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wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
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wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
wp11759-20-12-03-2021-390517 guidelines seizure of elec devices ktaka HC.pdf
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  1. 1 WP No.11759/2020 IN THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA AT BENGALURU DATED THIS THE 12TH DAY OF MARCH, 2021 BEFORE THE HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE SURAJ GOVINDARAJ WRIT PETITION NO. 11759 OF 2020 (GM-RES) BETWEEN: MR. VIRENDRA KHANNA S/O SRI RAM KHANNA AGED ABOUT 35 YEARS RESIDING AT NO.301, PIYARSON WEST LANGFORD ROAD, 1ST CROSS RICHMOND, BANGALORE – 08 … PETITIONER (BY SRI. HASHMAT PASHA, SR. COUNSEL FOR SRI. NASIR ALI, ADVOCATE-PH) AND: 1. STATE OF KARNATAKA BY: BANASAWADI POLICE, BANGALORE-560043 2. POLICE INSPECTOR, CCB POLICE, BANGALORE, NT PET BANGALORE-560002 … RESPONDENTS (BY SRI. VEERANNA G. TIGADI, SPP) THIS WRIT PETITION IS FILED UNDER ARTICLES 226 & 227 OF THE CONSITUTION OF INDIA AND UNDER SECTION 482 OF THE CR.P.C., PRAYINT TO QUASH THE ORDER DATED 23.09.2020 VIDE ANNEXURE-E WHICH IS RE-AFFIRMED BY ORDER DATED
  2. 2 WP No.11759/2020 15.10.2020 VIDE ANNEXURE-H PASSED IN SPCL.C.C. NO.529/2019 ON THE FILE HON'BLE XXXIII ADDL. CITY CIVIL AND SESSIONS JUDGE AND SPECIAL COURT FOR NDPS CAES, BANGALORE CITY, WHICH IS ARISING OUT OF CRIME NO.588/2018 ON THE FILE OF R-1 BANASWADI POLICE, BANGALORE, AS AN ABUSE OF PROCESS OF LAW AND ETC. THIS WRIT PETITION COMING ON FOR FURTHER ARGUMENTS AND HAVING BEEN RESERVED FOR ORDERS ON 14.12.2020, THIS DAY, THE COURT PRONOUNCED THE FOLLOWING: O OR RD DE ER R 1 1. . T Th he e p pe et ti it ti io on ne er r/ /A Ac cc cu us se ed d N No o. . 5 5 i is s b be ef fo or re e t th hi is s C Co ou ur rt t s se ee ek ki in ng g f fo or r: : 1 1. .1 1. . I Is ss su ua an nc ce e o of f a a w wr ri it t o of f c ce er rt ti io or ra ar ri i o or r a a w wr ri it t o or r o or rd de er r o or r d di ir re ec ct ti io on n o of f a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e n na at tu ur re e i in n q qu ua as sh hi in ng g t th he e o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -9 9- -2 20 02 20 0 a as s p pe er r A An nn ne ex xu ur re e - - E E, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s r re e- -a af ff fi ir rm me ed d b by y o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 1 15 5- -1 10 0- -2 20 02 20 0 a as s p pe er r A An nn ne ex xu ur re e H H P Pa as ss se ed d i in n S Sp pl l C C. .C C. . N No o. . 5 52 29 9 o of f 2 20 01 19 9 o on n t th he e f fi il le e o of f t th he e X XX XX XI II II I A Ad dd di it ti io on na al l C Ci it ty y C Ci iv vi il l a an nd d S Se es ss si io on ns s
  3. 3 WP No.11759/2020 J Ju ud dg ge e a an nd d S Sp pe ec ci ia al l C Co ou ur rt t f fo or r N ND DP PS S C Ca as se es s, , B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e C Ci it ty y, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s a ar ri is si in ng g o ou ut t o of f C Cr ri im me e N No o. .5 58 88 8/ /2 20 01 18 8 o on n t th he e f fi il le e o of f f fi ir rs st t R Re es sp po on nd de en nt t B Ba an na as sw wa ad di i P Po ol li ic ce e, , B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e, , a as s a an n a ab bu us se e o of f p pr ro oc ce es ss s o of f L La aw w. . 1 1. .2 2. . I Is ss su ua an nc ce e o of f a a w wr ri it t o of f c ce er rt ti io or ra ar ri i o or r w wr ri it t o or r o or rd de er r o or r d di ir re ec ct ti io on n o of f a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e n na at tu ur re e i in n q qu ua as sh hi in ng g t th he e o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 1 14 4- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0 a as s a a p pa ar rt t o of f A An nn ne ex xu ur re e- -E E i in n d di ir re ec ct ti in ng g t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t to o c co o- - o op pe er ra at te e f fo or r u un nl lo oc ck ki in ng g t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e, , p pa as ss se ed d i in n S Sp pl l. . C C. .C C. . N No o. . 5 52 29 9/ /2 20 01 19 9 o on n t th he e f fi il le e o of f X XX XX XI II II I A Ad dd di it ti io on na al l C Ci it ty y C Ci iv vi il l a an nd d S Se es ss si io on ns s J Ju ud dg ge e a an nd d S Sp pe ec ci ia al l C Co ou ur rt t f fo or r N ND DP PS S c ca as se es s B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e C Ci it ty y, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s a ar ri is si in ng g o ou ut t o of f C Cr ri im me e N No o. .5 58 88 8/ /2 20 01 18 8 o on n t th he e f fi il le e o of f t th he e f fi ir rs st t r re es sp po on nd de en nt t p po ol li ic ce e a as s i il ll le eg ga al l a an nd d a ab bu us se e o of f p pr ro oc ce es ss s o of f L La aw w. .
  4. 4 WP No.11759/2020 F FA AC CT TS S 2 2. . I In n t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on n, , i it t i is s c co on nt te en nd de ed d t th ha at t: : 2 2. .1 1. . T Th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r i is s a an n I IT T E En ng gi in ne ee er r, , h ha av vi in ng g s st tu ud di ie ed d i in n M M/ /s s R RV V C Co ol ll le eg ge e o of f E En ng gi in ne ee er ri in ng g, , B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e. . H He e w wa as s s se el le ec ct te ed d a as s S So of ft tw wa ar re e E En ng gi in ne ee er r, , d du ur ri in ng g t th he e p pr ro oc ce es ss s o of f o on n- -c ca am mp pu us s r re ec cr ru ui it tm me en nt t b by y A Ac cc ce en nt tu ur re e, , I IT T c co om mp pa an ny y, , B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e, , w wh he er re e h he e w wo or rk ke ed d f fo or r o on ne e y ye ea ar r a an nd d t th he er re ea af ft te er r r re es si ig gn ne ed d t to o d do o h hi is s s se el lf f a av vo oc ca at ti io on n o of f o or rg ga an ni is si in ng g e ev ve en nt ts s a an nd d p pa ar rt ti ie es s i in n 5 5- -s st ta ar r h ho ot te el ls s a an nd d o ot th he er r e ev ve en nt ts s b by y o ob bt ta ai in ni in ng g l li ic ce en nc ce e a an nd d p pe er rm mi is ss si io on n f fr ro om m t th he e p po ol li ic ce e d de ep pa ar rt tm me en nt t. . 2 2. .2 2. . I It t i is s c cl la ai im me ed d t th ha at t t th he e n na at tu ur re e o of f w wo or rk k c ca ar rr ri ie ed d o ou ut t b by y t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r i is s o on nl ly y t to o b bo oo ok k t th he e p pa ar rt ti ic ci ip pa an nt ts s f fo or r t th he e e ev ve en nt t a an nd d t th he e o ot th he er r a ar rr ra an ng ge em me en nt ts s o of f f fo oo od d a an nd d d dr ri in nk ks s a ar re e m ma ad de e b by y t th he e h ho ot te el l m ma an na ag ge em me en nt t, , a an nd d h he e h ha ad d n no o c co on nt tr ro ol l
  5. 5 WP No.11759/2020 o of f i it t a an nd d e ev ve en n h he e w wa as s n no ot t a al ll lo ow we ed d t to o c ca ar rr ry y a an ny yt th hi in ng g. . 2 2. .3 3. . T Th he e l la as st t e ev ve en nt t o or rg ga an ni is se ed d b by y t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r w wa as s i in n t th he e s se ec co on nd d w we ee ek k o of f M Ma ar rc ch h 2 20 02 20 0 b be ef fo or re e C CO OV VI ID D- - 1 19 9 P Pa an nd de em mi ic c l lo oc ck kd do ow wn n; ; t th he er re ea af ft te er r, , h he e h ha as s n no ot t o or rg ga an ni is se ed d a an ny y e ev ve en nt t o or r p pa ar rt ty y. . 2 2. .4 4. . I It t i is s s st ta at te ed d t th ha at t o on n 3 3- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0, , w wh he en n t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r w wa as s w wi it th h h hi is s p pa ar re en nt ts s i in n D De el lh hi i a at t a ab bo ou ut t 5 5: :0 00 0 P P. .M M, , s so om me e p po ol li ic ce em me en n s sa ai id d t to o b be e f fr ro om m C CC CB B p po ol li ic ce e o of f B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e h ha ad d v vi is si it te ed d h hi is s D De el lh hi i r re es si id de en nc ce e a an nd d i in ns si is st te ed d o on n h hi is s p pr re es se en nc ce e i in n B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e f fo or r i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n b by y C CC CB B p po ol li ic ce e a an nd d a ac cc co or rd di in ng gl ly y, , h he e w wa as s b br ro ou ug gh ht t t to o B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e o on n 4 4- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0 b by y f fl li ig gh ht t. . 2 2. .5 5. . I It t i is s c cl la ai im me ed d t th ha at t t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r h ha as s b be ee en n f fi ix xe ed d i in n a an n o ol ld d c ca as se e i in n C Cr ri im me e N No o. . 5 58 88 8/ / 2 20 01 18 8 o of f B Ba an na as sa aw wa ad di i p po ol li ic ce e s st ta at ti io on n, , i in n w wh hi ic ch h
  6. 6 WP No.11759/2020 i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n w wa as s c co om mp pl le et te ed d a an nd d t th he e c ch ha ar rg ge e s sh he ee et t w wa as s f fi il le ed d o on n 3 30 0- -0 04 4- -2 20 01 19 9. . 2 2. .6 6. . P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r w wa as s a ar rr re es st te ed d a an nd d p pr ro od du uc ce ed d b be ef fo or re e t th he e X XX XX XI II II I A Ad dd dl l. . C Ci it ty y C Ci iv vi il l a an nd d S Se es ss si io on ns s J Ju ud dg ge e a an nd d S Sp pe ec ci ia al l J Ju ud dg ge e f fo or r N ND DP PS S c ca as se es s B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e C Ci it ty y, , o on n a a r re em ma an nd d a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n b be ei in ng g f fi il le ed d, , h he e w wa as s r re em ma an nd de ed d t to o p po ol li ic ce e c cu us st to od dy y. . O On n t th he e e ex xp pi ir ry y o of f t th he e s sa ai id d r re em ma an nd d, , h he e w wa as s o on nc ce e a ag ga ai in n r re em ma an nd de ed d t to o j ju ud di ic ci ia al l c cu us st to od dy y w wi it th ho ou ut t h he ea ar ri in ng g h hi im m o or r h hi is s c co ou un ns se el l, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s c co on nt tr ra ar ry y t to o S Se ec ct ti io on n 1 16 67 7 o of f C Cr r. .P P. .C C. ., , a an nd d v vi io ol la at ti iv ve e o of f A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 21 1 a an nd d 2 22 2 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n. . 2 2. .7 7. . I It t i is s a al ll le eg ge ed d t th ha at t w wh he en n h he e w wa as s b br ro ou ug gh ht t f fr ro om m D De el lh hi i t to o B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e b by y t th he e s se ec co on nd d r re es sp po on nd de en nt t p po ol li ic ce e, , h he e h ha ad d a a m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e b be ea ar ri in ng g S SI IM M N No o. .8 81 10 05 51 10 00 00 00 09 9 a an nd d t th he e s sa am me e w wa as s s se ei iz ze ed d u un nd de er r m ma ah ha az za ar r o on n 4 4- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0. . T Th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r
