Recomendados
Recomendados
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
La actualidad más candente (20)
Similar a Access to Jobs, Healthcare in Rural Appalachia
Similar a Access to Jobs, Healthcare in Rural Appalachia (20)
Más de RPO America
Más de RPO America (20)
Último
Último (20)
Access to Jobs, Healthcare in Rural Appalachia
- 1. Access in Appalachia Naomi Stein, EDR Group NADO – National RegionalTransportation Conference 2019
- 2. Thank you to... Ryan Brumfield and the entire staff at the Appalachian Regional Commission for sponsoring this research The research team on this project – Mark Sieber, GlenWeisbrod, Adam Blair, and Ralph Straumman Acknowledgments 2© 2018
- 3. 1. What is accessibility? 2. Access in Appalachia What aspects matter most for economic development? How to be user and needs oriented? How to account for multimodality, even in a rural context? 3. Where do we go from here? This research How can you get started? Agenda 3© 2018
- 4. “the potential of opportunities for interaction.” - Hansen (1959) “people’s overall ability to reach services & activities” - Litman (2017) “[a] state in which the functional capacities of a person and the functional demands of an environment are matched in such a way that an activity can be completed” - Harness (2014) What is Accessibility? 4© 2018 Do transportation and land development conditions meet the needs of people and businesses, enabling full and equitable participation in the economy and society? ?
- 5. The Three Dimensions of Any Accessibility Definition 5© 2018 User Group • Access for whom? Attractions/ Destinations • Access to what? Network Availability and Performance • Can you get there? • How easy / hard is it? For everyone or special attention paid to specific subgroups? Which destinations are most critical? Consider difference by mode? How far is too far / how close is close enough?
- 6. Common Measurement Approaches 6© 2018 Contour include all activity reachable within a given threshold Potential/Gravity Activities located further away weighted less than those close Nearest Destination/ Sufficiency Access to nearest destination or Y/N if nearest destination is within a threshold
- 7. Access in Appalachia – Uses & Audiences 7© 2018 Area Description Audience Prioritization • Present accessibility deficits in rural Appalachia • Allow for comparisons (within Region, within ARC states, to non-ARC rural) State DOTs Planning / Programming • Better align economic priorities and transportation strategies and concepts State DOTs, MPOs, … Sensitization • Raise awareness for accessibility deficits beyond access to jobs beyond car mode • Raise awareness for the relation between accessibility and economic outcomes State DOTs, Other state agencies, Local/regional agencies, LDDs Communica- tion • Demonstrate where transportation is constraining access Service providers, Residents, Businesses
- 8. Step 1: Kinds of access from literature research Access and Economic Development – What Matters Most? 8© 2018 Destination Network / Modes Freight Car Available Non- Vehicular Trucks Rail Car Transit Para- Transit Active Modes Businesses markets labor supply chain delivery consumers rail facility port airport People work job retail food education primary education high school college health care primary care trauma center addiction treatment center dental care mental health recreation tourist destination People & Businesses internet broadband Potentially relevant kind of access No Car Available social services Intermodal connectivity User Group
- 9. Step 2: Needs assessment by interviewees On-the-ground knowledge from interviewees at USDOT, State DOTs, and Local Development Districts and MPOs. Access and Economic Development – What Matters Most? 9© 2018 User Group Destination Interviewees Businesses markets labor 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 supply chain 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 delivery consumers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 rail facility 1 1 1 port 1 1 airport 1 1 People work job 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 retail food 1 2 1 education primary education 2 1 1 high school 2 1 1 college 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 health care primary care 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 trauma center 2 1 1 2 addiction treatment center 2 1 1 dental care mental health recreation tourist destination 1 1 0 2 1 1 People & Businesses internet broadband 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 Others: Govern- ment services Town centers with services/ amenit. 0 not mentioned / not important 1 important 2 very important intermodal connectivity social services
- 10. Step 3: Defining key types of access Access and Economic Development – What Matters Most? 10© 2018 Access to … Labor Supply chain Delivery Consumers Rail facility Port Airport Education College Trauma center Addiction treatment center Town centers Tourist destination B&P Broadband Businesses Intermodal connectivity Job Health care Primary care People
- 11. • Developing a framework in relation to needs oFocus on what matters most, while still being multidimensional oRecognize that access needs vary by user group Access in Appalachia 11© 2018 Complementary metrics (for different population groups or other specific destination groups) Core set of metrics key to economic development Examples: • Access to jobs for population age 18-65 • Access to level 1/2 trauma center for all population Examples: • Access to jobs for all population • Access to level 1/2 trauma center for population age 65 and older
- 12. Access in Appalachia: Core Access for Business 12© 2018 Business Specification Access to … Destination specification All Industries Labor Associate's or higher Manufacturing Supply chain Employment All Industries Trade & Warehousing Delivery Consumers Population Manufacturing and Trade Warehousing Intermodal connectivity Rail facility All Freight Rail Manufacturing and Trade Warehousing Port Coastal Port All Industries Airport All Airports User Group: For whom does it matter most? Specifying which destination type is most important
