This slid is about cyprus claimet and vegetation, it can be help to architectures to how to do construct and design in this island

2. General Overview
Cyprus enjoys an intense Mediterranean climate of hot dry summers starting in mid-May and
lasting until mid-September and rainy, quite mild winters from November to mid-March. Spring
and autumn are effectively short intervals in between, characterised by smooth weather. With
almost year-round clear skies and sunshine, daylight length ranges from 9.8 hours in December to
14.5 hours in June.
Average Temperatures
There is a significant seasonal difference between mid-summer and mid-winter temperatures that
ranges from 18° C inland to about 14° C on the coast.
The difference in daily maximum and night minimum temperatures is also quite significant.In
winter they range from 8° to 10° C on the lowlands and 5°to 6° C on the mountains and in summer
from 16° C on the central plain and 9°to 12° C elsewhere.
Daily temperatures during the hottest months of July and August,range between 29° C on the
central plain and 22° C on the Troodos Mountains .The average maximum temperatures for these
two months range between 36° C and 27° C. In January, the coolest month, the indicative daily
temperature is 10° C on the central plain and 3° C on the higher parts of the Troodos Mountains
while the average minimum temperatures are 5° C and 0° C.

3. Sea Temperatures
The temperature in the open sea hovers above 22° C from June to November, climbing to 27° C in
August. Even during the three coolest months of January to March, average sea temperature are
an acceptable 16° or 17° C. Near the coast, the temperature of water three or four metres deep is
similar to that of the open sea, ranging from 15° to 17°C in February and from 23° to 28° C in
August. There are no significant daily fluctuations in sea water temperatures, except in very
shallow waters less than one metre deep.
Air Humidity
During the days in winter and at night throughout the year, humidity ranges from average to
slightly low (65% - 95%). During summer it is very low near midday, ranging from 15% to 30%
on the central plain. Fog is rare and typically occurs in early morning. Visibility is normally very
good or excellent. There is an exception over a few days in spring when the atmosphere is very
hazy due to dust from the Arabian and African deserts.
Sunshine
Cyprus enjoys a very sunny climate compared with most countries with 11.5 hours of bright
sunshine per day over the six summer months. Even during the months of December and January,
there is 5.5 hours of sunshine.

4. Winds
Winds over the island are relatively variable in direction and strength depending on the elevation
of the land and local temperatures.
Clothing During Different Seasons
During April and May, days are pleasantly warm, but temperatures may drop at night. Spring and
summer apparel and long sleeved tops or light jackets for the evenings are recommended. From
June to the end of August, very light summer clothing is a must. September to October see quite a
few warm days and cool evenings. Light apparel for the day and long sleeves for the evenings in
October is recommended. November has pleasantly warm days that can be enjoyed in jumpers
and light jackets.
December and January will be the only winter you will get, even though it feels more like autumn
for most visitors. It may rain occasionally, yet the promise of glorious sunshine is still there.
Winter clothing is necessary, but not heavy coats. The possibility of fairly warm days is always
there during February, as is the occasional rainfall. Milddaytime temperatures are the harbingers
of spring but it can get quite cold inthe evenings and winter apparel will beneeded. Winter wear
will also be appropriate during March with its moderate but sometimes unpredictable weather
inviting you to enjoy Cyprus nature at its best.

5. Temperature
Nicosia (Turkish Side): Cantigrade
Paphos (Greek Side): Cantigrade

6. Larnaca (Greek side): Cantigrade
Akrotiri (Greek side): Cantigrade

7. *Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year
*Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year
*Average water temperature over the year
*Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow)
*Average monthly rainy days over the year
*Average humidity over the year
*Average wind speed over the year

8. *Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year
Ayia Napa( Greek Side)
*Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year

9. *Average water temperature over the year
*Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow)

10. *Average monthly rainy days over the year
*Average humidity over the year

11. *Average wind speed over the year
Larnaca(Greek Side)