  7. 7 WP No.11759/2020 h ha as s c cl la ai im me ed d t th ha at t h he e h ha ad d u un nl lo oc ck ke ed d h hi is s p ph ho on ne e a an nd d s sh ho ow wn n i it t t to o t th he e C CC CB B p po ol li ic ce e t th ha at t i it t c co on nt ta ai in ns s s so om me e c co on nt ta ac ct t n nu um mb be er rs s o of f h hi is s f fr ri ie en nd ds s a an nd d f fa am mi il ly y m me em mb be er rs s. . T Th he e p po ol li ic ce e h ha ad d s se ee en n t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e d de et ta ai il ls s a an nd d t th he er re ea af ft te er r r re et ta ai in ne ed d t th he e s sa ai id d m mo ob bi il le e i in n p po ol li ic ce e c cu us st to od dy y i it ts se el lf f. . 2 2. .8 8. . I It t i is s c co on nt te en nd de ed d t th ha at t t th he e p pr ro os se ec cu ut ti io on n f fa al ls se el ly y a al ll le eg ge ed d b be ef fo or re e t th he e S Sp pe ec ci ia al l J Ju ud dg ge e o on n 1 14 4- -0 09 9- - 2 20 02 20 0 t th ha at t t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r i is s n no ot t g gi iv vi in ng g h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d f fo or r u un nl lo oc ck ki in ng g h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e w wh he en n t th he e C Co ou ur rt t d di ir re ec ct te ed d t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t to o c co o- -o op pe er ra at te e f fo or r u un nl lo oc ck ki in ng g t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e. . I It t i is s f fu ur rt th he er r s st ta at te ed d t th ha at t t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r c co o- - o op pe er ra at te ed d w wi it th h t th he e p po ol li ic ce e i in n o op pe en ni in ng g h hi is s E E- -m ma ai il l a ac cc co ou un nt ts s. . 2 2. .9 9. . O On n 1 16 6- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0, , t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r w wa as s p pr ro od du uc ce ed d b be ef fo or re e C Co ou ur rt t a an nd d g go ot t r re em ma an nd de ed d t to o J Ju ud di ic ci ia al l
  8. 8 WP No.11759/2020 c cu us st to od dy y b be ec ca au us se e h hi is s p pr re es se en nc ce e w wa as s n no o m mo or re e r re eq qu ui ir re ed d f fo or r t th he e p po ol li ic ce e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n. . 2 2. .1 10 0. . O On n 2 23 3- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0, , t th he e s se ec co on nd d R Re es sp po on nd de en nt t, , C CC CB B p po ol li ic ce e, , f fi il le ed d a an n a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n b be ef fo or re e t th he e S Sp pe ec ci ia al l C Co ou ur rt t f fo or r a an n o or rd de er r o of f p pe er rm mi is ss si io on n t to o s su ub bj je ec ct t t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t b be ec ca au us se e h he e h ha as s n no ot t g gi iv ve en n m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d f fo or r u un nl lo oc ck ki in ng g h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e a an nd d a al ls so o f fo or r g ge et tt ti in ng g o op pe en ne ed d t tw wo o m mo or re e E E- -m ma ai il l a ac cc co ou un nt ts s b be el lo on ng gi in ng g t to o h hi im m. . T Th hi is s a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n c co op py y w wa as s n no ot t s se er rv ve ed d e ei it th he er r o on n t th he e c co ou un ns se el l f fo or r P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r o or r o on n P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r, , a an nd d a as s s so oo on n a as s i it t w wa as s f fi il le ed d, , a an n o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0 w wa as s p pa as ss se ed d t to o s se en nd d t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t a as s p pr ra ay ye ed d i in n t th he e A Ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n, , a an nd d i it t w wa as s o or rd de er re ed d t to o t th he e I In nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n o of ff fi ic ce er r o of f C CC CB B P Po ol li ic ce e B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e t to o t ta ak ke e t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t w wi it th h p pr ro op pe er r e es sc co or rt ts s b by y 2 28 8- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0. .
  9. 9 WP No.11759/2020 2 2. .1 11 1. . I It t i is s c co on nt te en nd de ed d t th ha at t b be ef fo or re e p pa as ss si in ng g t th he e o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0 d di ir re ec ct ti in ng g a a P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t, , n no o o op pp po or rt tu un ni it ty y w wa as s g gi iv ve en n t to o P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r o or r h hi is s c co ou un ns se el l t to o d de ef fe en nd d t th he e A Ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n f fi il le ed d b by y C CC CB B p po ol li ic ce e f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t a an nd d t th he er re eb by y, , t th he e o or rd de er r f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t w wa as s n no ot t k kn no ow wn n t to o P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r o or r h hi is s c co ou un ns se el l. . 2 2. .1 12 2. . I It t i is s o on nl ly y o on n 0 03 3- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0, , t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r’ ’s s f fa at th he er r w wa as s t to ol ld d b by y h hi is s f fr ri ie en nd ds s t th ha at t i in n M Me ed di ia a i it t i is s b be ei in ng g r re ep po or rt te ed d t th ha at t t th he e C Co ou ur rt t h ha as s p pe er rm mi it tt te ed d a a P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t o of f t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r. . P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r’ ’s s f fa at th he er r i im mm me ed di ia at te el ly y i in nf fo or rm me ed d t th he e c co ou un ns se el l f fo or r P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r, , a an nd d t th he er re ea af ft te er r o on n v ve er ri if fi ic ca at ti io on n, , i it t w wa as s f fo ou un nd d t to o b be e t tr ru ue e a an nd d t th he e o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0 h ha ad d b be ee en n p pa as ss se ed d w wi it th ho ou ut t t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r’ ’s s k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e. . 2 2. .1 13 3. . O On n 3 3- -1 10 0- -2 20 02 20 0, , t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r’ ’s s c co ou un ns se el l f fi il le ed d
  10. 10 WP No.11759/2020 a an n a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n t to o r re ec ca al ll l t th he e o or rd de er r o of f P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0 a as s n no ot t t te en na ab bl le e i in n L La aw w a as s i it t a am mo ou un nt ts s t to o t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l c co om mp pu ul ls si io on n h hi it t b by y A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0 c cl la au us se e ( (3 3) ) o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n. . H He e i is s n no ot t c co on ns se en nt ti in ng g t to o t th he e P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t; ; t th he e o or rd de er r w wa as s p pa as ss se ed d b be eh hi in nd d t th he e b ba ac ck k o of f t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r. . H He en nc ce e i it t w wa as s r re eq qu ui ir re ed d t to o r re ec ca al ll l t th he e o or rd de er r a an nd d t to o g gi iv ve e a an n o op pp po or rt tu un ni it ty y o of f h he ea ar ri in ng g r re eg ga ar rd di in ng g t th he e P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t m mo or re e s so o w wh he en n t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r w wa as s n no ot t w wi il ll li in ng g t to o s su ub bj je ec ct t h hi im ms se el lf f t to o s su uc ch h a a t te es st t. . 2 2. .1 14 4. . T Th hi is s r re ec ca al ll l a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n c co op py y w wa as s s se er rv ve ed d u up po on n S Sp pl l. .P PP P o on n 0 03 3- -1 10 0- -2 20 02 20 0 a an nd d w wa as s p pu ut t u up p o on n 0 05 5- - 1 10 0- -2 20 02 20 0 b be ef fo or re e t th he e S Sp pe ec ci ia al l C Co ou ur rt t, , w wh hi ic ch h g gr ra an nt te ed d t ti im me e t to o f fi il le e o ob bj je ec ct ti io on ns s, , w wh hi ic ch h w wa as s f fi il le ed d o on n 0 07 7- -1 10 0- -2 20 02 20 0. . 2 2. .1 15 5. . I It t i is s s st ta at te ed d t th ha at t d du ur ri in ng g t th he e c co ou ur rs se e o of f
  11. 11 WP No.11759/2020 a ar rg gu um me en nt ts s, , t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r’ ’s s c co ou un ns se el l s sp pe ec ci if fi ic ca al ll ly y b br ro ou ug gh ht t t to o t th he e n no ot ti ic ce e o of f t th he e S Sp pe ec ci ia al l C Co ou ur rt t t th ha at t t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r i is s n no ot t c co on ns se en nt ti in ng g f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t a an nd d t th he e o or rd de er r f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -0 09 9- -2 20 02 20 0 w wa as s p pa as ss se ed d w wi it th ho ou ut t h he ea ar ri in ng g h hi im m, , i it t a am mo ou un nt ts s t to o t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l c co om mp pu ul ls si io on n a as s h he el ld d b by y t th he e H Ho on n’ ’b b1 1e e S Su up pr re em me e c co ou ur rt t i in n t th he e c ca as se e o of f S Se el lv vi i V V/ / s s S St ta at te e o of f K Ka ar rn na at ta ak ka a r re ep po or rt te ed d i in n 2 20 01 10 0 ( (7 7) ) S SC CC C 2 26 63 3, , i it t i in nt te er rf fe er re es s i in n h hi is s r ri ig gh ht t t to o p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h i is s g gu ua ar ra an nt te ee ed d a as s F Fu un nd da am me en nt ta al l r ri ig gh ht t u un nd de er r A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 21 1 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n a as s h he el ld d i in n t th he e c ca as se e o of f M Mr r. . J Ju us st ti ic ce e K K. .S S. . P Pu ut tt ta as sw wa am my y V V/ / s s U Un ni io on n o of f I In nd di ia a r re ep po or rt te ed d i in n 2 20 01 17 7( (1 10 0) ) S SC CC C P Pa ag ge e. .1 1. . 2 2. .1 16 6. . T Th he e S Sp pe ec ci ia al l C Co ou ur rt t, , h ho ow we ev ve er r, , b by y i it ts s o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 1 15 5- -1 10 0- -2 20 02 20 0, , r re ej je ec ct te ed d t th he e r re ec ca al ll l a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n h ho ol ld di in ng g t th ha at t t th he e C Co ou ur rt t c ca an n o or rd de er r
  12. 12 WP No.11759/2020 f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t a an nd d t th he e o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -0 09 9- - 2 20 02 20 0 c ca an nn no ot t b be e r re ec ca al ll le ed d b by y t th he e s sa am me e C Co ou ur rt t. . 2 2. .1 17 7. . I It t i is s a ag gg gr ri ie ev ve ed d b by y t th he e s sa ai id d o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -0 09 9- - 2 20 02 20 0, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s r re e- -a af ff fi ir rm me ed d b by y o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 1 15 5- - 1 10 0- -2 20 02 20 0, , t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r i is s b be ef fo or re e t th hi is s C Co ou ur rt t s se ee ek ki in ng g f fo or r t th he e a af fo or re es sa ai id d r re el li ie ef fs s. . 3 3. . O On n s se er rv vi ic ce e o of f n no ot ti ic ce e S Sh hr ri i. . V Ve ee er ra an na aT Ti ig ga ad di i l le ea ar rn ne ed d s sp pe ec ci ia al l p pr ro os se ec cu ut to or r h ha as s e en nt te er re ed d a an n a ap pp pe ea ar ra an nc ce e f fo or r t th he e S St ta at te e a an nd d f fi il le ed d h hi is s o ob bj je ec ct ti io on ns s; ; i in n t th he e s sa ai id d o ob bj je ec ct ti io on ns s, , i it t i is s c co on nt te en nd de ed d a as s u un nd de er r: : 3 3. .1 1. . O On n 0 02 2. .1 11 1. .2 20 01 18 8, , a a c ca as se e w wa as s r re eg gi is st te er re ed d i in n B Ba an na as sw wa ad di i P Po ol li ic ce e S St ta at ti io on n C Cr ri im me e N No o. . 5 58 88 8/ /2 20 01 18 8 a ag ga ai in ns st t F Fa ai it th h P Ph hu uk ks s a an nd d t tw wo o o ot th he er rs s f fo or r t th he e o of ff fe en nc ce es s p pu un ni is sh ha ab bl le e u un nd de er r S Se ec ct ti io on n 2 21 1( (c c) ) o of f N Na ar rc co ot ti ic c D Dr ru ug gs s a an nd d P Ps sy yc ch ho ot tr ro op pi ic c S Su ub bs st ta an nc ce es s A Ac ct t, , 1 19 98 85 5 a an nd d S Se ec ct ti io on n 1 14 4 o of f F Fo or re ei ig gn ne er rs s’ ’ A Ac ct t. . A Af ft te er r i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n, , k ke ee ep pi in ng g o op pe en n f fu ur rt th he er r
