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Capital Budgeting
An Investment Decision Method
3/15/2016 1
Presented by
Ruchi Jain
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Definition of Budget
Budget Sector and Types of Budget
Capital Budgeting
Importance of Capital Budgeting
Capital Budgeting : Project Categorization
Capital Budgeting: Eight Steps
Evaluation Criteria: Capital Investment Appraisals
Conclusions
3/15/2016 2
Definition of Budget
•Budgeting is a management tool for planning and
controlling future activity.
Financial Buzz Words: A plan for saving, borrowing and spending.
•Budget is a financial plan and a list of all planned
expenses and revenues.
3/15/2016 3
Budget Sector Budget Types
3/15/2016 4
Basis of Flexibility : Fixed and Variable Budget
Basis of Time Period : Short-Term and
Long –Term Budget
Basis of Functionality: Sales budget,
Production budget , Marketing budget, Project
budget, Revenue budget, Cash flow/cash
budget etc.
Buisness
start-up
budget
Corporate/
Buisness
budget
Government
budget
Event
management
budget
Personal /
Family budget
Govt. Budget in India Prepared by:
Budget division of Economics Department of Ministry of Finance
Capital Budgeting
3/15/2016 5
Capital: Operating assets used for production.
Budget: A plan that details projected cash flows during some period.
Capital Budgeting: Process of analyzing projects and deciding which
ones to include in capital budget.
3/15/2016 6
Importance of Capital Budgeting
Benefits of Capital Budgeting Decision:
Capital Budgeting decisions evaluate a proposed project to forecast
return from the project and determine whether return from the Project is
adequate.
Capital Budgeting decisions evaluate expenditure decisions which
involve current outflow of funds but are likely to produce benefits over a
period of time more than one year.
Growth
Large Amount
Irreversibility
Complexity
Risk
Long term implications
Capital Budgeting: Project Categorization
• Establishment of New Products & Services
• Replacement Projects: Maintenance or Cost Reduction
• Expansion of Existing Projects
• Research and Development Projects
• Long Term Cotracts
• Safety and/or Environmental Projects
3/15/2016 7
Capital Budgeting is the planning process used to determine a firm’s
long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery,
new plants, new products and research & development projects.
3/15/2016 8
Broad Prospective
Evaluation Criteria: Capital Investment Proposal
3/15/2016 9
Evaluation Criteria
Non-Discounting
Criteria
Pay-Back
Period
ARR
Discounting
criteria
NPV
Discounted
PBP
Profitability
Index
IRR
Fourth Important Step of capital budgeting:
carry out Financial Analysis
Non discounting: Pay-Back Period
3/15/2016 10
1. Pay-Back Period Method- It is defined as the
number of years required to recover original cost
invested in a project. It has two conditions
 When cash inflow is constant every year
PBP= Cash outflow/cash inflow (p.a.)
 When cash inflow are not constant every year
PBP = Completed years + * 12
Required inflow
In flow of next year
Non discounting Criteria: Annual Rate of Return
3/15/2016 11
2.Average Rate of Return Method - ARR means the
average annual earning on the project. Under this method,
profit after tax and depreciation is considered. The average
rate of return can be calculated in the following two ways.
ARR on Average investment =
ARR on Initial investment =
* 100
Average Profit After Tax
Average Investment
* 100
Average Profit After Tax
Initial Investment
Discounting Criteria: Pay-Back Period
3/15/2016 12
3. Discounted Pay-Back Period Method - In discounted
pay- back period method, the cash inflows are discounted
by applying the present value factors for different time
periods. For this, discounted cash inflows are calculated
by multiplying the P.V. factors into cash inflows.
Completed years + * 12
Required inflow
In flow of next yearDis. PBP =
Discounting Criteria: Net Present Value
3/15/2016 13
4. Net Present Value Method:- It is the best method for
evaluation of investment proposal. This method takes into
account time value of money.
NPV= PV of inflows- PV of outflows
Evaluation of Net Present Value Method:- Project
with the higher NPV should be selected.
Accept if NPV>0
Reject NPV<0
May or may not accept NPV=0
Discounting Criteria: Profitability Index
3/15/2016 14
5. Profitability Index Method - As the NPV method it is
also shows that project is accepted or not. If Profitability
index is higher than 1, the proposal can be accepted.
Accepted PI>1
Rejected PI<1
Profitability index =
Total Cash Inflows
Total Cash Outflows
Discounting Criteria: Internal Rate of Return
3/15/2016 15
5. Internal Rate of Return Method:- IRR is the rate of
return that a project earns. The rate of discount calculated by
trial and error , where the present value of future cash flows is
equal to the present value of outflows, is known as the Internal
Rate of Return.
* Difference in Rate
NPV of Higher Rate
Difference in cash flows
IRR = Higher Rate
+ * Difference in Rate
NPV of Lower Rate
Difference in cash flows
IRR = Lower Rate
-
The expected cash flows of a project are:-
The cash outflow is Rs. 1,00,000
The cost of capital is 10%
Calculate the following:
a) NPV b) Profitability Index
c) IRR
d) Pay-back period e) Discounted Pay-back Period
Year Cash Flows ( Rs.)