14. Famagusta(Turkish Side)

16. Limassol(Greek Side)

19. Paphos(Greek Side)

21. Nicosia(Turkish Side)

23. Natural vegetation
Despite its small size, Cyprus has a variety of natural vegetation. This includes forests of
conifers and broadleaved trees such as Pinus brutia, cedar, cypresses and oaks. Ancient
authors write that most of Cyprus, even Messaoria, was heavily forested, and there are
still considerable forests on the Troodos and Kyrenia ranges, and locally at lower
altitudes. About 17% of the whole island is classified as woodland. Where there is no
forest, tall shrub communities of golden oak (Quercus alnifolia), strawberry tree
(Arbutus andrachne), terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus), olive (Olea europaea), kermes oak
(Quercus coccifera) and styrax (Styrax officinalis) are found, but such maquis is
uncommon. Over most of the island untilled ground bears a grazed covering of garrigue,
largely composed of low bushes of Cistus, Genista sphacelata, Calycotoime villosa,
Lithospermum hispidulum, Phaganalon rupestre and, locally, Pistacia lentiscus. Where
grazing is excessive this covering is soon reduced, and an impoverished batha remains,
consisting principally of Thymus capitatus, Sarcopoterium spinosum, and a few stunted
herbs.

24. Flora
The flora of Cyprus is various enough to please everyone., from the visitor who just wants to
see valleys full of anemones to the serious botanist who would like to identify 400 plus
specimens during their couple of weeks stay.
Undoubtedly spring is the time for everyone who wants to see the most prolific colour and
greatest variety. Late February through to the end of April are the best months and even then
flower availability will be subject to the rainfall (or lack of it) and temperature. Excessive heat
in April can bring about an early end to the flowering period of several species particularly the
anemones.

25. Wildflowers
However, there are wildflowers that continue flowering well into May and June. Among
these are the monk’s cowl or friar’s cowl (arisarum vulgare) the endlessly abundant
yellow oxalis (oxalis pescaprae) which is an agricultural nuisance growing in the orchards
and arable fields. The verges and hillsides are awash with colour from the wild cistus
(rock rose) that flowers from January to June.
The sage leafed rock rose (cistus salviifolius) is white with a yellow centre, the flower
somewhat resembling a lightly poached egg, and when not in bloom the bushes look like
wild sage, hence its Latin name. The taurus rock rose (cistus creticus tauricus) is a deap
purple/pink, papery thin petaled flower with a much darker leaf and the pink rock rose
(cistus creticus tauricus) has a quite dark pink flower and greyish green leaf. Like the
cistus salviifolius, these latter two types also have bright yellow stamens at their centre

26. Asphodels
The two asphodel plants that grow here are the very common asphodelus aestivus which
grows everywhere in any type of ground from sea level to mountain top, and the small and
delicate, much rarer hollow stemmed asphodel (asphodelus fistulosus). The former makes its
presence known by its strong and pungent aroma, which smells strongly of cat’s urine. It
may be because of this rather unpleasant smell that the plant is enidible among livestock.
The latter plant is not so easily found but can be seen at Othello’s Tower in Famagusta
growing in the courtyard, the south-west tower and on the top of the citedel walls.
Both asphodels have white folwers growing in a conical spear at the top of tall straight
stems, the asphodelus aestivus growing to a height of 40 inches (1m) and the asphodelus
fistulosus grow to appoximately 6 inches (15cm). The leaves of the former are lancelike and
of the latter hollow like the culinary chive.

27. Autumn
Come the late summer and into early autumn, few flowers can survive the burning heat, but
the solitary tall stem, topped with a white spear of flowers that seemingly grow straight out of
the bare earth is that of the sea squill (urginea maritime). The broad almost flat strap-like
leaves appear in spring from the bulb underground and these die back before the single
flower stem comes into bloom. The bulb of this plant have been used since Pliny’s time for
the manifacture of medicine to treat such diverse ailments as coughs and heart disease.
Cyprus crocus flowerFrom Septembe onwards the autumn flowers start to appear. The Cyprus
cyclamen, (cyclamen cyprium) which will continue flowering until the end of January, can be
found among the trees near the mountain castles. Usually it prefers a shady habitat. The
autumn squill which grows from a leafless bulb until flowering has finished, has a stem,
approximately 2.75 inches (7cm), that produces a small cluster of pink/violet flowers. It likes
a dry habitat and rocky hillsides. The romulea (romulea tempskyana) resembles a small
crocus, it grows from a corm and has dark purple petels with an orange centre. They have a
fairly varied habitat and therefore are widespread, certainly among the hillsides of the
Besparmak mountains and on the roadsides all along the forest tracks. It can be seen from
December to April.

