This ppt contains: Formation of the Universe Formation of the Solar System Earth and its subsystems The flow of matter and energy across each subsystem The rock cycle and major classification of rocks Minerals and their properties Exogenic Processes

1. Earth
and
Life
Science

2. Earth
Science

3. Universe
and the
Solar System

4. REFERENCES:
• VENGCO AND RELIGIOSO (2016). YOU AND THE
NATURAL WORLD, EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE.
PHOENIX PUBLISHING HOUSE, INC. QUEZON CITY.
Olivar II and Ramos (2016). Exploring Life
Through Science Series, Earth and Life Science.
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City.

5. OBJECTIVES:
1.STATE THE DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES EXPLAINING
THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE.
2.DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES
EXPLAINING THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

6. WHERE DOES
THE UNIVERSE
COME FROM?

7. Magic Dust
Huge
Explosion
Atomic
Particles

8. THEORIES ON THE
ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE

9. Beliefs According to Religion
Greek Philosophers (5th – 3rd
Century B.C.E)
Modern Philosophers

10. BELIEFS ACCORDING TO
RELIGION
•CHRISTIANS •Hindus

11. BELIEFS ACCORDING TO
RELIGION
• CHRISTIANS – THEY BELIEVED THAT GOD
SEPARATED LIGHT
FROM
DARKNESS, CREATED SKY,
LAND, SEA, MOON, STARS,
AND
EVERY LIVING
CREATURE IN A SPAN OF SIX
DAYS.
–A NARRATIVE FROM
GENESIS (HEBREW
BIBLE AND THE
CHRISTIAN OLD
TESTAMENT).

12. BELIEFS ACCORDING TO RELIGION:
CHRISTIANS
1ST DAY 2nd day 3rd day
4th day
5th day
6th day

13. BELIEFS ACCORDING TO RELIGION:
CHRISTIANS
• 1ST DAY – LIGHT WAS CREATED
• 2ND DAY – THE SKY WAS CREATED
• 3RD DAY – DRY LAND, SEAS, PLANTS AND TREES WERE CREATED
• 4TH DAY – THE SUN, MOON AND STARS WERE CREATED
• 5TH DAY – CREATURES THAT LIVE IN THE SEA AND CREATURES
THAT FLY WERE CREATED
• 6TH DAY – ANIMALS THAT LIVE ON THE LAND AND FINALLY
HUMANS, MADE IN THE IMAGE OF GOD WERE CREATED
• 7TH DAY – GOD FINISHED HIS WORK OF CREATION AND RESTED,
MAKING THE SEVENTH DAY A SPECIAL HOLY DAY.

14. BELIEFS ACCORDING TO
RELIGION
• HINDUS – RIGVEDA (COLLECTION OF VEDAS),
DESCRIBES THE UNIVERSE AS
A “COSMIC EGG” OR BRAMANDA.
– MEANING IT CONTAINS THE WHOLE
UNIVERSE INCLUDING THE SUN,
MOON, PLANETS, AND SPACE.
– BINDU IS THE CONCENTRATED POINT THAT
EXPANDS AND EVENTUALLY COLLAPSES AGAIN.

15. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH – 3RD CENTURY B.
ANAXAGORAS
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS
STOIC PHILOSOPHERS

16. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH – 3RD
CENTURY B.C.E)
• ANAXAGORAS – “PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE”
–ACCORDING TO HIM, UNIVERSE IS MADE UP OF
DIFFERENT MIXTURE
OF ALL INGREDIENTS IN A SMALL
FRAGMENT.
–MIXTURE WAS SET IN MOTION CALLED
“NOUS” OR MIND.
–THIS WHIRLING MOTION SHIFTED AND
SEPARATED THE INGREDIENTS ON COSMOS
OF SEPARATE MATERIAL
OBJECTS.

17. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH – 3RD CENTURY
B.C.E)
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS
• “ATOMIC UNIVERSE”
• THEY STATED THAT UNIVERSE IS COMPOSED OF
VERY SMALL, INDIVISIBLE AND
INDESTRUCTIBLE ATOMS.

18. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH – 3RD
CENTURY B.C.E)
• STOIC PHILOSOPHERS OF ANCIENT GREECE
• UNIVERSE IS LIKE A GIANT LIVING BODY, WITH SUN
AND THE STARS AS THE MOST IMPORTANT PARTS TO
WHICH ALL THE OTHER PARTS ARE INTERCONNECTED.

19. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
RENE DESCARTES
ISAAC NEWTON
ALBERT EINSTEIN
EDWIN HUBBLE
ARNO PENZIAS AND ROBERT WILSON
GEORGE HENRI JOSEPH EDOUARD LEMAITRE
FRED HOYLE, THOMAS GOLD AND HERMAN
BONDI
ANDREI LINDE

20. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• RENE DESCARTES – THE VACUUM OF SPACE WAS NOT
EMPTY AT ALL BUT
WAS FILLED WITH MATTER THAT SWIRLED
AROUND
– HIS MODEL INVOLVED A
SYSTEM OF HUGE
SWIRLING WHIRLPOOLS OF FINE MATTER
PRODUCING
WHAT WOULD LATER BE CALLED
GRAVITATIONAL EFFECT.

21. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• ISAAC NEWTON – DESCRIBED THE UNIVERSE AS A STATIC,
STEADY- STATE
INFINITE UNIVERSE. (PRINCIPIA BOOK)
– MATTER ON THE LARGE SCALE IS
UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED AND THE UNIVERSE IS GRAVITATIONAL
BALANCED BUT ESSENTIALLY
UNSTABLE.

22. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• ALBERT EINSTEIN – EXPLAINED THE UNIVERSE BY HIS THEORY OF
RELATIVITY THAT HAS A SAME
THOUGHT WITH
ISAAC NEWTON.
– ADDED A COSMOLOGICAL
CONSTANT TO HIS
GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY EQUATIONS TO
COUNTERACT THE
DYNAMICAL EFFECTS OF
GRAVITY, WHICH WILL BE CAUSED OF THE
UNIVERSE TO COLLAPSE.

23. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• EDWIN HUBBLE – 1929, SHOWED THAT UNIVERSE WAS
NOT STATIC
THROUGH HIS TELESCOPE.

24. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• ARNO PENZIAS AND ROBERT WILSON
– 1965, DISCOVERED THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND RADIATION.
– THE BIG BANG THEORY HAS BEEN THE
MAINSTREAM SCIENTIFIC VIEW.

25. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• GEORGE HENRI JOSEPH EDOUARD LEMAITRE
– BIG BANG THEORY (1927)
– THEORY DESCRIBES THE UNIVERSE AS
ORIGINATING FROM AN INFINITELY TINY,
INFINITELY DENSE POINT OF
SINGULARITY BETWEEN 13 – 14 BILLION YEARS AGO.
THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE FOLLOWED GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
EQUATIONS OF THE UNIVERSE WITH POSITIVE CURVATURE.
THIS CURVATURE RESULTS IN THE UNIVERSE EXPANDING FOR A TIME AND THEN
CONTRACTING DUE TO PULL OF ITS GRAVITY IN A PERPETUAL CYCLE OF BIG BANG
FOLLOWED, IN TIME, BY BIG CRUNCH.

26. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• FRED HOYLE, THOMAS GOLD AND HERMAN BONDI
– STEADY STATE THEORY
– PREDICTED A UNIVERSE THAT EXPANDED
BUT DID NOT CHANGE ITS DENSITY.

27. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• ANDREI LINDE – DEVELOPED INFLATIONARY
UNIVERSE WITH HIS
CHAOTIC INFLATION THEORY IN 1983.
– STATES THAT OUR UNIVERSE IS
JUST ONE OF MANY
“BUBBLES” THAT GREW AS PART OF A MULTIVERSE.

28. THEORIES ON THE
ORIGIN OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM

29. DESCARTES VORTEX THEORY
BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY
KANT – LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY
JEAN’S – JEFFREY’S TIDAL THEORY
SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY

30. DESCARTES VORTEX THEORY
• RENE DESCARTES – THE SOLAR SYSTEM WAS FORMED
INTO BODIES
WITH A NEARLY CIRCULAR MOTION BECAUSE OF
WHIRLPOOL-LIKE
MOTION IN THE PRE – SOLAR
MATERIALS.