- 13. Access in Appalachia: Core Access for People 13© 2018 User Group: For whom does it matter most? Specifying which destination type is most important Population Specification Access to … Destination specification Age 18-65 Job Employment Age 18-24 Education College All Colleges (2yr, 4 yr) All People Health care Primary care General Practice All People Trauma center All Levels All People Addiction treatment center All Substance Abuse All People Town centers <<TBD>> All People Tourist destination National and State Designated Complementary: Evaluate access for those in poverty
- 14. Broadband access can be an enabler, bridging gaps where physical access is poor Consider broadband access as an additional dimension rather than as a separate kind of access Access in Appalachia: Internet Connectivity 14© 2018 Broadband Access function as a fall-back option Poor access to jobs Poor access to health care Poor access to education Telework Telehealth Teleeducation Access to … Sufficient Speed/Technology Mobile Broadband (i.e. Cell Phones) LTE Fixed Broadband (i.e. at home) ≥ 25/3 Mbps download/upload
- 15. 1. Car accessibility 2. Distribution of carless and car-poor households by geographic unit 3. Non-car accessibility o Transit where available** o Walking Access in Appalachia: Accounting for Multimodal Needs 15© 2018 **Transit data availability is a remaining core challenge that ARC and others are working to address (we encourage everyone to publish GTFS data!)
- 16. • Access in Appalachia –We’re wrapping up Phase 1, to define what’s worthwhile and how you would get there • Vision for the end product at the end of Phase 2: What’s Next? 16© 2018 Selection of Metric (Example) Maps, Lists, Tables User Group People Sub Group Population age 18-65 Mode Car Access Category Health Care Destination Level 1/2 Trauma Center Geography State West Virginia County A 20,500 County B 16,300 County C 5,800 County D 2,300
- 17. •We want to hear from you! How could this kind of data could support your work? Naomi Stein nstein@edrgroup.com •Impatient to get started now? • Have a travel model? – you already have the tools you need to calculate accessibility • Sketch tools like AASHTO’s EconWorks can help you calculate changes in labor market and supply chain accessibility • Look to your peers – I am happy to share information on the state of practice (Task 1 of this effort) • Other Accessibility Projects - Access Across America (some public data – multimodal access to jobs) • ProprietaryTools What’s Next? 17© 2018
Notas del editor
- Thank you for that introduction. I’m happy to be here today to discuss one of my favorite topics, accessibility. Specifically, I’ll be sharing with you the research done to date in a project called Access in Appalachia that EDR Group, my firm, is conducting in cooperation with the Appalachian regional commission.
- First, I want to acknowledge Ryan Brumfield at ARC along with his colleagues for recognizing the importance of accessibility to the long term success of communities across Appalachia. I also want to acknowledge the research team on this project who have worked alongside me.
- So my goals for today –At the end of this presentation, I’d like you to be able to answer these questions What is accessibility, why does it matter How can it be defined in such as way as to be responsive to the needs of different user groups We’re going to offer a framework for defining and measuring access, and a vision for how to implement that We are in Phase I of this research, so I’ll talk about where we are but also critically, where do we go from here.
- So let’s start at the beginning – what is accessibility? It’s a word that gets thrown around quite a bit And it’s both attractive and elusive because it means many things to many people A few quotes up there--- It’s about opportunities for interaction The ability to reach activities Matching individual capacities with the physical environments to make sure people and businesses can do the things they need to do Fundamentally, it’s a way of asking – []
- Now as I said, it’s a lot of things to a lot of people, so how do we get concrete about this? Up here are the three fundamental dimensions that comprise any accessibility definition The user group – access for whom, and implicitly from where in space. Embedded there is if you are trying to understand aggregate access for all, or would like to analyze specific subgroups of businesses or populations – we’ll talk more about that later. Next and this is what most people think about most – the attractions or destinations that are important. And finally, the performance of the transportation network – can you get there? By what mode? How easy or hard is it? Are there thresholds beyond which things are just too far away?
- This is an illustration of three common measurement approaches used to implement accessibility Contour measures count al the activities reachable within a given threshold – say jobs within 30 minutes. Contour measures are easy to explain, visualize, and communicate, but they can be very sensitive to how you define your boundaries and could cause you to ignore far away but still relevant opportunities – this can be an issue in rural areas in particular Next are potential or gravity type measures. They still count relevant opportunities, but now closer ones are given more weight than those that are far away. This is usually defined by a decay function related to observed behavior showing how far people are willing to go for different trip purposes Third are what we’ve called nearest destination or sufficiency metrics. This can be useful for destinations where you really only need 1 – that is, more options don’t deliver more value. Trauma centers are a good example of this.