28. Spring
Real spring colour comes with a profusion of the yellow flowering plants which can be
seen everywhere. The first hint of spring sunshine is produced by the oxalis, seen in the
olive groves and the citrus orchards, and in any flowerbed that has not been kept
weedfree during winter.
Anemones
Then come the anemones (anemone coronaria) and a swathe of these flowers in every colour
from white to pink, to red, to darkest purple, is one of the most remarkable and memorable
sights to behold. One of the best places to see this is in the valley on the southern side of the
Five Finger (Besparmak) Mountain.
Mandrake
The beautiful mandrake (mandragora officinarium) has a widespread habitat and can be easily
found beside the paths that wind upwards through St Hilarion Castle and on waste ground and
roadsides. Instantly recognized by its low-to-the-ground and growth of broad leaves which are
coarse and have a strong central rib. From the rosette of leaves grows a cluster of blue to purple
flowers, which turn into an orange ovoid fruit. (This is not edible and should be avoided, as the
mandrake is one of the many poisonous plants that grow on Cyprus).

29. Crown Daisy
Vast expanses of vey dark yellow proclain the presence of the crown daisy (chrysanthemum coronarium)
growing on the Intermingling with the wild chrysanthemum will be found the field marigold (calendula
arvensis), scabious (scabiosa prolifera) with its multiple branches bearing creamy-white flowers that look like
small pincushions, and the tassel hyacinph (muscari komosum) not to be confused with similar grape
hyacinph (bellevalia trifoliata).
Everlasting Sungold
Growing more on waste ground and very barren land will be found the everlasting sungold (helichrysum
conglobatum), which like many of the helichrysum family retains its wondeful colours for months, and the
rather unattractively named grecian fleabane (phagnalon rupestra).
Anchusa
Providing splashes of blue on the roadsides and on dry hills, the stately, feathery leafed anchusa (anchusa
azurea) and the very much smaller, more attractive dark-blue of the anchusa undulata. It is easy at first glance
to confuse the anchusa azurea with the Cyprus viper buglos (echuim plantageneum) though looking more
closely it will be seen that the blue flower of the buglos is more bell-like in shape.

30. Ranunculus
There are beautiful ranunculus to be seen flowering from Februaury to May on the
hillsides of the Besparmak range. The turban buttercup and Persian crowfoot
(ranunculus asiaticus) growe in a variety of coulours from pale cream to yellow;
white flashed with red and deep dark scarlet. These are not to be confused with
anemones which will be found in the same habitat.
Giant Fennel
The giant fennel (ferula communis) is another of those plants inedible to man or beast
and therefore grows rampantly unchecked. It is unmissable, as the flower steams
topped with many heads of bright yellow flowers grow to a height in excess of 6.5
feet (2m). Local florists use the feathery leaf in their flower arrangements and in
ancient time the dry stems were used as tinder.
Black Tulip and Corn Flag
Less easy to find is the black tulip (tulipa cypria) not truly black but very, very dark
red and to be found mostly in cornfields where it dwells side by side with the
common corn flag (gladiolus italicus) a pink wild gladioli which the local children
will pick and sell in bunches at the roadside.

31. Arabian and Cyprus Sun Roses
Cyprus - Pyramida Flowers
Cyprus - Woodcock FlowerTwo yellow flowers both with papery thin petals which often grow
together and are sometimes mistaken one for the other are the Arabian sun rose (fumana arabica) and
yellow Cyprus sun rose (endemic) (helianthemum obtusifoluim). They favor the same habitat of dry
rocky places and flower from February to May.
The green winged orchid (orchis morio) which can be found among the pine forests, to the pyramidal
orchid (anacamptis pyramidalis) which flowers March to May. The latter also has a habitat among
pine woods and dry grass places.
Orchid types to be found include: the ploughshare orchid (serapias vomeracea); eastern woodcock
orchid (ophrys umbilicata); naked man orchid (orchis italica). All the above are fairly widespread and
have a flowering season from February to May.

32. Trees
The diversity of wild and cultivated tree species of Cyprus is basically determined by climate,
soil, topography and human factors. Due to the geographic position, the island features a large
number of different vegetation species.
Also the history of the island plays important role in the diversity of species. As a former British
colony, Cyprus was given a rich variety of the seeds and samplings that imperial officers
cruising between Australia, New Zealand, India and South Africa brought with them.
With Cyprus falling in the area of subtropical (East Mediterranean) climate, its natural
vegetation is affected by rainfall, humidity and temperature factors. The fact that the Kyrenia
range makes a thin line along the north coast causes a contrast in heat and humidity between the
coast and the interior and thus due to the landscape that is varied in its altitude, in Cyprus the
three different vegetation zones are distinguished.