31. DESCARTES VORTEX THEORY

32. BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY
• GEORGE LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE BUFFON
– PROPOSED THAT
THE PLANETS WERE FORMED BY
THE COLLISION OF THE SUN WITH A GIANT
COMET.
– THE RESULTING
DEBRIS FORMED INTO PLANETS
AND REVOLVED AROUND THE SUN

33. BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY
Collision of Sun and a Giant Comet
Debris
from the
collision
Planets are
formed
Planets revolved around the sun

34. KANT – LAPLACE NEBULAR
THEORY
IMMANUEL KANT AND PIERRE SIMON LAPLACE
– PROPOSED THE NEBULAR THEORY WHICH
SUGGESTED THAT A GREAT CLOUD OF GAS AND

35. KANT – LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY
Great cloud of gas and dust Collapse due to rapid spinning
Turn into a pancake-shaped object
These bulges becomes the sun and planets

36. KANT – LAPLACE NEBULAR
THEORY
• MAJOR FLAWS.
• IT ASSUMED THAT THE TOTAL ANGULAR
MOMENTUM OF THE SYSTEM IS IN THE SUN, WHICH
IS NOT THE CASE. ONLY 0.5% OF THE TOTAL
ANGULAR MOMENTUM WAS CONTAINED IN THE
SUN’S SPIN. THE REMAINDER WAS IN THE
PLANETARY ORBIT.

37. JEAN’S – JEFFREY’S TIDAL THEORY
JAMES HOPWOOD JEANS AND HAROLD JEFFREYS
THE PLANETS WERE FORMED FROM THE SUBSTANCE THAT WAS
TORN OUT OF THE SUN. AS A SPEEDING MASSIVE STAR PASSED

38. JEAN’S – JEFFREY’S TIDAL THEORY
Speeding massive
star passed near
the sun.
Pulled of sun
materials due to
gravitational
attraction.
The torn off
materials
subsequently
condensed to form
the planets.

39. SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY
• SOLAR SYSTEM WAS FORMED AS A RESULT OF THE
CONDENSATION AND OF HYDROGEN GAS AND
DUST (INTERSTELLAR GAS AND DUST CLOUD).
THERE IS AN EXPLOSION OF A STAR (SUPERNOVA)
MIGHT HAVE CAUSED THE DUST AND GAS CLOUD
TO COLLAPSE FORMING THE SUN AND PLANET.

40. SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY
CONDENSATION OF
HYDROGEN GAS
AND DUST.
An explosion of a star
(supernova) might have
caused the dust and gas to
collapse.
Contraction converted
gravitational energy into
heat energy and caused the
center to glow.

41. SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY: STAGES OF
FORMATION OF PLANETS
ACCRETION OF THE GRAIN-
SIZED PARTICLES TO FORM
CENTIMETER-SIZED PARTICLES
WHICH WOULD LATER GROW
TO SEVERAL KILOMETERS IN A
DIAMETER.
The formation of more
massive objects from
coalescing planetesimal.
The massive objects are
referred as protoplanets
would later become planets.

42. SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY
TERRESTRIAL
PLANETS
JUVIAN PLANETS

43. END OF THE TOPIC! THANK YOU!
•KINDLY PROCEED TO THE NEXT
TOPIC; EARTH AND EARTH
SUBSYSTEM.

44. EARTH AND EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS

45. OBJECTIVES:
1. RECOGNIZE THE UNIQUENESS OF EARTH BEING THE
ONLY PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM WITH
PROPERTIES NECESSARY TO SUPPORT LIFE.
2. EXPLAIN THAT THE EARTH CONSIST OF FOUR
SUBSYSTEMS, ACROSS WHOSE BOUNDARIES
MATTER AND ENERGY FLOW.
3. IDENTIFY THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH (CRUST,
MANTLE, AND CORE).

46. EARTH
• EARTH IS THE ONLY
PLANET IN THE
SOLAR SYSTEM THAT
CAN SUSTAIN LIFE
DUE TO ITS
CHARACTERISTICS.

47. CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH TO SUSTAIN
LIFE.
• PRESENCE OF WATER ALLOWED FIRST
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS TO THRIVE.
• SUN PROVIDES HEAT FROM RADIATION, NEEDED BY
PLANTS TO CARRY ON WITH PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
• COMPONENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONSISTS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GASES TO SUPPORT LIFE.

48. EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS
HYDROSPHE
RE
ATMOSPHER
E
BIOSPHERE

49. HYDROSPHERE
• THE TOTALITY OF
EARTH’S WATER

50. ATMOSPHERE
• COMPOSED A MIXTURE OF DIFFERENT GASES THAT
SURROUNDS THE PLANET EARTH.
• IT SERVES ALSO AS PROTECTION ON MATERIALS FROM
THE OUTER SPACE THAT MIGHT HIT THE PLANET.
• IT CONTAINS NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ARGON, CARBON
DIOXIDE, AND WATER VAPOR.
• APPROXIMATELY THE ATMOSPHERE CONSISTS OF (78% -
NITROGEN) (21% - OXYGEN) (0.9% - ARGON) (0.1% -

51. ATMOSPHERE

52. BIOSPHERE
• ALSO CALLED AS “ZONE OF
LIFE” BECAUSE IT CONTAINS
THE ENTIRETY OF EARTH’S
LIVING THINGS.
• INCLUDES ALL LIFE FORMS
EVEN ORGANIC MATTER THAT
HAS NOT YET DECOMPOSE.
• IT IS ALSO IN THIS ZONE THAT
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
THE DIFFERENT SUBSYSTEMS IS
MOST DYNAMIC.

53. BIOSPHERE: THE FLOW OF
MATTER
•NITROGEN
CYCLE
•OXYGEN CYCLE
•CARBON CYCLE
•WATER CYCLE

54. NITROGEN CYCLE
• THE SERIES OF THE PROCESS BY WHICH
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS ARE
INTERCONVERTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND
IN LIVING ORGANISMS.

55. NITROGEN CYCLE

56. CARBON AND OXYGEN
CYCLE
• CARBON CYCLE
• CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED
BY PHOTOSYNTHETIC
ORGANISMS TO FORM
ORGANIC NUTRIENTS AND
IS ULTIMATELY RESTORED
TO THE INORGANIC STATE
(AS BY RESPIRATION,
PROTOPLASMIC DECAY, OR
COMBUSTION).
 Oxygen Cycle
 Atmospheric oxygen is
converted to carbon
dioxide (CO2) in animal
respiration and
regenerated by green
plants in photosynthesis.

57. CARBON AND OXYGEN
CYCLE

58. WATER CYCLE
• CONTINUOUS PROCESS BY WHICH WATER IS CIRCULATED
THROUGH THE EARTH.

59. GEOSPHERE
• REFERS TO THE SOLID EARTH.
• THE GEOSPHERE INCLUDES THE
ROCKS AND MINERALS ON EARTH
– FROM THE MOLTEN ROCK AND
HEAVY METALS IN THE DEEP
INTERIOR OF THE PLANET TO THE
SAND ON BEACHES AND PEAKS OF
MOUNTAINS.
• THE GEOSPHERE ALSO INCLUDES

60. LAYERS OF THE EARTH
•CRUST
•MANT
LE
•CORE

61. LAYERS OF THE EARTH:
CRUST
• OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE
EARTH.
• (OCEANIC CRUST)
RELATIVELY THIN PART
WHICH UNDERLIES THE
OCEAN BASINS.
• (CONTINENTAL CRUST)
RELATIVELY THICK PART
THAT FORMS THE LARGE
LANDMASSES

62. LAYERS OF THE EARTH:
MANTLE
• LONGEST PART OF
EARTH (2900 KM.) MADE
UP OF MOLTEN ROCKS
CALLED MAGMA
• LOWER (HOT AND
EXHIBITS PLASTICITY)
• UPPER (RELATIVELY
RIGID)

63. LAYERS OF THE EARTH:
CORE
• COMPOSED OF DENSE
METALS LIKE IRON AND
NICKEL
• THE INNER CORE (6000°C)
(1250 KM.)
• OUTER CORE (4000 – 5000°C)
(2300 KM.)

64. STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

65. END OF THE TOPIC
•KINDLY PROCEED TO THE NEXT
TOPIC; MINERALS AND ROCKS.

66. Rocks and
Minerals

67. OBJECTIVES:
1.Identify common rock-forming minerals
using their physical and chemical properties.
2.Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic.

68. ROCKS
• Naturally occurring aggregate
or a combination of minerals
and mineraloids such as
fossils and glass.
• The natural building block of
earth’s lithosphere.
• An aggregate of one or more
minerals.