- We’ve talked about what access, now let’s talk about why we want to measure it This table is specific to the Access in Appalachia project, but there would be a similar logic in most places Evaluating access can help you see deficits or look at comparative performance of different places which can help prioritize where resources go As a concept, it can help to better align economic and transportation prioritizies In Appalachia in particular, it is important to highlight a perspective that looks beyond just access to jobs to other key inputs to economic development, as well as beyond just access by car – this is particularly true for those with very limited resources and for the rapidly aging population of much of Appalachia
- Here we start the process or trying to define – if it’s not just about jobs, what is most important for economic development? I don’t expect you to read this chart in detail. It’s here so I can describe our process which was to start with an inventory of kinds of access that come up, particularly in the economic development literature
- Next we went right to the source – to assess which of those types of access are regarded as most important by practitioners with on-the-ground knowledge of the needs of people and businesses across Appalachia We did a series of interviews and then classified what we heard into a structure that gave us direction on relative priorities
- From there, we narrowed down to some core perspectives that we and ARC are taking forward Businesses rely on access to labor, access up and down supply chains (considering good movement between buyers and suppliers, as well as the potential for firm to firm interactions on the passenger side). Some businesses also depend on their ability to ship goods directly to end consumers. Finally, in an increasingly globalized economy, intermodal connectivity is key to maintaining long-distance connects, particularly rail, ports, and airports Most people also depend on job access to support themselves and their families. Education is not only a right, but an important enabler of economic participation. Similarly with health care. You’ll done that in the current context, we’ve added a particular focus on addiction treatment, in response to what we heard in our interviews. Town centers on this list is serving as a proxy for a variety of retail and services that are important to everyday living. Finally, tourist destinations are economic generators in their own right and so merit special consideration. At the end we have broadband internet as something that is increasingly important to businesses and people, which we’ll talk a bit more about later.
- The other important decision of this project was to focus first on things that matter the most while still providing the room or framework to recognize complementary metrics that might also be useful The core metrics are designed to best pair destinations or types of access with the user groups that rely most on that access – in this example access to jobs for the primary working ages of 18 to 65 I’m going to walk you through definitions of these core metrics
- So core access for business – that categories in the middle are the same as before, but now we flesh out which types of businesses rely most on a particular type of access– recognizing that different industries need different things And also getting more specific about the kind of data that should be used to describe the destinations. Labor is important to all industries, and we are suggesting a focus on those with an associate’s degree or higher Supply chain connections – access to other businesses – is represented by employment counts. There are two core metrics – one for manufacturing businesses specifically which addresses the need for freight connectivity up and down the supply chain, and one for all industries, that is more focused on firm-to-firm collaboration potential through passenger travel. Trade & warehousing industries care most about access to end consumers Freight rail and coastal ports are key for freight-oriented industries And airports provide both passenger and freight connectivity and thus are important to all industries
- Similarly on the population side Some things like education access to retail and services in town centers are universal Others are most relevant to certain age groups How this is implemented is for example if you evaluate a region’s accessibility to colleges, that score can be given greater weight when comparing to other regions if there are more people between the ages of 18-24 in that location. The other important piece per ARC’s priorities is the suggestion to include in the framework complementary measures for each of these where access is analyzed specifically for those in poverty. Mapping results in that case would show areas of need both on the level of access, and the # of people living in poverty who encounter that access.
- Finally, the framework incudes broadband access as an additional dimension that can help bridge gaps where physical access is poor. While telework, telehealth, and remote education do not meet all needs, they are not even possible without a minimum level of broadband connectivity speed, as outlined in this table.
- The other core dimension of our approach is to consider both car access and access for those without cars The default in Appalachia still starts with the car for most people But then it’s key that we look into the distribution of carless or carpoor households – by that I mean households who have fewer cars than driving adults And so there is a population for whom non-car accessibility is critical Transit availability is still a challenge in terms of data availability, but it’s something ARC is working on
- Let me end with where we go from here We’re wrapping up Phase 1 of Access in Appalachia which is meant to define what is worthwhile to analyze and how you could get to a vision of an interactive mapping and accessibility metric system like that shown on the screen That vision, would then have to be implemented in a Phase 2
- For the audience – let me first say that we absolutely want to hear from you. If something caught your attention today or if there is a way this kind of data could help your work, we want to hear about it Second, if all of this just made you impatient to get started on accessibility evaluation within your own region or state, I have put up a few possible starting points – in particular, there’s a lot of good work being done by states and MPOs, and I’m happy to share some of the information we’ve collected on the state of practice, just reach out to me. Also, don’t be afraid to just start somewhere. Want to focus on understanding a specific type of access, or access for a particular group? Start where the need is most in your community, but keep in mind the multifaceted nature of how access relate to economic development that we’ve discussed today.
- Thanks everyone!