  13. 13 WP No.11759/2020 i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n i in nt te er ri im m f fi in na al l r re ep po or rt t w wa as s s su ub bm mi it tt te ed d t to o t th he e C Co ou ur rt t. . I In n c co on nt ti in nu ua at ti io on n o of f t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n a an nd d o ob bt ta ai in ni in ng g p pe er rm mi is ss si io on n o of f t th he e C Co ou ur rt t f fo or r f fu ur rt th he er r i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n, , t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r w wa as s a ap pp pr re eh he en nd de ed d a an nd d t ta ak ke en n i in nt to o c cu us st to od dy y. . F Fr ro om m t th he e p po os ss se es ss si io on n o of f t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti in ng g e ev vi id de en nc ce e i in n t th he e f fo or rm m o of f M Mo ob bi il le e P Ph ho on ne e, , L La ap pt to op p a an nd d o ot th he er r m ma at te er ri ia al l o ob bj je ec ct ts s s se ei iz ze ed d a an nd d t th he e p pr ro op pe er rt ty y f fo or rm m p pr re ep pa ar re ed d. . 3 3. .2 2. . F Fo or r t th he e p pu ur rp po os se e o of f t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n, , i it t i is s n ne ec ce es ss sa ar ry y t to o o op pe en n t th he e M Mo ob bi il le e P Ph ho on ne es s, , o ot th he er r e el le ec ct tr ro on ni ic c g ga ad dg ge et ts s s se ei iz ze ed d f fr ro om m t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r a an nd d t th he e e e- -m ma ai il ls s. . T Th he e s sa am me e i is s p pr ro ot te ec ct te ed d b by y p pa as ss sw wo or rd ds s. . I In nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n O Of ff fi ic ce er r c ca al ll le ed d u up po on n t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t to o f fu ur rn ni is sh h t th he e P Pa as ss sw wo or rd ds s. . T Th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r r re ef fu us se ed d t to o d di is sc cl lo os se e t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d o of f h hi is s M Mo ob bi il le e P Ph ho on ne e a an nd d e e- -M Ma ai il l a ad dd dr re es ss se es s. . T Th he e H Ho on n’ ’b bl le e T Tr ri ia al l C Co ou ur rt t, , b by y a an n o or rd de er r d da at te ed d
  14. 14 WP No.11759/2020 0 04 4. .0 09 9. .2 20 02 20 0, , d di ir re ec ct te ed d t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t to o c co o- - o op pe er ra at te e a an nd d f fu ur rn ni is sh h t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d t to o t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti in ng g o of ff fi ic ce er r. . 3 3. .3 3. . T Th he e o or rd de er r o of f t th he e T Tr ri ia al l C Co ou ur rt t w wa as s c co om mm mu un ni ic ca at te ed d t to o t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r r re eq qu ue es st ti in ng g h hi im m t to o f fu ur rn ni is sh h t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d. . I In n s sp pi it te e o of f t th he e d di ir re ec ct ti io on n b by y t th he e T Tr ri ia al l C Co ou ur rt t t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r d di id d n no ot t f fu ur rn ni is sh h t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d. . O On n t th he e c co on nt tr ra ar ry y, , h he e t tr ri ie ed d t to o c co on nt te en nd d t th ha at t h he e h ha as s a al lr re ea ad dy y p pr ro ov vi id de ed d t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d, , w wi it th ho ou ut t h ha av vi in ng g s so o p pr ro ov vi id de ed d. . 3 3. .4 4. . I It t i is s o on n t th ha at t b ba as si is s t th ha at t, , R Re es sp po on nd de en nt t N No o. .2 2 f fi il le ed d a an n A Ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n s se ee ek ki in ng g p pe er rm mi is ss si io on n o of f t th he e T Tr ri ia al l C Co ou ur rt t t to o s su ub bj je ec ct t t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t to o P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t a an nd d t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d o or rd de er rs s p pa as ss se ed d. . 3 3. .5 5. . O On n t th he e f fa ac ct ts s a an nd d c ci ir rc cu um ms st ta an nc ce es s o of f t th he e p pr re es se en nt t c ca as se e, , t th he e d di ic ct ta a l la ai id d d do ow wn n i in n t th he e c ca as se e o of f S Se el lv vi i V Vs s. . S St ta at te e o of f K Ka ar rn na at ta ak ka a r re ep po or rt te ed d i in n 2 20 01 10 0
  15. 15 WP No.11759/2020 ( (7 7) ) S SC CC C P Pa ag ge e 2 26 63 3 i is s n no ot t a ap pp pl li ic ca ab bl le e t to o t th he e c ca as se e o on n h ha an nd d a as s s su ub bj je ec ct ti in ng g t th he e A Ac cc cu us se ed d t to o P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t f fo or r t th he e l li im mi it te ed d p pu ur rp po os se e o of f u un nl lo oc ck ki in ng g t th he e m mo ob bi il le e b by y u us si in ng g t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d a an nd d t to o f fu ur rn ni is sh h t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d t to o o op pe en n e e- -M Ma ai il l d do oe es s n no ot t a am mo ou un nt t t to o ‘ ‘r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t s se el lf f- - i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n. .’ ’ 3 3. .6 6. . I It t i is s c co on nt te en nd de ed d t th ha at t t th he e d di ir re ec ct ti io on n o of f t th he e T Tr ri ia al l C Co ou ur rt t t to o t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t to o c co o- -o op pe er ra at te e w wi it th h t th he e I In nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti in ng g O Of ff fi ic ce er r a an nd d t to o u un nl lo oc ck k t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d i is s l le eg ga al l. . U Un nl lo oc ck ki in ng g t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d d do oe es s n no ot t a am mo ou un nt t t to o s se el lf f- - i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n, , n no or r d do oe es s i it t v vi io ol la at te e A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 21 1 a an nd d 2 22 2 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n o of f I In nd di ia a; ; u un nl lo oc ck ki in ng g m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e a an nd d/ /e e- -m ma ai il ls s b by y f fu ur rn ni is sh hi in ng g a a p pa as ss sw wo or rd d d do oe es s n no ot t a am mo ou un nt t t to o s se el lf f- - i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n. .
  16. 16 WP No.11759/2020 3 3. .7 7. . T Th he e c co on nt te en nt ti io on n o of f t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t th ha at t t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e c co on nt ta ai in ns s h hi is s p pe er rs so on na al l i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n w wh hi ic ch h i is s p pr ro ot te ec ct te ed d u un nd de er r R Ri ig gh ht t t to o P Pr ri iv va ac cy y c ca an nn no ot t b be e a ac cc ce ep pt te ed d, , t th he e o or rd de er r o of f t th he e T Tr ri ia al l C Co ou ur rt t d di ir re ec ct ti in ng g t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t to o c co o- - o op pe er ra at te e i in n u un nl lo oc ck ki in ng g t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e d do oe es s n no ot t v vi io ol la at te e t th he e R Ri ig gh ht t t to o P Pr ri iv va ac cy y a an nd d d do oe es s n no ot t a am mo ou un nt t t to o t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l c co om mp pu ul ls si io on n. . 3 3. .8 8. . T Th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r h ha as s n no ot t g gi iv ve en n t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d o of f h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e, , o or r e e- -m ma ai il l a ac cc co ou un nt t, , d di id d n no ot t c co o- -o op pe er ra at te e i in n t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n; ; h he en nc ce e, , t th he e d di ir re ec ct ti io on n g gi iv ve en n b by y t th he e T Tr ri ia al l C Co ou ur rt t t to o u un nl lo oc ck k t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d o of f e e- -M Ma ai il l a ad dd dr re es ss se es s i is s j ju us st ti if fi ie ed d a an nd d h ha as s n no ot t v vi io ol la at te ed d a an ny y r ru ul le e o of f L La aw w. . T Th he e d di ir re ec ct ti io on n i is ss su ue ed d b by y t th he e T Tr ri ia al l C Co ou ur rt t t to o r re ev ve ea al l t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d t to o u un nl lo oc ck k h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e a an nd d t to o o op pe en n h hi is s e e- -M Ma ai il l a ac cc co ou un nt ts s d do oe es s n no ot t a am mo ou un nt t t to o c co om mp pe el ll li in ng g h hi im m t to o b be e a a w wi it tn ne es ss s
  17. 17 WP No.11759/2020 a ag ga ai in ns st t h hi im ms se el lf f, , n no or r d do oe es s i it t v vi io ol la at te e S Se ec ct ti io on n 1 16 61 1 ( (2 2) ) o of f t th he e C Co od de e o of f C Cr ri im mi in na al l P Pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e. . 3 3. .9 9. . I In ns si is st ti in ng g u up po on n t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r f fo or r a ac cc ce es ss s t to o t th he e d da at ta a c co on nt ta ai in ne ed d i in n h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e d do oe es s n no ot t a am mo ou un nt t t to o f fo or rc ce e h hi im m t to o r re ev ve ea al l h hi is s p pe er rs so on na al l i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n n no or r d do oe es s i it t a am mo ou un nt t t to o s se el lf f- - i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n. . 3 3. .1 10 0. . O On n t th he es se e g gr ro ou un nd ds s i it t i is s c co on nt te en nd de ed d t th ha at t t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on n i is s m mi is sc co on nc ce ei iv ve ed d a an nd d i is s l li ia ab bl le e t to o b be e d di is sm mi is ss se ed d. . 4 4. . S Sh hr ri i H Ha as sm ma at th h P Pa as sh ha a, , L Le ea ar rn ne ed d S Se en ni io or r c co ou un ns se el l a ap pp pe ea ar ri in ng g f fo or r t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r, , s su ub bm mi it tt te ed d a as s u un nd de er r: : 4 4. .1 1. . T Th he e o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -9 9- -2 20 02 20 0 p pe er rm mi it tt ti in ng g s se ec co on nd d r re es sp po on nd de en nt t p po ol li ic ce e t to o s su ub bj je ec ct t P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r f fo or r p po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t a as s r re eq qu ue es st te ed d b by y t th he em m i is s o op pp po os se ed d t to o L La aw w, , a an nd d i it t i is s i in n v vi io ol la at ti io on n o of f A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 21 1 a an nd d 2 22 2 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n. .