69. ROCK CYCLE
•A process where rocks are
constantly being transformed,
generated, and destroyed.

70. ROCK CYCLE

71. TYPES OF ROCKS
•IGNEOUS
•SEDIMENTARY
•METAMORPHIC

72. IGNEOUS ROCKS
• “Ignis” a Latin word meaning fire
• Formed by volcanic activity.
• Magma is molten rock generated by the
partial melting of rocks in earth’s
mantle.

73. TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
•EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
•INTRUSIVE ROCKS

74. EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
• Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma reaches the
earth's surface a volcano and cools quickly.
• Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals.
• Examples include basalt, rhyolite, andesite, and obsidian.

75. INTRUSIVE ROCKS
• Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rocks form when magma
cools slowly below the earth's surface.
• Most intrusive rocks have large, well-formed crystals.
• Examples include granite, gabbro, diorite and dunite.

76. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
•Formed during
lithification,
compaction,
cementation, and
accumulation.

77. TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
•Detrimental Sedimentary Rocks
•Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

78. Detrimental Sedimentary
Rocks
• Rocks come from
weathered rocks such as
igneous rocks.

79. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
• Rocks come from soluble
materials produced largely by
chemical weathering.

80. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Formed from the
exposure of sedimentary
or igneous rocks to high
pressure and temperature,
or both, deep within the
earth’s surface.

81. MINERALS
• Solid substances that are
present in nature and can be
made of one element or more
elements combined together
(chemical compounds).
• Solid inorganic compound,
represented by a chemical
formula.

82. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
•CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
TRANSPARENCY
•CRYSTAL HABIT LUSTER
•HARDNESS CLEAVAGE
•COLOR SPECIFIC
GRAVITY

83. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
• Describes the orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in
the internal structure of a mineral.

84. CRYSTAL HABIT
• Refers to the overall shape of the crystal.

85. HARDNESS
• Refers to
the mineral
resistance
to scratch.

86. COLOR
• Caused by absorption, or lack thereof, of visible light by their
crystalline

87. STREAK
• Refers to the color of the mineral in powdered form.

88. TRANSPARENCY
• Allows the light to pass through and you can see objects
through..

89. LUSTER
• How light is reflected off a surface of a mineral.

90. CLEAVAGE
• Resistance to being broken.

91. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• A measure of the relative density of a mineral.

92. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Solubility – the ability of a mineral to dissolve in a liquid.

93. END OF THE TOPIC
• KINDLY PROCEED TO THE NEXT TOPIC; PROCESSES
WITHIN THE EARTH.

94. Earth’s Processes and
Plate Tectonics

95. OBJECTIVES:
1.Describe how rocks undergo weathering
2.Explain how the products of weathering we carried
away by the erosion and deposited elsewhere.
3.Make a report on how rocks and soil move down
slope due to the direct action of gravity.

96. EXOGENIC PROCESSES
•External processes that occur at or near
the surface of earth.
•Part of rock cycle
•Weathering, Mass Wasting, Erosion,
Transportation and Deposition

97. EXOGENIC PROCESSES

98. WEATHERING
•Combined action of all
physical and chemical
processes that
disintegrate and
decompose rocks near
the earth’s surface
through the elements of

99. TYPES OF WEATHERING
•Physical / Mechanical Weathering
•Chemical Weathering

100. EXOGENIC PROCESSES

101. PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL
WEATHERING
•Breaking up of large
rocks into smaller
fragments without
changing the rock’s
mineral composition.

102. PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL
WEATHERING
Block
Disintegration Exfoliation

103. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
•Weakening or
disintegration of rocks
and the formation of
new compounds or
substances caused by
chemical reaction.

104. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Carbonati
on
Oxidati
on
Hydratio

105. PRODUCTS OF
WEATHERING
•MASS WASTING
•EROSION
•TRANSPORTATION

106. EXOGENIC PROCESSES

107. MASS WASTING
• Refers to the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil because
of gravity.
Rock and
Debris Falls
Flows
Landslides

108. EXOGENIC PROCESSES

109. EROSION
• The process of transporting weathered sediments by agents of
erosion to different places.
Water Glaciers Wind

110. EXOGENIC PROCESSES