1 20,000
2 30,000
3 40,000
4 50,000
5 30,000
Example
3/15/2016 16
Computation of NPV & PI
Year Cash Flows (Rs.) PV Factors@10% PV of Cash Flows (Rs.)
1 20,000 .909 18,180
2 30,000 .826 24,780
3 40,000 .751 30,040
4 50,000 .683 34,150
5 30,000 .620 18,600
Total Cash Inflow 1,25,750
Less: Cash
Outflows
1,00,000
NPV 25,750
P.I. 1.2575
3/15/2016 17
Computation of NPV and PI
Computation of NPV & PI
Year Cash
Flows (Rs.)
PV Factors
@19%
PV of Cash
Flows (Rs.)
PV Factors
@18%
PV of Cash
Flows (Rs.)
1 20,000 .84 16,800 .847 16,940
2 30,000 .706 21,180 .718 21,540
3 40,000 .593 23,720 .609 24,360
4 50,000 .499 24,950 .516 25,800
5 30,000 .42 12,600 .437 13,110
Total Cash Inflow 99,250 1,01,750
Less Cash Outflows 1,00,000 1,00,000
NPV (-)750 (+)1750
3/15/2016 18
Computation of IRR
Computation of IRR Contd..
3/15/2016 19
Computation of non discounting pay-back period
Year Cash Flows (Rs.) Cumulative Cash Flow
1 20,000 20,000
2 30,000 50,000
3 40,000 90,000
4 50,000 1,40,000
5 30,000 1,70,000
Completed years + Required inflow *12
PBP = Inflow of Next year
= 3years+ (1,00,000-90,000) *12
50,000
= 5.4 years
3/15/2016 20
Computation of discounted pay-back period
Year Cash Flows
(Rs.)
PV
Factors@10%
PV of Cash
Flows (Rs.)
Cumulative
Cash Flows
1 20,000 .909 18,180 18,180
2 30,000 .826 24,780 42,960
3 40,000 .751 30,040 73,000
4 50,000 .683 34,150 1,07,150
5 30,000 .620 18,600 1,25,750
Completed years + Required inflow *12
PBP = Inflow of Next year
= 3years+ (1,00,000-73,000)*12
34150
= 12.48 years
3/15/2016 21
Conclusions
3/15/2016 22
We have Studied various evaluation criteria for Capital
Budgeting.
Generally an impression created that the firm should
use NPV method for decision making.
Most of the large companies consider all the measures
because each one provides somewhat different piece of
relevant information to the decision maker.
THANK YOU!

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Capital budgeting ppt

  • 1. Capital Budgeting An Investment Decision Method 3/15/2016 1 Presented by Ruchi Jain
  • 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Definition of Budget Budget Sector and Types of Budget Capital Budgeting Importance of Capital Budgeting Capital Budgeting : Project Categorization Capital Budgeting: Eight Steps Evaluation Criteria: Capital Investment Appraisals Conclusions 3/15/2016 2
  • 3. Definition of Budget •Budgeting is a management tool for planning and controlling future activity. Financial Buzz Words: A plan for saving, borrowing and spending. •Budget is a financial plan and a list of all planned expenses and revenues. 3/15/2016 3
  • 4. Budget Sector Budget Types 3/15/2016 4 Basis of Flexibility : Fixed and Variable Budget Basis of Time Period : Short-Term and Long –Term Budget Basis of Functionality: Sales budget, Production budget , Marketing budget, Project budget, Revenue budget, Cash flow/cash budget etc. Buisness start-up budget Corporate/ Buisness budget Government budget Event management budget Personal / Family budget Govt. Budget in India Prepared by: Budget division of Economics Department of Ministry of Finance
  • 5. Capital Budgeting 3/15/2016 5 Capital: Operating assets used for production. Budget: A plan that details projected cash flows during some period. Capital Budgeting: Process of analyzing projects and deciding which ones to include in capital budget.