  18. 18 WP No.11759/2020 P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h T Te es st t 4 4. .2 2. . T Th he e s sa ai id d o or rd de er r i is s i in n v vi io ol la at ti io on n o of f t th he e j ju ud dg ge em me en nt t o of f t th he e H Ho on n’ ’b bl le e S Su up pr re em me e C Co ou ur rt t i in n t th he e c ca as se e o of f S Se el lv vi i V V/ /s s S St ta at te e o of f K Ka ar rn na at ta ak ka a r re ep po or rt te ed d i in n 2 20 01 10 0( (7 7) ) S SC CC C p pa ag ge e 2 26 63 3, , w wh he er re ei in n t th he e a ap pe ex x c co ou ur rt t h ha as s c cl le ea ar rl ly y l la ai id d d do ow wn n t th ha at t s su ub bj je ec ct ti in ng g t th he e a ac cc cu us se ed d t to o a a P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h T Te es st t i is s v vi io ol la at ti iv ve e o of f ‘ ‘r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t s se el lf f- - i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n’ ’ w wh hi ic ch h i is s a a f fu un nd da am me en nt ta al l r ri ig gh ht t g gu ua ar ra an nt te ee ed d u un nd de er r a ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0 c cl la au us se e ( (3 3) ) o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n, , h he e r re el li ie es s o on n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g p pa ar ra ag gr ra ap ph hs s o of f t th he e s sa ai id d j ju ud dg ge em me en nt t: : 1 18 84 4. . E Ev ve en n t th ho ou ug gh h t th he e a ac ct tu ua al l p pr ro oc ce es ss s o of f u un nd de er rg go oi in ng g a a p po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h e ex xa am mi in na at ti io on n o or r a a B BE EA AP P t te es st t i is s n no ot t t th he e s sa am me e a as s t th ha at t o of f m ma ak ki in ng g a an n o or ra al l o or r w wr ri it tt te en n s st ta at te em me en nt t, , t th he e c co on ns se eq qu ue en nc ce es s a ar re e s si im mi il la ar r. . B By y m ma ak ki in ng g i in nf fe er re en nc ce es s f fr ro om m t th he e r re es su ul lt ts s o of f t th he es se e t te es st ts s, , t th he e e ex xa am mi in ne er r i is s a ab bl le e t to o d de er ri iv ve e k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e f fr ro om m t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t’ ’s s m mi in nd d w wh hi ic ch h o ot th he er rw wi is se e w wo ou ul ld d n no ot t h ha av ve e b be ec co om me e a av va ai il la ab bl le e t to o t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at to or rs s. . T Th he es se e t tw wo o t te es st ts s a ar re e d di if ff fe er re en nt t f fr ro om m m me ed di ic ca al l e ex xa am mi in na at ti io on n a an nd d t th he e a an na al ly ys si is s o of f b bo od di il ly y s su ub bs st ta an nc ce es s s su uc ch h a as s b bl lo oo od d, , s se em me en n a an nd d h ha ai ir r s sa am mp pl le es s, , s si in nc ce e t th he e t te es st t s su ub bj je ec ct t’ ’s s p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gi ic ca al l
  19. 19 WP No.11759/2020 r re es sp po on ns se es s a ar re e d di ir re ec ct tl ly y c co or rr re el la at te ed d t to o m me en nt ta al l f fa ac cu ul lt ti ie es s. . T Th hr ro ou ug gh h l li ie e d de et te ec ct ti io on n o or r g ga au ug gi in ng g a a s su ub bj je ec ct t’ ’s s f fa am mi il li ia ar ri it ty y w wi it th h t th he e s st ti im mu ul li i, , p pe er rs so on na al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e i is s c co on nv ve ey ye ed d i in n r re es sp pe ec ct t o of f a a r re el le ev va an nt t f fa ac ct t. . I It t i is s a al ls so o s si ig gn ni if fi ic ca an nt t t th ha at t u un nl li ik ke e t th he e c ca as se e o of f d do oc cu um me en nt ts s, , t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at to or rs s c ca an nn no ot t p po os ss si ib bl ly y h ha av ve e a an ny y p pr ri io or r k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e o of f t th he e t te es st t s su ub bj je ec ct t’ ’s s t th ho ou ug gh ht ts s a an nd d m me em mo or ri ie es s, , e ei it th he er r i in n t th he e a ac ct tu ua al l o or r c co on ns st tr ru uc ct ti iv ve e s se en ns se e. . T Th he er re ef fo or re e, , e ev ve en n i if f a a h hi ig gh hl ly y s st tr ra ai in ne ed d a an na al lo og gy y w we er re e t to o b be e m ma ad de e b be et tw we ee en n t th he e r re es su ul lt ts s o ob bt ta ai in ne ed d f fr ro om m t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te es st ts s a an nd d t th he e p pr ro od du uc ct ti io on n o of f d do oc cu um me en nt ts s, , t th he e w we ei ig gh ht t o of f p pr re ec ce ed de en nt ts s l le ea an ns s t to ow wa ar rd ds s r re es st tr ri ic ct ti io on ns s o on n t th he e e ex xt tr ra ac ct ti io on n o of f “ “p pe er rs so on na al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e” ” t th hr ro ou ug gh h s su uc ch h m me ea an ns s. . 1 18 85 5. . D Du ur ri in ng g t th he e a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f a a p po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t o or r a a B BE EA AP P t te es st t, , t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t m ma ak ke es s a a m me en nt ta al l e ef ff fo or rt t w wh hi ic ch h i is s a ac cc co om mp pa an ni ie ed d b by y c ce er rt ta ai in n p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gi ic ca al l r re es sp po on ns se es s. . T Th he e m me ea as su ur re em me en nt t o of f t th he es se e r re es sp po on ns se es s t th he en n b be ec co om me es s t th he e b ba as si is s o of f t th he e t tr ra an ns sm mi is ss si io on n o of f k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e t to o t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at to or rs s. . T Th hi is s k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e m ma ay y a ai id d a an n o on ng go oi in ng g i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n o or r l le ea ad d t to o t th he e d di is sc co ov ve er ry y o of f f fr re es sh h e ev vi id de en nc ce e w wh hi ic ch h c co ou ul ld d t th he en n b be e u us se ed d t to o p pr ro os se ec cu ut te e t th he e t te es st t s su ub bj je ec ct t. . I In n a an ny y c ca as se e, , t th he e c co om mp pu ul ls so or ry y a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te es st ts s i im mp pe ed de es s t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t’ ’s s r ri ig gh ht t t to o c ch ho oo os se e b be et tw we ee en n r re em ma ai in ni in ng g s si il le en nt t a an nd d o of ff fe er ri in ng g s su ub bs st ta an nt ti iv ve e i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n. . T Th he e r re eq qu ui ir re em me en nt t o of f a a “ “p po os si it ti iv ve e v vo ol li it ti io on na al l a ac ct t” ” b be ec co om me es s i ir rr re el le ev va an nt t s si in nc ce e t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t i is s c co om mp pe el ll le ed d t to o c co on nv ve ey y p pe er rs so on na al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e i ir rr re es sp pe ec ct ti iv ve e o of f h hi is s/ /h he er r o ow wn n v vo ol li it ti io on n. . 1 18 86 6. . S So om me e a ac ca ad de em mi ic cs s h ha av ve e a al ls so o a ar rg gu ue ed d t th ha at t t th he e r re es su ul lt ts s o ob bt ta ai in ne ed d f fr ro om m t te es st ts s s su uc ch h a as s p po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h e ex xa am mi in na at ti io on n a ar re e “ “t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l” ” a ac ct ts s t th ha at t s sh ho ou ul ld d c co om me e w wi it th hi in n t th he e p pr ro oh hi ib bi it ti io on n o of f t th he e r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t s se el lf f- -i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n. . F Fo or r i in ns st ta an nc ce e, , M Mi ic ch ha ae el l S S. . P Pa ar rd do o ( (2 20 00 08 8) ) h ha as s o ob bs se er rv ve ed d [ [c ci it te ed d f fr ro om m M Mi ic ch ha ae el l S S. . P Pa ar rd do o, , “ “S Se el lf f- -I In nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n a an nd d t th he e E Ep pi is st te em mo ol lo og gy y o of f T Te es st ti im mo on ny y” ” [ [3 30 0 C Ca ar rd do oz zo o L La aw w R Re ev vi ie ew w 1 10 02 23 3- -4 46 6 ( (D De ec ce em mb be er r 2 20 00 08 8) )] ] , ,C Ca ar rd do oz zo o L La aw w R Re ev vi ie ew w a at t p p. . 1 10 04 46 6] ]: :
  20. 20 WP No.11759/2020 “ “T Th he e r re es su ul lt ts s o of f p po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph hs s a an nd d o ot th he er r l li ie e d de et te ec ct ti io on n t te es st ts s, , w wh he et th he er r t th he ey y c ca al ll l f fo or r a a v vo ol lu un nt ta ar ry y r re es sp po on ns se e o or r n no ot t, , a ar re e t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l b be ec ca au us se e t th he e t te es st ts s a ar re e j ju us st t i in nd du uc ct ti iv ve e e ev vi id de en nc ce e o of f t th he e d de ef fe en nd da an nt t’ ’s s e ep pi is st te em mi ic c s st ta at te e. . T Th he ey y a ar re e e ev vi id de en nc ce e t th ha at t p pu ur rp po or rt ts s t to o t te el ll l u us s e ei it th he er r: : ( (1 1) ) t th ha at t w we e c ca an n o or r c ca an nn no ot t r re el ly y o on n t th he e a as ss se er rt ti io on ns s m ma ad de e b by y t th he e d de ef fe en nd da an nt t a an nd d f fo or r w wh hi ic ch h h he e h ha as s r re ep pr re es se en nt te ed d h hi im ms se el lf f t to o b be e a an n a au ut th ho or ri it ty y, , o or r ( (2 2) ) w wh ha at t p pr ro op po os si it ti io on ns s t th he e d de ef fe en nd da an nt t w wo ou ul ld d a as ss su um me e a au ut th ho or ri it ty y f fo or r a an nd d w wo ou ul ld d i in nv vi it te e r re el li ia an nc ce e u up po on n, , w we er re e h he e t to o t te es st ti if fy y t tr ru ut th hf fu ul ll ly y. .” ” 1 18 87 7. . R Ro on na al ld d J J. . A Al ll le en n a an nd d M M. . K Kr ri is st ti in n M Ma ac ce e ( (2 20 00 04 4) ) h ha av ve e o of ff fe er re ed d a a t th he eo or ry y t th ha at t t th he e r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t s se el lf f- - i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n i is s m me ea an nt t t to o p pr ro ot te ec ct t a an n i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l i in n a a s si it tu ua at ti io on n w wh he er re e t th he e S St ta at te e p pl la ac ce es s r re el li ia an nc ce e o on n t th he e “ “s su ub bs st ta an nt ti iv ve e r re es su ul lt ts s o of f c co og gn ni it ti io on n” ”. . T Th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g d de ef fi in ni it ti io on n o of f “ “c co og gn ni it ti io on n” ” h ha as s b be ee en n a ar rt ti ic cu ul la at te ed d t to o e ex xp pl la ai in n t th hi is s p po os si it ti io on n [ [c ci it te ed d f fr ro om m R Ro on na al ld d J J. . A Al ll le en n a an nd d M M. . K Kr ri is st ti in n M Ma ac ce e, , “ “T Th he e S Se el lf f- - I In nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n C Cl la au us se e E Ex xp pl la ai in ne ed d a an nd d i it ts s F Fu ut tu ur re e P Pr re ed di ic ct te ed d” ” [ [9 94 4 J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f C Cr ri im mi in na al l L La aw w a an nd d C Cr ri im mi in no ol lo og gy y 2 24 43 3- -2 29 93 3 ( (2 20 00 04 4) )] ], , J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f C Cr ri im mi in na al l L La aw w a an nd d C Cr ri im mi in no ol lo og gy y, , F Fn n. . 1 16 6 a at t p p. . 2 24 47 7] ]: : “ “… …‘ ‘c co og gn ni it ti io on n’ ’ i is s u us se ed d h he er re ei in n t to o r re ef fe er r t to o t th he es se e i in nt te el ll le ec ct tu ua al l p pr ro oc ce es ss se es s t th ha at t a al ll lo ow w o on ne e t to o g ga ai in n a an nd d m ma ak ke e u us se e o of f s su ub bs st ta an nt ti iv ve e k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e a an nd d t to o c co om mp pa ar re e o on ne e’ ’s s ‘ ‘i in nn ne er r w wo or rl ld d’ ’ ( (p pr re ev vi io ou us s k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e) ) w wi it th h t th he e ‘ ‘o ou ut ts si id de e w wo or rl ld d’ ’ ( (s st ti im mu ul li i s su uc ch h a as s q qu ue es st ti io on ns s f fr ro om m a an n i in nt te er rr ro og ga at to or r) ). . E Ex xc cl lu ud de ed d a ar re e s si im mp pl le e p ps sy yc ch ho ol lo og gi ic ca al l r re es sp po on ns se es s t to o s st ti im mu ul li i s su uc ch h a as s f fe ea ar r, , w wa ar rm mn ne es ss s, , a an nd d h hu un ng ge er r: : t th he e m me en nt ta al l p pr ro oc ce es ss se es s t th ha at t p pr ro od du uc ce e m mu us sc cu ul la ar r m mo ov ve em me en nt ts s; ; a an nd d o on ne e’ ’s s w wi il ll l o or r f fa ac cu ul lt ty y f fo or r c ch ho oi ic ce e. . … …” ” ( (i in nt te er rn na al l c ci it ta at ti io on ns s o om mi it tt te ed d) ) T Th he e a ab bo ov ve em me en nt ti io on ne ed d a au ut th ho or rs s h ha av ve e t ta ak ke en n a a h hy yp po ot th he et ti ic ca al l e ex xa am mp pl le e w wh he er re e t th he e i in nf fe er re en nc ce es s d dr ra aw wn n f fr ro om m a an n i in nv vo ol lu un nt ta ar ry y p po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t t th ha at t d di id d n no ot t r re eq qu ui ir re e v ve er rb ba al l a an ns sw we er rs s, , l le ed d t to o t th he e d di is sc co ov ve er ry y o of f i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti in ng g e ev vi id de en nc ce e. . T Th he ey y h ha av ve e