33. Cyprus Trees
The Kyrenia Range Zone
This zone includes the highest parts of North Cyprus reaching the summit of Servili Tepe
(1023 m). From the coast up to a level of 300-400 m grows maquis vegetation which is
characterized by Pistacio Nut Tree (Pistacia vera), Myrtle (Myrtus communis), Eastern
Strawberry Tree (Arbutus andrachne), Calabrian Oak (Quercus infectoria), Kermes Oak
(Quercus coccifera), Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) and Olive (Olea europea). Going higher, above
500-600 m the Kyrenia Range is dominated by Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia) and Common
Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens).
In Lapta, lining the river-valleys thrive shade-loving species such as Oriental Plane (Platanus
orientalis), Blunt-leaved Maple (Acer obtusifolium), Grey Elm (Ulmus canescens) and Storax
(Storax officinalis).

35. The Troodos Vegetation Zone
The area embraces the island’s highest-lying tracts. These are dominated by meadows at he
highest points while sea-facing slopes are covered up to 600 m with maquis shrub vegetation
similarly as the Kyrenia range. However, this maquis includes humidity-loving species such as
the Golden Oak (Quercus alnifolia), Western Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) and Hazel
(Corylus avellana), which cannot be found in North Cyprus.
The upper parts of Troodos feature volcanic soil, high elevation, and extreme humidity and are
covered with Cyprus Cedar (Cedrus libani ssp brevifolia), and Black Pine (Pinus nigra ssp.
pallasiana).

37. Fish
There are about 200 varieties of fish in the waters around Northern Cyprus. For this reason
you will find many fishing boats in the harbour of Kyrenia and elsewhere. Large specimens
of tuna fish are often caught. Usually the fishermen sell their catch as soon as it is landed
directly to whichever local restaurant is first to hear about the catch. This also means that
you can always find daily fresh fish in the market places.

38. Since owning a tractor was difficulty, the animal power was much demanded. Horses on the island were
in limited numbers and in addition expensive to get, and so donkeys took the lead. There were one or two
donkeys per each household. Serving predominantly as a transport power, they used to carry the cargoes
of olives during the picking, cereals to flour mills and other farm products.
Donkeys vs. machines technology
The role of donkeys changed by the 1970s as the living conditions in Cyprus underwent changes in
industry. Machine technology introduced the spread of factors into the agricultural field and village life
and donkeys of Cyprus were gradually not of that much importance as before. Trucks, vans were loaded
with cargoes and villagers even drove cars to the fields.
Donkeys

39. Wild donkeys in Cyprus
After the Peace Operation of 1974 many donkeys lost their owners and were left
to provide food and shelter for themselves.The Karpaz Peninsula , from where
many Greek Cypriot inhabitants were obliged to flee to the south, appeared to
be an ideal place for donkeys and thus they were sent there.Settled in the
Karpaz, they found their crop often damaged by the donkeys. The solution of
the wired fences to keep the donkeys in the specified zone showed however,
ineffective as the donkeys jumped over to find food in the wider territory and
the damage of crops continued.

40. Birdlife
Cyprus serves as a staging post for migrating birds flying between Europe and the Nile delta.
Hundreds of thousands of birds pass through the island and spring and autumn.
Overgrown orchards and olive groves are the haunt of little owls, which nest in cracks and
holes in the trees. Endemic Cyprus warblers, considered by some to be a relative of the
widespread Sardinian warbler, can be seen searching for insects.
The overhead wires serve as ideal lookouts for red-footer falcons. Bee-eaters and rollers also
survey the terrain for insect quarry while buntings are the wires as long perches to advertise
their territories. The quails’ ‘wet-my-lips’ call is often the only clue as to their whereabouts.
The overhead wires serve as ideal lookouts for red-footer falcons. Bee-eaters and rollers also
survey the terrain for insect quarry while buntings are the wires as long perches to advertise
their territories. The quails’ ‘wet-my-lips’ call is often the only clue as to their whereabouts.
In the autumn and winter the seeds provide food for larks and house sparrows, sometimes
including the Spanish sparrow. Bare fields are the haunt of hooded crows and magpies.

