 IBM 7070

11.  The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
 Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

12.  Technology- Integrated Circuits
 Memory - Magnetic disk
 Language- high level programming languages
 Input - Key board, mouse, OCR etc
 Memory capacity-32,000 to 4 million characters
 Availability of OS
 Internet started
 Significant improvement in the development of SW
and OS
 Application -Airline system, market forecasting,
credit card billing etc.

13.  Merits
 Computers were smaller
 Faster, more reliable and needed less power
 Easily portable, lower heat generator.
 Maintenance cost is law because HW failures are
rare
 Demerits
 AC required
 Highly sophisticated technology required for the
manufacture IC.
Example
 Honeywell 200
 IBM system/360
 Burroughs 6700

14.  The Microprocessors brought the fourth
generation of computers, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

15.  Technology- Large scale Integrated Circuits
 Language- all higher level programming
languages
 Input - Key board, mouse, GUI, OCR etc
 Application - Electronic fund transfer, etc

16.  Features
 Availability of programs for special
applications
 Introduction to networking and home
computers
 Improved secondary storage
 Very reliable
 Smallest in size
 Cheaper
 Easily portable
 No AC required

17.  Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today.

18.  Based on artificial intelligence are still in
development.
 Use of parallel processing.
 Extremely large scale integration.

19.  Automatic
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Diligence
 Versatility
 Power of Remembering
 No IQ
 No Feeling
 Storage

20. THANK YOU