  21. 21 WP No.11759/2020 a ar rg gu ue ed d t th ha at t i if f t th he e s sc co op pe e o of f t th he e F Fi if ft th h A Am me en nd dm me en nt t e ex xt te en nd ds s t to o p pr ro ot te ec ct ti in ng g t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t i in n r re es sp pe ec ct t o of f “ “s su ub bs st ta an nt ti iv ve e r re es su ul lt ts s o of f c co og gn ni it ti io on n” ”, , t th he en n r re el li ia an nc ce e o on n p po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h t te es st t r re es su ul lt ts s w wo ou ul ld d v vi io ol la at te e t th he e s sa ai id d r ri ig gh ht t. . 1 18 88 8. . A A s si im mi il la ar r c co on nc cl lu us si io on n h ha as s a al ls so o b be ee en n m ma ad de e b by y t th he e N Na at ti io on na al l H Hu um ma an n R Ri ig gh ht ts s C Co om mm mi is ss si io on n, , a as s i is s e ev vi id de en nt t f fr ro om m t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g e ex xt tr ra ac ct t i in n t th he e G Gu ui id de el li in ne es s R Re el la at ti in ng g t to o A Ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h T Te es st t ( (L Li ie e D De et te ec ct to or r T Te es st t) ) o on n a an n A Ac cc cu us se ed d ( (2 20 00 00 0) ): : “ “T Th he e e ex xt te en nt t a an nd d n na at tu ur re e o of f t th he e ‘ ‘s se el lf f- -i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n’ ’ i is s w wi id de e e en no ou ug gh h t to o c co ov ve er r t th he e k ki in nd ds s o of f s st ta at te em me en nt ts s t th ha at t w we er re e s so ou ug gh ht t t to o b be e i in nd du uc ce ed d. . I In n M M. .P P. . S Sh ha ar rm ma a [ [A AI IR R 1 19 95 54 4 S SC C 3 30 00 0 : : 1 19 95 54 4 C Cr ri i L LJ J 8 86 65 5 : : 1 19 95 54 4 S SC CR R 1 10 07 77 7] ] t th he e S Su up pr re em me e C Co ou ur rt t i in nc cl lu ud de ed d w wi it th hi in n t th he e p pr ro ot te ec ct ti io on n o of f t th he e s se el lf f- -i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n r ru ul le e a al ll l p po os si it ti iv ve e v vo ol li it ti io on na al l a ac ct ts s w wh hi ic ch h f fu ur rn ni is sh h e ev vi id de en nc ce e. . T Th hi is s b by y i it ts se el lf f w wo ou ul ld d h ha av ve e m ma ad de e a al ll l o or r a an ny y i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n i im mp po os ss si ib bl le e. . T Th he e t te es st t— —a as s s st ta at te ed d i in n K Ka at th hi i K Ka al lu u O Og gh ha ad d [ [A AI IR R 1 19 96 61 1 S SC C 1 18 80 08 8 : : ( (1 19 96 61 1) ) 2 2 C Cr ri i L LJ J 8 85 56 6 : : ( (1 19 96 62 2) ) 3 3 S SC CR R 1 10 0] ] — —r re et ta ai in ns s t th he e r re eq qu ui ir re em me en nt t o of f p pe er rs so on na al l v vo ol li it ti io on n a an nd d s st ta at te es s t th ha at t ‘ ‘s se el lf f- -i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n’ ’ m mu us st t m me ea an n c co on nv ve ey yi in ng g i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n b ba as se ed d u up po on n t th he e p pe er rs so on na al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e o of f t th he e p pe er rs so on n g gi iv vi in ng g i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n. . B By y e ei it th he er r t te es st t, , t th he e i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n s so ou ug gh ht t t to o b be e e el li ic ci it te ed d i in n a a l li ie e d de et te ec ct to or r t te es st t i is s i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n i in n t th he e p pe er rs so on na al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e o of f t th he e a ac cc cu us se ed d. .” ” 1 18 89 9. . I In n l li ig gh ht t o of f t th he e p pr re ec ce ed di in ng g d di is sc cu us ss si io on n, , w we e a ar re e o of f t th he e v vi ie ew w t th ha at t t th he e r re es su ul lt ts s o ob bt ta ai in ne ed d f fr ro om m t te es st ts s s su uc ch h a as s p po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h e ex xa am mi in na at ti io on n a an nd d t th he e B BE EA AP P t te es st t s sh ho ou ul ld d a al ls so o b be e t tr re ea at te ed d a as s “ “p pe er rs so on na al l t te es st ti im mo on ny y” ”, , s si in nc ce e t th he ey y a ar re e a a m me ea an ns s f fo or r “ “i im mp pa ar rt ti in ng g p pe er rs so on na al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e a ab bo ou ut t r re el le ev va an nt t f fa ac ct ts s” ”. . H He en nc ce e, , o ou ur r c co on nc cl lu us si io on n i is s t th ha at t t th he e r re es su ul lt ts s o ob bt ta ai in ne ed d t th hr ro ou ug gh h t th he e i in nv vo ol lu un nt ta ar ry y a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f e ei it th he er r o of f t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te es st ts s ( (i i. .e e. . t th he e n na ar rc co oa an na al ly ys si is s t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue e, , p po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h e ex xa am mi in na at ti io on n a an nd d t th he e B BE EA AP P t te es st t) ) c co om me e w wi it th hi in n t th he e s sc co op pe e o of f
  22. 22 WP No.11759/2020 “ “t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l c co om mp pu ul ls si io on n” ”, , t th he er re eb by y a at tt tr ra ac ct ti in ng g t th he e p pr ro ot te ec ct ti iv ve e s sh hi ie el ld d o of f A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0( (3 3) ). . I II I. . W Wh he et th he er r t th he e i in nv vo ol lu un nt ta ar ry y a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s i is s a a r re ea as so on na ab bl le e r re es st tr ri ic ct ti io on n o on n “ “p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y” ” a as s u un nd de er rs st to oo od d i in n t th he e c co on nt te ex xt t o of f A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 21 1 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n? ? 1 19 90 0. . T Th he e p pr re ec ce ed di in ng g d di is sc cu us ss si io on n d do oe es s n no ot t c co on nc cl lu us si iv ve el ly y a ad dd dr re es ss s t th he e c co on nt te en nt ti io on ns s b be ef fo or re e u us s. . A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0( (3 3) ) p pr ro ot te ec ct ts s a a p pe er rs so on n w wh ho o i is s “ “f fo or rm ma al ll ly y a ac cc cu us se ed d” ” o of f h ha av vi in ng g c co om mm mi it tt te ed d a an n o of ff fe en nc ce e o or r e ev ve en n a a s su us sp pe ec ct t o or r a a w wi it tn ne es ss s w wh ho o i is s q qu ue es st ti io on ne ed d d du ur ri in ng g a an n i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n i in n a a c cr ri im mi in na al l c ca as se e. . H Ho ow we ev ve er r, , A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0( (3 3) ) i is s n no ot t a ap pp pl li ic ca ab bl le e w wh he en n a a p pe er rs so on n g gi iv ve es s h hi is s/ /h he er r i in nf fo or rm me ed d c co on ns se en nt t t to o u un nd de er rg go o a an ny y o of f t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te es st ts s. . I It t h ha as s a al ls so o b be ee en n d de es sc cr ri ib be ed d e ea ar rl li ie er r t th ha at t t th he e “ “r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t s se el lf f- -i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n” ” d do oe es s n no ot t p pr ro ot te ec ct t p pe er rs so on ns s w wh ho o m ma ay y b be e c co om mp pe el ll le ed d t to o u un nd de er rg go o t th he e t te es st ts s i in n t th he e c co ou ur rs se e o of f a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti iv ve e p pr ro oc ce ee ed di in ng gs s o or r a an ny y o ot th he er r p pr ro oc ce ee ed di in ng gs s w wh hi ic ch h m ma ay y r re es su ul lt t i in n c ci iv vi il l l li ia ab bi il li it ty y. . I It t i is s a al ls so o c co on nc ce ei iv va ab bl le e t th ha at t a a p pe er rs so on n w wh ho o i is s f fo or rc ce ed d t to o u un nd de er rg go o t th he es se e t te es st ts s m ma ay y n no ot t s su ub bs se eq qu ue en nt tl ly y f fa ac ce e c cr ri im mi in na al l c ch ha ar rg ge es s. . I In n t th hi is s c co on nt te ex xt t, , A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0( (3 3) ) w wi il ll l n no ot t a ap pp pl ly y i in n s si it tu ua at ti io on ns s w wh he er re e t th he e t te es st t r re es su ul lt ts s c co ou ul ld d b be ec co om me e t th he e b ba as si is s o of f n no on n- -p pe en na al l c co on ns se eq qu ue en nc ce es s f fo or r t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t s su uc ch h a as s c cu us st to od di ia al l a ab bu us se e, , p po ol li ic ce e s su ur rv ve ei il ll la an nc ce e a an nd d h ha ar ra as ss sm me en nt t a am mo on ng g o ot th he er rs s. . 1 19 91 1. . I In n o or rd de er r t to o a ac cc co ou un nt t f fo or r t th he es se e p po os ss si ib bi il li it ti ie es s, , w we e m mu us st t e ex xa am mi in ne e w wh he et th he er r t th he e i in nv vo ol lu un nt ta ar ry y a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f a an ny y o of f t th he es se e t te es st ts s i is s c co om mp pa at ti ib bl le e w wi it th h t th he e c co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on na al l g gu ua ar ra an nt te ee e o of f “ “s su ub bs st ta an nt ti iv ve e d du ue e p pr ro oc ce es ss s” ”. . T Th he e s st ta an nd da ar rd d o of f “ “s su ub bs st ta an nt ti iv ve e d du ue e p pr ro oc ce es ss s” ” i is s o of f c co ou ur rs se e t th he e t th hr re es sh ho ol ld d f fo or r e ex xa am mi in ni in ng g t th he e v va al li id di it ty y o of f a al ll l c ca at te eg go or ri ie es s o of f g go ov ve er rn nm me en nt ta al l a ac ct ti io on n t th ha at t t te en nd d t to o i in nf fr ri in ng ge e u up po on n t th he e i id de ea a o of f “ “p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y” ”. . W We e w wi il ll l p pr ro oc ce ee ed d w wi it th h t th hi is s i in nq qu ui ir ry y w wi it th h r re eg ga ar rd d t to o t th he e v va ar ri io ou us s d di im me en ns si io on ns s o of f “ “p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y” ” a as s u un nd de er rs st to oo od d i in n t th he e c co on nt te ex xt t o of f
