Ozone depletion, global warming, green house gases, biological and chemical warfare

2.  In recent years, the ozone depletion has been the subject of
much discussion because the ozone layer effects both plant
and animal life on the planet.
 The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was
discovered in the mid-1980s. The main cause of this is the
release of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons.
 Antarctica was an early victim of ozone destruction. A
massive hole in the ozone layer right above Antarctica now
threatens not only that continent, but many others that
could be the victims of Antarctica's melting icecaps

3.  Production and emission of CFCs .
 CFCs is mainly caused in the stratosphere. There,
the chlorine atom is removed from the CFC and
attracts one of the three oxygen atoms in the ozone
molecule. The process continues, and a single
chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 molecules
of ozone.

4.  Every time 1% of the ozone layer is depleted, 2% more UV-B
is able to reach the surface of the planet. UV-B increase is
one of the most harmful consequences of ozone depletion
because it can cause skin cancer.
 Causes malaria and other infectious diseases.
 Life cycles of plants will also be affected ,therefore
disturbed food chains .
 Effects on animals will also be severe.
 Affect physiological and developmental processes in plants.

5.  Many countries have signed treaties and
written laws restricting the use of CFCs.
 Give awareness to the people about the
dangers of ozone depletion .
 Campaigns should also be done to find out
the substitutes of CFCs.

7.  Gases in the atmosphere
 Human activities have increased the
contribution
 Production of carbon dioxide
 Destruction of ozone layer increased the level
of UV-B radiations
 Production of green house gases

8.  Buy energy efficient appliances
 Reduce private transport
 Bike or walk if you are going somewhere local
 Use energy saving consumers
 Switch to energy efficient light bulbs

10.  Biological warfare is
Use of any living organism
Any toxins to cause disease
or death
State sanctioned
 Chemical warfare is
Use of non-living products
Produced by living organism

11.  The Assyrians 6Th
Century BC.
 The British Army (1763–66).
 German government during World War I
(1914–1918)
 World War II (1939–1945)

12.  On Environment
Soil erosion
Loss of vegetation
Specie degradation
 On Humans
Cancer
Birth defects

13.  The developed treatment is not defensive
 No effective treatment against poisons
 Government should made efforts.

15. Definition:-
Rainfall that has been acidified with the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen is called
acid rain . The ph of this rain is less than 5.6. this precipitation may also be in
the form of snow, fog and hail.
Formation of acid rain:-
SO2 and NOx reacts with water in atmosphere to form sulfuric acid and nitric
acid, then they come down with the rain and harm the earth.
Chemical reaction:-
NOx + H2O --------> nitric acid (HNO3)
SO2 + H2O --------> sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Acid rain is a broader concept refrying to two types of depositions:-
1- Wet deposition: acids can fall to the ground in the form of rain, snow, fog, or
mist.
2- Dry deposition: acid chemicals may become incorporated into dust or smoke
and fall to the ground.
Definition:-
Rainfall that has been acidified with the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen is called
acid rain . The ph of this rain is less than 5.6. this precipitation may also be in
the form of snow, fog and hail.
Formation of acid rain:-
SO2 and NOx reacts with water in atmosphere to form sulfuric acid and nitric
acid, then they come down with the rain and harm the earth.
Chemical reaction:-
NOx + H2O --------> nitric acid (HNO3)
SO2 + H2O --------> sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Acid rain is a broader concept refrying to two types of depositions:-
1- Wet deposition: acids can fall to the ground in the form of rain, snow, fog, or
mist.
2- Dry deposition: acid chemicals may become incorporated into dust or smoke
and fall to the ground.

16. There are two sources of acid rain:-
1- Natural sources:-
Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from
 swamps.
 volcanoes.
 decaying vegetation.
2- Man-made sources:-
 fossil fuel combustion in factories.
 Diesel and gas combustion in vehicles.
 Home fires gives off smoke.
Causes of acid rain:-
Acid rain is mainly caused by the substances that are being released into
the air such as:-
 Carbon dioxide
 Carbon monoxide
 Chlorofluorocarbons

17.  Lead.
 Nitrogen oxides.
 Ozone.
 Particulate matter.
 Sulfur oxides.
 Volatile organic compounds. (voc’s)
 These substances are emitted by factories and power plants that burn fuels
such as natural gas, coal or oil.
 Another source is vehicles that burn gasoline and diesel.
 Others are mining , artificial refrigeration, heavy industries, fertilizers,
Pesticides, paints, road construction.
All these activities are the main cause of acid rain.
 Lead.
 Nitrogen oxides.
 Ozone.
 Particulate matter.
 Sulfur oxides.
 Volatile organic compounds. (voc’s)
 These substances are emitted by factories and power plants that burn fuels
such as natural gas, coal or oil.
 Another source is vehicles that burn gasoline and diesel.
 Others are mining , artificial refrigeration, heavy industries, fertilizers,
Pesticides, paints, road construction.
All these activities are the main cause of acid rain.

19.  Effect on sea life.
 Effects on plants.
 Effect on human and other leaving beings.
 Effect on non-living things.
Areas of world effected by acid rain are:-
 North eastern section of united state.
 Central Europe (Sweden, Norway & Finland)
 Asian countries India & china because of large number of
factories.

20.  Use fuels that burn more cleanly.
 Burn coal more efficiently.
 Factory chimneys can be fitted with scrubbers that releases
90-95% sulfur free smoke.
 Forcing emission standards on vehicles that burn gas and
diesel.
 Catalytic converter into car exhaust pipes to minimize the
amount of sulfur dioxide in car exhaust.

22.  Global warming is the
increase of Earth’s
average surface
temperature due to effect
of greenhouse gases,
such as carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous
oxide etc.

23.  Greenhouse gases are the
gases in the earth’s
atmosphere that collect heat
and light from the sun.
 With too many greenhouse
gases in the air, the earth
atmosphere will trap too much
heat and the earth will get too
hot.

24. Global warming cause:
 Carbon dioxide emission from
fossil fuel burning power plants.
 Carbon dioxide emission from
burning gasoline for
transportation.
 Methane emission form animals,
agriculture. such as rice paddies.
 Deforestation for wood pulp and
farmlands.

25. Global warming effect:
 Rise in sea level worldwide.
 More killer storms.
 Massive crop failure.
 Wild spread extinction of
species.
 Disappearance of coral reefs.

26.  Reduce, reuse and recycle of usable
product.
 Use less heat and air conditioning.
 Change a light bulb with compact
fluorescent light bulbs.
 Drive less and drive smart.
 Use less hot water.
 Use the off switch.
 Plant a tree.