43. Koruçam Burnu & Geçitköy
Marsh harrier, sparrow hawk, quail, stone-curlew, bee-eater, hoopoe, wagtail, whinchat,
isabelline, northern and black eared wheatear, red-backed and woodchat shrike and
Cretzschmar’s bunting.
Many different spicies of waterbirds have been seen here including bittern, squacco, and
purple herons, shoveller, pochard, and little crake.
In the surrounding grasslands: great spotted cuckoo, northern wheathear, bee-eater,
roller, bonelli and wood warbler.
In winter: white wagtail, stonechat, robin and thrush. Breeding birds include little owl,
Cyprus pied, wheatear, cetti’s fan-tailed and Cyprus warbler. To the north-east of the
reservoir is Kornos Peak; griffon vulture and osprey can be observed flying here

44. If the water supply lasts until September, Kanliköy becomes an excellent site for migrating waders
and herons including squacco heron, little egret, avocet, greenshank and sand piper.
Gülseren is on the northern edge of Famagusta is water here, it is excellent for waders, herons,
gulls and terns.
Glapsides is important for ducks, waders, herons and many species of gulls. Spring migration
brings kingfischer, black-necked grebe, gadwell, shoveller, garganey, pallid, hen and marsh harrier,
osprey and spur-winged plover.
The land between the floodlands includes the forest of Salamis. This often holds large numbers of
great spotted cuckoo, bee-eater, roller, spotted and pied flycatcher, golden oriole and red-backed
shrike. Resident breeders in the area include barn owl, spectacled warbler and black francolin.
Lake Mehmetcik
A shallow, natural, seasonal lake which lies west-south-west of Mehmetcik in the Karpas
Peninsula.The migrant visitors here are: little bittern, glossy ibis, garganey, pintail, little stint,
curlew, sandpiper, spotted redshank and greenshank. The surrounding area attracts many songbirds
throughout the winter.
In the spring you can see the passage of falcons, harriers and buzzards.

45. Cyprus Wildlife
Since farming is not especially intensive in Cyprus, wildlife can often live in harmony with
agriculture.The variety of wild animals in Cyprus is low.
Mammals
Foxes and hares play in the cool of the evening and hedgehogs are common. The Cyprus
hedgehog, probably introduced from South Africa
In the Karpaz National Park area (Pan handle) live donkeys which roam wild and number
about 250. Generally they are black
There is an indigenous species of cow that is bred at a Government run farm in Çatalköy. The
Cyprus moufflon is an ancestor of the modern day sheep.in the Paphos forest in the South.
In the Karpaz National Park area (Pan handle) live donkeys which roam wild and number
about 250. Generally they are black
Cypriot Moufflon: Endangered Species

47. Snakes
The snakes have the Kyrenia mountain range as their playground, hibernating during the
winter, the warm days of spring and summer find them in the long grass, or basking on a wall
in the sun. Most species are harmless and will quickly slither off when they are aware of
someone approaching.
The Montpelier Snake: Likes to hide among the ruins, the bite can cause painful swellings and a
headache.
The Blunt-Nosed Viper: The end of its tail is yellow and hornlike. The bite is highly dangerous
and medical attention is needed immediately.
The very long black snake, which has a silver underbelly, is totally harmless except to venomous
snakes. The black snake was introduced to the island when the poisonous snake become too
numerous. The black snake is extremely efficient at controlling the population of the toxic
variety and there are more beneficial than dangerous snakes to be seen.

49. Insects
The cicada is the noisiest insect that the visitor will encounter. The life span of
the mature insect is only four to six weeks, at the end of which time the female
will have mated and laid her eggs in the bark of young trees.
Butterflies and Snails
Butterflies like the Cleopatra and swallowtail, visit the flowers and where the
strawberry tree is present as a larval food plant, the two tailed pasha glides
through the air.
Spring time is the best time to observe the butterflies

51. Lizards
The tiny lizards frolic in the summer sunshine and are extremely entertaining as they
jump and roll about in courtship or territorial combat. When attacked by a larger creature
such as cat, dog or bird of prey, they have the ability to shed their tails, thus hopefully
fooling the attacker and making a quick gateway.
The ancient ruins are home to a variety of larger lizards including the iguana- like dragon
lizard; these will scuttle away rapidly when disturbed. They are mostly shy creatures and
choose under
Chameleons are to be seen among garden trees and rock crevices. Their color will adapt to
suit their surroundings and they tend to be very slow moving creatures.

52. Thanks For Attention
Shabnam Golkarian