  23. 23 WP No.11759/2020 A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 21 1 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n, , w wh hi ic ch h l la ay ys s d do ow wn n t th ha at t: : “ “2 21 1. . P Pr ro ot te ec ct ti io on n o of f l li if fe e a an nd d p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y. .— —N No o p pe er rs so on n s sh ha al ll l b be e d de ep pr ri iv ve ed d o of f h hi is s l li if fe e o or r p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y e ex xc ce ep pt t a ac cc co or rd di in ng g t to o p pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e e es st ta ab bl li is sh he ed d b by y L La aw w. .” ” 1 19 92 2. . S Si in nc ce e a ad dm mi in ni is st te er ri in ng g t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te es st ts s e en nt ta ai il ls s t th he e p ph hy ys si ic ca al l c co on nf fi in ne em me en nt t o of f t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t, , i it t i is s i im mp po or rt ta an nt t t to o c co on ns si id de er r w wh he et th he er r t th he ey y c ca an n b be e r re ea ad d i in nt to o a an n e ex xi is st ti in ng g s st ta at tu ut to or ry y p pr ro ov vi is si io on n. . T Th hi is s i is s s so o b be ec ca au us se e a an ny y f fo or rm m o of f r re es st tr ra ai in nt t o on n p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y, , h ho ow ws so oe ev ve er r s sl li ig gh ht t i it t m ma ay y b be e, , m mu us st t h ha av ve e a a b ba as si is s i in n L La aw w. . H Ho ow we ev ve er r, , w we e h ha av ve e a al lr re ea ad dy y e ex xp pl la ai in ne ed d h ho ow w i it t w wo ou ul ld d n no ot t b be e p pr ru ud de en nt t t to o r re ea ad d t th he e E Ex xp pl la an na at ti io on n t to o S Se ec ct ti io on n 5 53 3 C Cr rP PC C i in n a an n e ex xp pa an ns si iv ve e m ma an nn ne er r s so o a as s t to o i in nc cl lu ud de e t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s. . T Th he e s se ec co on nd d l li in ne e o of f i in nq qu ui ir ry y i is s w wh he et th he er r t th he e i in nv vo ol lu un nt ta ar ry y a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f t th he es se e t te es st ts s o of ff fe en nd ds s c ce er rt ta ai in n r ri ig gh ht ts s t th ha at t h ha av ve e b be ee en n r re ea ad d i in nt to o A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 21 1 b by y w wa ay y o of f j ju ud di ic ci ia al l p pr re ec ce ed de en nt ts s. . T Th he e c co on nt te en nt ti io on ns s b be ef fo or re e u us s h ha av ve e t to ou uc ch he ed d o on n a as sp pe ec ct ts s s su uc ch h a as s t th he e “ “r ri ig gh ht t t to o p pr ri iv va ac cy y” ” a an nd d t th he e “ “r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t c cr ru ue el l, , i in nh hu um ma an n a an nd d d de eg gr ra ad di in ng g t tr re ea at tm me en nt t” ”. . T Th he e t th hi ir rd d l li in ne e o of f i in nq qu ui ir ry y i is s s st tr ru uc ct tu ur re ed d a ar ro ou un nd d t th he e r ri ig gh ht t t to o f fa ai ir r t tr ri ia al l w wh hi ic ch h i is s a an n e es ss se en nt ti ia al l c co om mp po on ne en nt t o of f “ “p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y” ”. . 1 19 93 3. . T Th he er re e a ar re e s se ev ve er ra al l w wa ay ys s i in n w wh hi ic ch h t th he e i in nv vo ol lu un nt ta ar ry y a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f e ei it th he er r o of f t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te es st ts s c co ou ul ld d b be e v vi ie ew we ed d a as s a a r re es st tr ra ai in nt t o on n “ “p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y” ”. . T Th he e m mo os st t o ob bv vi io ou us s i in nd di ic ca at to or r o of f r re es st tr ra ai in nt t i is s t th he e u us se e o of f p ph hy ys si ic ca al l f fo or rc ce e t to o e en ns su ur re e t th ha at t a an n u un nw wi il ll li in ng g p pe er rs so on n i is s c co on nf fi in ne ed d t to o t th he e p pr re em mi is se es s w wh he er re e t th he e t te es st ts s a ar re e t to o b be e c co on nd du uc ct te ed d. . F Fu ur rt th he er rm mo or re e, , t th he e d dr ru ug g- -i in nd du uc ce ed d r re ev ve el la at ti io on ns s o or r t th he e s su ub bs st ta an nt ti iv ve e i in nf fe er re en nc ce es s d dr ra aw wn n f fr ro om m t th he e m me ea as su ur re em me en nt t o of f t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t’ ’s s p ph hy ys si io ol lo og gi ic ca al l r re es sp po on ns se es s c ca an n b be e d de es sc cr ri ib be ed d a as s a an n i in nt tr ru us si io on n i in nt to o t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t’ ’s s m me en nt ta al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y. . I It t i is s a al ls so o q qu ui it te e c co on nc ce ei iv va ab bl le e t th ha at t a a p pe er rs so on n c co ou ul ld d m ma ak ke e a an n i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti in ng g s st ta at te em me en nt t o on n b be ei in ng g t th hr re ea at te en ne ed d
  24. 24 WP No.11759/2020 w wi it th h t th he e p pr ro os sp pe ec ct ti iv ve e a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f a an ny y o of f t th he es se e t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s. . C Co on nv ve er rs se el ly y, , a a p pe er rs so on n w wh ho o h ha as s b be ee en n f fo or rc ci ib bl ly y s su ub bj je ec ct te ed d t to o t th he es se e t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s c co ou ul ld d b be e c co on nf fr ro on nt te ed d w wi it th h t th he e r re es su ul lt ts s i in n a a s su ub bs se eq qu ue en nt t i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n, , t th he er re eb by y e el li ic ci it ti in ng g i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti in ng g s st ta at te em me en nt ts s. . 2 20 03 3. . T Th hi is s l li in ne e o of f p pr re ec ce ed de en nt ts s s sh ho ow ws s t th ha at t t th he e c co om mp pe el ll le ed d e ex xt tr ra ac ct ti io on n o of f b bl lo oo od d s sa am mp pl le es s i in n t th he e c co ou ur rs se e o of f a a m me ed di ic ca al l e ex xa am mi in na at ti io on n d do oe es s n no ot t a am mo ou un nt t t to o “ “c co on nd du uc ct t t th ha at t s sh ho oc ck ks s t th he e c co on ns sc ci ie en nc ce e” ”. . T Th he er re e i is s a al ls so o a an n e en nd do or rs se em me en nt t o of f t th he e v vi ie ew w t th ha at t t th he e u us se e o of f “ “f fo or rc ce e a as s m ma ay y b be e r re ea as so on na ab bl ly y n ne ec ce es ss sa ar ry y” ” i is s m ma an nd da at te ed d b by y L La aw w a an nd d h he en nc ce e i it t m me ee et ts s t th he e t th hr re es sh ho ol ld d o of f “ “p pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e e es st ta ab bl li is sh he ed d b by y l la aw w” ”. . I In n t th hi is s l li ig gh ht t, , w we e m mu us st t r re es st ta at te e t tw wo o c cr ru uc ci ia al l c co on ns si id de er ra at ti io on ns s t th ha at t a ar re e r re el le ev va an nt t f fo or r t th he e c ca as se e b be ef fo or re e u us s. . F Fi ir rs st tl ly y, , t th he e r re es st tr ri ic ct ti io on ns s p pl la ac ce ed d o on n “ “p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y” ” i in n t th he e c co ou ur rs se e o of f a ad dm mi in ni is st te er ri in ng g t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s a ar re e n no ot t l li im mi it te ed d t to o p ph hy ys si ic ca al l c co on nf fi in ne em me en nt t a an nd d t th he e e ex xt tr ra ac ct ti io on n o of f b bo od di il ly y s su ub bs st ta an nc ce es s. . A Al ll l t th he e t th hr re ee e t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s i in n q qu ue es st ti io on n a al ls so o i in nv vo ol lv ve e t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l r re es sp po on ns se es s. . S Se ec co on nd dl ly y, , m mo os st t o of f t th he e a ab bo ov ve em me en nt ti io on ne ed d c ca as se es s w we er re e d de ec ci id de ed d i in n a ac cc co or rd da an nc ce e w wi it th h t th he e t th hr re es sh ho ol ld d o of f “ “p pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e e es st ta ab bl li is sh he ed d b by y l la aw w” ” f fo or r r re es st tr ra ai in ni in ng g “ “p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y” ”. . H Ho ow we ev ve er r, , i in n t th hi is s c ca as se e w we e m mu us st t u us se e a a b br ro oa ad de er r s st ta an nd da ar rd d o of f r re ea as so on na ab bl le en ne es ss s t to o e ev va al lu ua at te e t th he e v va al li id di it ty y o of f t th he e t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s i in n q qu ue es st ti io on n. . T Th hi is s w wi id de er r i in nq qu ui ir ry y c ca al ll ls s f fo or r d de ec ci id di in ng g w wh he et th he er r t th he ey y a ar re e c co om mp pa at ti ib bl le e w wi it th h t th he e v va ar ri io ou us s j ju ud di ic ci ia al ll ly y r re ec co og gn ni is se ed d d di im me en ns si io on ns s o of f “ “p pe er rs so on na al l l li ib be er rt ty y” ” s su uc ch h a as s t th he e r ri ig gh ht t t to o p pr ri iv va ac cy y, , t th he e r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t c cr ru ue el l, , i in nh hu um ma an n o or r d de eg gr ra ad di in ng g t tr re ea at tm me en nt t a an nd d t th he e r ri ig gh ht t t to o f fa ai ir r t tr ri ia al l. . 2 22 26 6. . T Th he er re ef fo or re e, , i it t i is s o ou ur r c co on ns si id de er re ed d o op pi in ni io on n t th ha at t s su ub bj je ec ct ti in ng g a a p pe er rs so on n t to o t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s i in n a an n i in nv vo ol lu un nt ta ar ry y m ma an nn ne er r v vi io ol la at te es s t th he e p pr re es sc cr ri ib be ed d b bo ou un nd da ar ri ie es s o of f p pr ri iv va ac cy y. . F Fo or rc ci ib bl le e i in nt te er rf fe er re en nc ce e w wi it th h a a p pe er rs so on n’ ’s s m me en nt ta al l p pr ro oc ce es ss se es s i is s n no ot t p pr ro ov vi id de ed d f fo or r u un nd de er r a an ny y s st ta at tu ut te e a an nd d i it t m mo os st t c ce er rt ta ai in nl ly y c co om me es s i in nt to o c co on nf fl li ic ct t w wi it th h t th he e “ “r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t s se el lf f- - i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n” ”. . H Ho ow we ev ve er r, , t th hi is s d de et te er rm mi in na at ti io on n d do oe es s
