•Prepared by : supervisor by:
1.Saad Antar dr.Bayram Dawod
2.Aeman Waleed
3.Emad Akram
4.Emad Hamo
5.Nassar Kamiran
Duhok Polytechnic University
College of Health and Medical Technology, Shekhan
Medical Laboratories Technology First stage

• Vacuum
• Maximum speed
• Temperature control
• Volume of samples

Small bench top centrifuges
• Maximum speed 4000 to 6000 rpm
• RCF is 3000 g force
• Can operate at ambient temperature
• Rotors used

Low speed centrifugation
• Refrigerated centrifuge
• Maximum speed of 6000 rev.per minute
• RCF is 6500g force
• Large carrying capacity
• Interchangeable rotors
• Accurate balance needs to be done
• For RBCs, nuclei and chloroplasts

High speed centrifuge
• Very high speed
• They can go upto 25,000 rev perminute
• RCF is 60,000 g force
• Interchangeable rotors
• Used for pelleting micro organisms, cellular
debris and so on

Ultracentrifuges
• Very high speed of 70,000 rpm and more
• Rotors are run in high vacuum
• Lot of sophistication is required
• Rotors do not have to be aerodynamically
designed
• RCF of 500,000 g force
• Can be used for membrane fractionation and
viruses and so on

Ultracentrifuges can be of 2 types
• Preparative
ultracentrifuge
• Analytical ultracentrifuge

Preparative ultracentrifugation
• Maximum speed of 80,000 rpm
• RCF is 600,000 g force
• Sealed evacuated rotor chamber
• Temperature monitoring system
• Electronic circuits that detect rotor imbalance
• Flexible drive shaft
• Protected in armor shield
• Table top centrifuges present
• Used for sub cellular organelles, viruses etc.

Analytical ultracentrifuge
• They have a system for detection
• i.e. they have optical systems
• They have 3 types of optical
systems
a)Absorbance optical system
b) Alternative schlieron
system
c)Rayleigh optical system

Rotors
Types of rotors:
a) Fixed angle
rotors

• Swing out bucket
rotor

• Vertical
rotors

References
1: Mikkelsen, Susan R.; Cortón, Eduardo (2004-02-20). Bioanalytical Chemistry.
Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/0471623628.ch13. ISBN 978-0-
471-54447-0.
2: Vogel-Prandtl, Johanna Ludwig Prandtl: A Biographical Sketch, Remembrances and
Documents Archived 2017-10-25 at the Wayback Machine, English trans. V. Vasanta
Ram. The International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste, Italy, pub. August 14,
2004. pp. 10–11.
3: "Basics of Centrifugation". Cole-Parmer. Archived from the original on 24 February
2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
4: M. Saad Bhamla, Brandon Benson, Chew Chai, Georgios Katsikis, Aanchal Johri &
Manu Prakash (10 January 2017). "Hand-powered ultralow-cost paper centrifuge".
Nature. 1: 0009.
5: van Loon, Jack J.W.A.; Krausse, Jutta; Cunha, Humberto; Goncalves, Joao; Almeida,
Hugo; Schiller, Peter (June 2008). Ouwehand, L. (ed.). THE LARGE DIAMETER
CENTRIFUGE, LDC, FOR LIFE AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY. "Life in space
for life on Earth" : proceedings of the symposium 22–27 June 2008, Angers, France. Vol.
553. European Space Agency. p. 92.