  • 6. 3/15/2016 6 Importance of Capital Budgeting Benefits of Capital Budgeting Decision: Capital Budgeting decisions evaluate a proposed project to forecast return from the project and determine whether return from the Project is adequate. Capital Budgeting decisions evaluate expenditure decisions which involve current outflow of funds but are likely to produce benefits over a period of time more than one year. Growth Large Amount Irreversibility Complexity Risk Long term implications
  • 7. Capital Budgeting: Project Categorization • Establishment of New Products & Services • Replacement Projects: Maintenance or Cost Reduction • Expansion of Existing Projects • Research and Development Projects • Long Term Cotracts • Safety and/or Environmental Projects 3/15/2016 7
  • 8. Capital Budgeting is the planning process used to determine a firm’s long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products and research & development projects. 3/15/2016 8 Broad Prospective
  • 9. Evaluation Criteria: Capital Investment Proposal 3/15/2016 9 Evaluation Criteria Non-Discounting Criteria Pay-Back Period ARR Discounting criteria NPV Discounted PBP Profitability Index IRR Fourth Important Step of capital budgeting: carry out Financial Analysis
  • 10. Non discounting: Pay-Back Period 3/15/2016 10 1. Pay-Back Period Method- It is defined as the number of years required to recover original cost invested in a project. It has two conditions  When cash inflow is constant every year PBP= Cash outflow/cash inflow (p.a.)  When cash inflow are not constant every year PBP = Completed years + * 12 Required inflow In flow of next year
  • 11. Non discounting Criteria: Annual Rate of Return 3/15/2016 11 2.Average Rate of Return Method - ARR means the average annual earning on the project. Under this method, profit after tax and depreciation is considered. The average rate of return can be calculated in the following two ways. ARR on Average investment = ARR on Initial investment = * 100 Average Profit After Tax Average Investment * 100 Average Profit After Tax Initial Investment
  • 12. Discounting Criteria: Pay-Back Period 3/15/2016 12 3. Discounted Pay-Back Period Method - In discounted pay- back period method, the cash inflows are discounted by applying the present value factors for different time periods. For this, discounted cash inflows are calculated by multiplying the P.V. factors into cash inflows. Completed years + * 12 Required inflow In flow of next yearDis. PBP =
  • 13. Discounting Criteria: Net Present Value 3/15/2016 13 4. Net Present Value Method:- It is the best method for evaluation of investment proposal. This method takes into account time value of money. NPV= PV of inflows- PV of outflows Evaluation of Net Present Value Method:- Project with the higher NPV should be selected. Accept if NPV>0 Reject NPV<0 May or may not accept NPV=0
  • 14. Discounting Criteria: Profitability Index 3/15/2016 14 5. Profitability Index Method - As the NPV method it is also shows that project is accepted or not. If Profitability index is higher than 1, the proposal can be accepted. Accepted PI>1 Rejected PI<1 Profitability index = Total Cash Inflows Total Cash Outflows
  • 15. Discounting Criteria: Internal Rate of Return 3/15/2016 15 5. Internal Rate of Return Method:- IRR is the rate of return that a project earns. The rate of discount calculated by trial and error , where the present value of future cash flows is equal to the present value of outflows, is known as the Internal Rate of Return. * Difference in Rate NPV of Higher Rate Difference in cash flows IRR = Higher Rate + * Difference in Rate NPV of Lower Rate Difference in cash flows IRR = Lower Rate -
  • 16. The expected cash flows of a project are:- The cash outflow is Rs. 1,00,000 The cost of capital is 10% Calculate the following: a) NPV b) Profitability Index c) IRR d) Pay-back period e) Discounted Pay-back Period Year Cash Flows ( Rs.) 1 20,000 2 30,000 3 40,000 4 50,000 5 30,000 Example 3/15/2016 16
  • 17. Computation of NPV & PI Year Cash Flows (Rs.) PV Factors@10% PV of Cash Flows (Rs.) 1 20,000 .909 18,180 2 30,000 .826 24,780 3 40,000 .751 30,040 4 50,000 .683 34,150 5 30,000 .620 18,600 Total Cash Inflow 1,25,750 Less: Cash Outflows 1,00,000 NPV 25,750 P.I. 1.2575 3/15/2016 17 Computation of NPV and PI
  • 18. Computation of NPV & PI Year Cash Flows (Rs.) PV Factors @19% PV of Cash Flows (Rs.) PV Factors @18% PV of Cash Flows (Rs.) 1 20,000 .84 16,800 .847 16,940 2 30,000 .706 21,180 .718 21,540 3 40,000 .593 23,720 .609 24,360 4 50,000 .499 24,950 .516 25,800 5 30,000 .42 12,600 .437 13,110 Total Cash Inflow 99,250 1,01,750 Less Cash Outflows 1,00,000 1,00,000 NPV (-)750 (+)1750 3/15/2016 18 Computation of IRR
  • 19. Computation of IRR Contd.. 3/15/2016 19
  • 20. Computation of non discounting pay-back period Year Cash Flows (Rs.) Cumulative Cash Flow 1 20,000 20,000 2 30,000 50,000 3 40,000 90,000 4 50,000 1,40,000 5 30,000 1,70,000 Completed years + Required inflow *12 PBP = Inflow of Next year = 3years+ (1,00,000-90,000) *12 50,000 = 5.4 years 3/15/2016 20
  • 21. Computation of discounted pay-back period Year Cash Flows (Rs.) PV Factors@10% PV of Cash Flows (Rs.) Cumulative Cash Flows 1 20,000 .909 18,180 18,180 2 30,000 .826 24,780 42,960 3 40,000 .751 30,040 73,000 4 50,000 .683 34,150 1,07,150 5 30,000 .620 18,600 1,25,750 Completed years + Required inflow *12 PBP = Inflow of Next year = 3years+ (1,00,000-73,000)*12 34150 = 12.48 years 3/15/2016 21
  • 22. Conclusions 3/15/2016 22 We have Studied various evaluation criteria for Capital Budgeting. Generally an impression created that the firm should use NPV method for decision making. Most of the large companies consider all the measures because each one provides somewhat different piece of relevant information to the decision maker.