  25. 25 WP No.11759/2020 n no ot t a ac cc co ou un nt t f fo or r c ci ir rc cu um ms st ta an nc ce es s w wh he er re e a a p pe er rs so on n c co ou ul ld d b be e s su ub bj je ec ct te ed d t to o a an ny y o of f t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te es st ts s b bu ut t n no ot t e ex xp po os se ed d t to o c cr ri im mi in na al l c ch ha ar rg ge es s a an nd d t th he e p po os ss si ib bi il li it ty y o of f c co on nv vi ic ct ti io on n. . I In n s su uc ch h c ca as se es s, , h he e/ /s sh he e c co ou ul ld d s st ti il ll l f fa ac ce e a ad dv ve er rs se e c co on ns se eq qu ue en nc ce es s s su uc ch h a as s c cu us st to od di ia al l a ab bu us se e, , s su ur rv ve ei il ll la an nc ce e, , u un nd du ue e h ha ar ra as ss sm me en nt t a an nd d s so oc ci ia al l s st ti ig gm ma a a am mo on ng g o ot th he er rs s. . I In n o or rd de er r t to o a ad dd dr re es ss s s su uc ch h c ci ir rc cu um ms st ta an nc ce es s, , i it t i is s i im mp po or rt ta an nt t t to o e ex xa am mi in ne e s so om me e o ot th he er r d di im me en ns si io on ns s o of f A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 2. . C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n 2 26 62 2. . I In n o ou ur r c co on ns si id de er re ed d o op pi in ni io on n, , t th he e c co om mp pu ul ls so or ry y a ad dm mi in ni is st tr ra at ti io on n o of f t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s v vi io ol la at te es s t th he e “ “r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t s se el lf f- -i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n” ”. . T Th hi is s i is s b be ec ca au us se e t th he e u un nd de er rl ly yi in ng g r ra at ti io on na al le e o of f t th he e s sa ai id d r ri ig gh ht t i is s t to o e en ns su ur re e t th he e r re el li ia ab bi il li it ty y a as s w we el ll l a as s v vo ol lu un nt ta ar ri in ne es ss s o of f s st ta at te em me en nt ts s t th ha at t a ar re e a ad dm mi it tt te ed d a as s e ev vi id de en nc ce e. . T Th hi is s C Co ou ur rt t h ha as s r re ec co og gn ni is se ed d t th ha at t t th he e p pr ro ot te ec ct ti iv ve e s sc co op pe e o of f A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0( (3 3) ) e ex xt te en nd ds s t to o t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti iv ve e s st ta ag ge e i in n c cr ri im mi in na al l c ca as se es s a an nd d w wh he en n r re ea ad d w wi it th h S Se ec ct ti io on n 1 16 61 1( (2 2) ) o of f t th he e C Co od de e o of f C Cr ri im mi in na al l P Pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e, , 1 19 97 73 3 i it t p pr ro ot te ec ct ts s a ac cc cu us se ed d p pe er rs so on ns s, , s su us sp pe ec ct ts s a as s w we el ll l a as s w wi it tn ne es ss se es s w wh ho o a ar re e e ex xa am mi in ne ed d d du ur ri in ng g a an n i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n. . T Th he e t te es st t r re es su ul lt ts s c ca an nn no ot t b be e a ad dm mi it tt te ed d i in n e ev vi id de en nc ce e i if f t th he ey y h ha av ve e b be ee en n o ob bt ta ai in ne ed d t th hr ro ou ug gh h t th he e u us se e o of f c co om mp pu ul ls si io on n. . A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0( (3 3) ) p pr ro ot te ec ct ts s a an n i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l’ ’s s c ch ho oi ic ce e b be et tw we ee en n s sp pe ea ak ki in ng g a an nd d r re em ma ai in ni in ng g s si il le en nt t, , i ir rr re es sp pe ec ct ti iv ve e o of f w wh he et th he er r t th he e s su ub bs se eq qu ue en nt t t te es st ti im mo on ny y p pr ro ov ve es s t to o b be e i in nc cu ul lp pa at to or ry y o or r e ex xc cu ul lp pa at to or ry y. . A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0( (3 3) ) a ai im ms s t to o p pr re ev ve en nt t t th he e f fo or rc ci ib bl le e “ “c co on nv ve ey ya an nc ce e o of f p pe er rs so on na al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e t th ha at t i is s r re el le ev va an nt t t to o t th he e f fa ac ct ts s i in n i is ss su ue e” ”. . T Th he e r re es su ul lt ts s o ob bt ta ai in ne ed d f fr ro om m e ea ac ch h o of f t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d t te es st ts s b be ea ar r a a “ “t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l” ” c ch ha ar ra ac ct te er r a an nd d t th he ey y c ca an nn no ot t b be e c ca at te eg go or ri is se ed d a as s m ma at te er ri ia al l e ev vi id de en nc ce e. ." " 4 4. .3 3. . T Th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r i is s n no ot t w wi il ll li in ng g o or r c co on ns se en nt ti in ng g f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h T Te es st t, , h ha ad d t th he er re e b be ee en n a an n
  26. 26 WP No.11759/2020 o op pp po or rt tu un ni it ty y p pr ro ov vi id de ed d t to o t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r b be ef fo or re e p pa as ss si in ng g t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d o or rd de er r d da at te ed d 2 23 3- -9 9- - 2 20 02 20 0, , h he e w wo ou ul ld d h ha av ve e m me en nt ti io on ne ed d t th he e s st ta an nd d o of f ‘ ‘n no o c co on ns se en nt t f fo or r P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h T Te es st t’ ’. . S Su uc ch h o op pp po or rt tu un ni it ty y n no ot t h ha av vi in ng g b be ee en n p pr ro ov vi id de ed d i is s a a v vi io ol la at ti io on n o of f h hi is s r ri ig gh ht t a ag ga ai in ns st t s se el lf f- -i in nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n a an nd d r ri ig gh ht t t to o p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h a ar re e g gu ua ar ra an nt te ee ed d u un nd de er r A Ar rt ti ic cl le es s 2 20 0 c cl la au us se e ( (3 3) ) a an nd d 2 21 1 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n 4 4. .4 4. . T Th he er re ef fo or re e, , i in nv vo ol lu un nt ta ar ry y P Po ol ly yg gr ra ap ph h T Te es st t i is s p pr ro oh hi ib bi it te ed d u un nd de er r L La aw w a as s l la ai id d d do ow wn n b by y t th he e H Ho on n’ ’b bl le e S Su up pr re em me e C Co ou ur rt t i in n t th he e c ca as se e o of f S Se el lv vi i V V/ /s s S St ta at te e o of f K Ka ar rn na at ta ak ka a - - r re ep po or rt te ed d i in n 2 20 01 10 0 ( (7 7) ) S SC CC C P Pa ag ge e - - 2 26 63 3. . 4 4. .5 5. . T Th he e d de ec ci is si io on n o of f S Se el lv vi i V V/ /s s S St ta at te e o of f K Ka ar rn na at ta ak ka a, , h ha as s b be ee en n a ap pp pr ro ov ve ed d b by y H Ho on n’ ’b bl le e S Su up pr re em me e C Co ou ur rt t i in n a a r re ec ce en nt t d de ec ci is si io on n o of f
  27. 27 WP No.11759/2020 T To oo of fa an n S Si in ng gh h V V/ /s s S St ta at te e o of f T Ta am mi il ln na ad du u r re ep po or rt te ed d i in n 2 20 02 20 0 S SC CC C o on nl li in ne e S SC C 8 82 2. . 4 4. .6 6. . T Th he e p pr ri in nc ci ip pl le e o of f S Se el lv vi i’ ’s s c ca as se e h ha as s b be ee en n r re ei it te er ra at te ed d i in n a a c ca as se e o of f M Mr r. .J Ju us st ti ic ce eK K. .S S. .P Pu ut tt ta as sw wa am my y V V/ /s s U Un ni io on n o of f I In nd di ia a r re ep po or rt te ed d i in n 2 20 01 17 7 ( (1 10 0) ) S SC CC C p pa ag ge e 1 1. . V Vi io ol la at ti io on n o of f P Pr ri in nc ci ip pl le es s o of f n na at tu ur ra al l J Ju us st ti ic ce e: : 4 4. .7 7. . S Se ec ct ti io on ns s 5 53 3 a an nd d 3 31 11 1- -A A o of f t th he e C Co od de e o of f C Cr ri im mi in na al l P Pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e a al ls so o d do o n no ot t e em mp po ow we er r a an ny y C Co ou ur rt t o or r M Ma ag gi is st tr ra at te e t to o g gi iv ve e d di ir re ec ct ti io on n t to o t th he e a ac cc cu us se ed d d du ur ri in ng g t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n t to o g gi iv ve e t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d t to o u un nl lo oc ck k t th he e m mo ob bi il le e a an nd d t th he er re ea af ft te er r t to o u us se e t th he e d da at ta a a av va ai il la ab bl le e i in n m mo ob bi il le e b by y t th he e I In nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n O Of ff fi ic ce er r i in n t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n o or r t tr ri ia al l o of f t th he e a ac cc cu us se ed d. . 4 4. .8 8. . S Su uc ch h a an n o or rd de er r c co ou ul ld d n ne ev ve er r h ha av ve e b be ee en n p pa as ss se ed d, ,
  28. 28 WP No.11759/2020 m mu uc ch h l le es ss s w wi it th ho ou ut t h he ea ar ri in ng g t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r o or r h hi is s c co ou un ns se el l; ; t th he e s sa ai id d o or rd de er r i is s v vi io ol la at ti iv ve e o of f t th he e p pr ri in nc ci ip pl le es s o of f n na at tu ur ra al l j ju us st ti ic ce e, , m mo or re e s so o t th he e m mo os st t f fu un nd da am me en nt ta al l P Pr ri in nc ci ip pl le e o of f ‘ ‘A Au ud di i A Al lt te er rm m P Pa ar rt te em m’ ’. . 4 4. .9 9. . T Th he e s sa ai id d o or rd de er r i is s n no o o or rd de er r i in n t th he e e ey ye e o of f L La aw w a as s s su uc ch h a an n a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n w wa as s f fi il le ed d f fo or r r re ec ca al ll l o of f t th he e o or rd de er r, , t th he e C Co ou ur rt t o ou ug gh ht t t to o h ha av ve e r re ec ct ti if fi ie ed d i it ts s m mi is st ta ak ke e t ta ak ki in ng g i in nt to o c co on ns si id de er ra at ti io on n t th he e J Ju ud dg gm me en nt t o of f t th he e A Ap pe ex x C Co ou ur rt t. . H Ho ow we ev ve er r, , t th he e C Co ou ur rt t d di id d n no ot t. . R Ri ig gh ht t t to o P Pr ri iv va ac cy y 4 4. .1 10 0. . I In ns si is st ti in ng g t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t to o u un nl lo oc ck k h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e w wh hi ic ch h c co on nt ta ai in ns s h hi is s p pe er rs so on na al l i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n i is s v vi io ol la at ti iv ve e o of f ‘ ‘R Ri ig gh ht t t to o P Pr ri iv va ac cy y’ ’ a as s h he el ld d b by y t th he e H Ho on n’ ’b bl le e S Su up pr re em me e C Co ou ur rt t i in n t th he e c ca as se e o of f M Mr r. .J Ju us st ti ic ce eK K. .S S. .P Pu ut tt ta as sw wa am my y’ ’s sc ca as se e. .
  29. 29 WP No.11759/2020 4 4. .1 11 1. . T Th he e o or rd de er r o of f T Tr ri ia al l C Co ou ur rt t d da at te ed d 1 14 4- -9 9- -2 20 02 20 0 d di ir re ec ct ti in ng g t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r t to o c co o- -o op pe er ra at te e b by y u un nl lo oc ck ki in ng g t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e i is s c co on nt tr ra ar ry y t to o t th he e p pr ri in nc ci ip pl le e o of f t th he e r ri ig gh ht t t to o p pr ri iv va ac cy y a an nd d a am mo ou un nt ts s t to o t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l c co om mp pu ul ls si io on n, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s g gu ua ar ra an nt te ee ed d a as s f fu un nd da am me en nt ta al l r ri ig gh ht ts s; ; i in n t th hi is s r re eg ga ar rd d, , h he e r re el li ie es s o on n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g p pa ar ra ag gr ra ap ph hs s i in n M Mr r. .J Ju us st ti ic ce eK K. .S S. .P Pu ut tt ta as sw wa am my y’ ’s s c ca as se e. . 2 24 49 9. . I In nt te eg gr ra at te ed d t to og ge et th he er r, , t th he e f fu un nd da am me en nt ta al l n no ot ti io on ns s o of f p pr ri iv va ac cy y h ha av ve e b be ee en n d de ep pi ic ct te ed d i in n a a s se em mi in na al l a ar rt ti ic cl le e p pu ub bl li is sh he ed d i in n 2 20 01 17 7 t ti it tl le ed d “ “A A T Ty yp po ol lo og gy y o of f P Pr ri iv va ac cy y” ” [ [ B Be er rt t- -J Ja aa ap p K Ko oo op ps s e et t a al l. ., , “ “A A T Ty yp po ol lo og gy y o of f P Pr ri iv va ac cy y” ”, , U Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f P Pe en nn ns sy yl lv va an ni ia a J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f I In nt te er rn na at ti io on na al l L La aw w ( (2 20 01 17 7) ), , V Vo ol l. . 3 38 8 I Is ss su ue e 2 2, , a at t p p. . 5 56 66 6. .] ] i in n t th he e U Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f P Pe en nn ns sy yl lv va an ni ia a J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f I In nt te er rn na at ti io on na al l L La aw w. . T Th he e a ar rt ti ic cl le e c co on nt ta ai in ns s a an n e ex xc ce el ll le en nt t v vi is su ua al l d de ep pi ic ct ti io on n o of f p pr ri iv va ac cy y, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s p pr re es se en nt te ed d i in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g f fo or rm ma at t: :
  30. 30 WP No.11759/2020 2 25 50 0. . T Th he e a ab bo ov ve e d di ia ag gr ra am mm ma at ti ic ca al l r re ep pr re es se en nt ta at ti io on n p pr re es se en nt ts s t tw wo o p pr ri im ma ar ry y a ax xe es s: : a a h ho or ri iz zo on nt ta al l a ax xi is s c co on ns si is st ti in ng g o of f f fo ou ur r z zo on ne es s o of f p pr ri iv va ac cy y a an nd d a a v ve er rt ti ic ca al l a ax xi is s w wh hi ic ch h e em mp ph ha as si is se es s t tw wo o a as sp pe ec ct ts s o of f f fr re ee ed do om m: : t th he e f fr re ee ed do om m t to o b be e l le et t a al lo on ne e a an nd d t th he e f fr re ee ed do om m f fo or r s se el lf f- -d de ev ve el lo op pm me en nt t. . T Th he e n ni in ne e p pr ri im ma ar ry y t ty yp pe es s o of f p pr ri iv va ac cy y a ar re e, , a ac cc co or rd di in ng g t to o t th he e a ab bo ov ve e d de ep pi ic ct ti io on n: : ( (i i) ) b bo od di il ly y p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h r re ef fl le ec ct ts s t th he e p pr ri iv va ac cy y o of f t th he e p ph hy ys si ic ca al l b bo od dy y. . I Im mp pl li ic ci it t i in n t th hi is s i is s t th he e n ne eg ga at ti iv ve e f fr re ee ed do om m o of f b be ei in ng g a ab bl le e t to o p pr re ev ve en nt t o ot th he er rs s f fr ro om m v vi io ol la at ti in ng g o on ne e’ ’s s b bo od dy y o or r f fr ro om m r re es st tr ra ai in ni in ng g t th he e f fr re ee ed do om m o of f b bo od di il ly y m mo ov ve em me en nt t; ; ( (i ii i) ) s sp pa at ti ia al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h i is s r re ef fl le ec ct te ed d i in n t th he e p pr ri iv va ac cy y o of f a a p pr ri iv va at te e s sp pa ac ce e t th hr ro ou ug gh h w wh hi ic ch h a ac cc ce es ss s o of f o ot th he er rs s c ca an n b be e r re es st tr ri ic ct te ed d t to o t th he e s sp pa ac ce e; ; i in nt ti im ma at te e r re el la at ti io on ns s a an nd d f fa am mi il ly y l li if fe e a ar re e a an n a ap pt t i il ll lu us st tr ra at ti io on n o of f s sp pa at ti ia al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y; ; ( (i ii ii i) ) c co om mm mu un ni ic ca at ti io on na al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h i is s r re ef fl le ec ct te ed d
  31. 31 WP No.11759/2020 i in n e en na ab bl li in ng g a an n i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l t to o r re es st tr ri ic ct t a ac cc ce es ss s t to o c co om mm mu un ni ic ca at ti io on ns s o or r c co on nt tr ro ol l t th he e u us se e o of f i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n w wh hi ic ch h i is s c co om mm mu un ni ic ca at te ed d t to o t th hi ir rd d p pa ar rt ti ie es s; ; ( (i iv v) ) p pr ro op pr ri ie et ta ar ry y p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h i is s r re ef fl le ec ct te ed d b by y t th he e i in nt te er re es st t o of f a a p pe er rs so on n i in n u ut ti il li is si in ng g p pr ro op pe er rt ty y a as s a a m me ea an ns s t to o s sh hi ie el ld d f fa ac ct ts s, , t th hi in ng gs s o or r i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n f fr ro om m o ot th he er rs s; ; ( (v v) ) i in nt te el ll le ec ct tu ua al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h i is s r re ef fl le ec ct te ed d a as s a an n i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l i in nt te er re es st t i in n t th he e p pr ri iv va ac cy y o of f t th ho ou ug gh ht t a an nd d m mi in nd d a an nd d t th he e d de ev ve el lo op pm me en nt t o of f o op pi in ni io on ns s a an nd d b be el li ie ef fs s; ; ( (v vi i) ) d de ec ci is si io on na al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y r re ef fl le ec ct te ed d b by y a an n a ab bi il li it ty y t to o m ma ak ke e i in nt ti im ma at te e d de ec ci is si io on ns s p pr ri im ma ar ri il ly y c co on ns si is st ti in ng g o on ne e’ ’s s s se ex xu ua al l o or r p pr ro oc cr re ea at ti iv ve e n na at tu ur re e a an nd d d de ec ci is si io on ns s i in n r re es sp pe ec ct t o of f i in nt ti im ma at te e r re el la at ti io on ns s; ; ( (v vi ii i) ) a as ss so oc ci ia at ti io on na al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h i is s r re ef fl le ec ct te ed d i in n t th he e a ab bi il li it ty y o of f t th he e i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l t to o c ch ho oo os se e w wh ho o s sh he e w wi is sh he es s t to o i in nt te er ra ac ct t w wi it th h; ; ( (v vi ii ii i) ) b be eh ha av vi io ou ur ra al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h r re ec co og gn ni is se es s t th he e p pr ri iv va ac cy y i in nt te er re es st ts s o of f a a p pe er rs so on n e ev ve en n w wh hi il le e c co on nd du uc ct ti in ng g p pu ub bl li ic cl ly y v vi is si ib bl le e a ac ct ti iv vi it ti ie es s. . B Be eh ha av vi io ou ur ra al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y p po os st tu ul la at te es s t th ha at t e ev ve en n w wh he en n a ac cc ce es ss s i is s g gr ra an nt te ed d t to o o ot th he er rs s, , t th he e i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l i is s e en nt ti it tl le ed d t to o c co on nt tr ro ol l t th he e e ex xt te en nt t o of f a ac cc ce es ss s a an nd d p pr re es se er rv ve e t to o h he er rs se el lf f a a m me ea as su ur re e o of f f fr re ee ed do om m f fr ro om m u un nw wa an nt te ed d i in nt tr ru us si io on n; ; a an nd d ( (i ix x) ) i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on na al l p pr ri iv va ac cy y w wh hi ic ch h r re ef fl le ec ct ts s a an n i in nt te er re es st t i in n p pr re ev ve en nt ti in ng g i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n a ab bo ou ut t t th he e s se el lf f f fr ro om m b be ei in ng g d di is ss se em mi in na at te ed d a an nd d c co on nt tr ro ol ll li in ng g t th he e e ex xt te en nt t o of f a ac cc ce es ss s t to o i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n. .
  32. 32 WP No.11759/2020 4 4. .1 12 2. . T Th he er re e i is s n no o s sp pe ec ci if fi ic c l la aw w, , e en na ab bl li in ng g t th he e t ta ak ki in ng g a aw wa ay y h hi is s r ri ig gh ht t t to o p pr ri iv va ac cy y, , o or r f fo or r a a d di ir re ec ct ti io on n t to o b be e g gi iv ve en n b by y a an ny y c co ou ur rt t, , e ei it th he er r t to o g gi iv ve e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d o of f h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e o or r t to o u un nl lo oc ck k t th he e s sa am me e a an nd d f fu ur rt th he er r t to o u us se e t th he e d da at ta a c co on nt ta ai in ne ed d i in n h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e f fo or r t th he e p pu ur rp po os se e o of f i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n. . 4 4. .1 13 3. . S Si in nc ce e t th he e r ri ig gh ht t t to o p pr ri iv va ac cy y i is s r re ec co og gn ni is se ed d a as s a a f fu un nd da am me en nt ta al l r ri ig gh ht t u un nd de er r A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 21 1 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n, , t to o t ta ak ke e a aw wa ay y t th hi is s f fu un nd da am me en nt ta al l r ri ig gh ht t, , e ev ve en n o of f a an n a ac cc cu us se ed d, , t th he er re e m mu us st t b be e a a l la aw w e en na ac ct te ed d b by y P Pa ar rl li ia am me en nt t a an nd d t th he e L La aw w m mu us st t m me ee et t t th he e t te es st t o of f A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 21 1 a as s l la ai id d d do ow wn n i in n M Ma an ne ek ka a G Ga an nd dh hi i’ ’s s c ca as se e i i. .e e. ., , i it t m mu us st t b be e j ju us st t, , f fa ai ir r a an nd d r re ea as so on na ab bl le e n no ot t i il ll lu us so or ry y. . 4 4. .1 14 4. . T Ti il ll l t to od da ay y, , n no o l la aw w i is s e en na ac ct te ed d b by y P Pa ar rl li ia am me en nt t e em mp po ow we er ri in ng g a an ny y C Co ou ur rt t t to o g gi iv ve e d di ir re ec ct ti io on n t to o a ac cc cu us se ed d t to o g gi iv ve e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d a an nd d i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n
  33. 33 WP No.11759/2020 c co on nt ta ai in ne ed d i in n m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne es s. . I In n t th he e a ab bs se en nc ce e o of f t th hi is s, , t th he e o or rd de er r o of f t th he e S Sp pe ec ci ia al l C Co ou ur rt t d da at te ed d 1 14 4- -9 9- -2 20 02 20 0 i is s n no ot t s su us st ta ai in na ab bl le e i in n L La aw w. . S Se el lf f I In nc cr ri im mi in na at ti io on n 4 4. .1 15 5. . E Ev ve en n d du ur ri in ng g p po ol li ic ce e i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n, , t th he e a ac cc cu us se ed d i is s e en nt ti it tl le ed d t to o r re em ma ai in n s si il le en nt t, , t th he er re ef fo or re e i in ns si is st ti in ng g o on n r re ev ve ea al li in ng g p pa as ss sc co od de e o or r t to o u un nl lo oc ck k h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e a an nd d t to o o op pe en n h hi is s E E- -m ma ai il l a ac cc co ou un nt ts s a am mo ou un nt ts s t to o c co om mp pe el ll li in ng g h hi im m t to o b be e a a w wi it tn ne es ss s a ag ga ai in ns st t h hi im ms se el lf f, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s i in n v vi io ol la at ti io on n o of f S Se ec ct ti io on n 1 16 61 1 ( (2 2) ) o of f t th he e C Co od de e o of f C Cr ri im mi in na al l P Pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e a an nd d a al ls so o u un nd de er r a ar rt ti ic cl le es s 2 20 0 c cl la au us se e ( (3 3) ) a an nd d 2 21 1 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n. . I In n t th hi is s r re eg ga ar rd d, , h he e r re el li ie ed d o on n t th he e d de ec ci is si io on n o of f t th he e H Ho on n’ ’b bl le e S Su up pr re em me e C Co ou ur rt t o of f U Un ni it te ed d S St ta at te es s i in n M Mi ir ra an nd da a v vs s. . A Ar ri iz zo on na a [384 U.S. 436 (1966) DD 13.06.1966].
  34. 34 WP No.11759/2020 I In n o or rd de er r f fu ul ll ly y t to o a ap pp pr ri is se e a a p pe er rs so on n i in nt te er rr ro og ga at te ed d o of f t th he e e ex xt te en nt t o of f h hi is s r ri ig gh ht ts s u un nd de er r t th hi is s s sy ys st te em m t th he en n, , i it t i is s n ne ec ce es ss sa ar ry y t to o w wa ar rn n h hi im m n no ot t o on nl ly y t th ha at t h he e h ha as s t th he e r ri ig gh ht t t to o c co on ns su ul lt t w wi it th h a an n a at tt to or rn ne ey y, , b bu ut t a al ls so o t th ha at t i if f h he e i is s i in nd di ig ge en nt t a a l la aw wy ye er r w wi il ll l b be e a ap pp po oi in nt te ed d t to o r re ep pr re es se en nt t h hi im m. . W Wi it th ho ou ut t t th hi is s a ad dd di it ti io on na al l w wa ar rn ni in ng g, , t th he e a ad dm mo on ni it ti io on n o of f t th he e r ri ig gh ht t t to o c co on ns su ul lt t w wi it th h c co ou un ns se el l w wo ou ul ld d o of ft te en n b be e u un nd de er rs st to oo od d a as s m me ea an ni in ng g o on nl ly y t th ha at t h he e c ca an n c co on ns su ul lt t w wi it th h a a l la aw wy ye er r i if f h he e h ha as s o on ne e o or r h ha as s t th he e f fu un nd ds s t to o o ob bt ta ai in n o on ne e. . T Th he e w wa ar rn ni in ng g o of f a a r ri ig gh ht t t to o c co ou un ns se el l w wo ou ul ld d b be e h ho ol ll lo ow w i if f n no ot t c co ou uc ch he ed d i in n t te er rm ms s t th ha at t w wo ou ul ld d c co on nv ve ey y t to o t th he e i in nd di ig ge en nt t— —t th he e p pe er rs so on n m mo os st t o of ft te en n s su ub bj je ec ct te ed d t to o i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n— —t th he e k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e t th ha at t h he e t to oo o h ha as s a a r ri ig gh ht t t to o h ha av ve e c co ou un ns se el l p pr re es se en nt t. . A As s w wi it th h t th he e w wa ar rn ni in ng gs s o of f t th he e r ri ig gh ht t t to o r re em ma ai in n s si il le en nt t a an nd d o of f t th he e g ge en ne er ra al l r ri ig gh ht t t to o c co ou un ns se el l, , o on nl ly y b by y e ef ff fe ec ct ti iv ve e a an nd d e ex xp pr re es ss s e ex xp pl la an na at ti io on n t to o t th he e i in nd di ig ge en nt t o of f t th hi is s r ri ig gh ht t c ca an n t th he er re e b be e a as ss su ur ra an nc ce e t th ha at t h he e w wa as s t tr ru ul ly y i in n a a p po os si it ti io on n t to o e ex xe er rc ci is se e i it t. . O On nc ce e w wa ar rn ni in ng gs s h ha av ve e b be ee en n g gi iv ve en n, , t th he e s su ub bs se eq qu ue en nt t p pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e i is s c cl le ea ar r. . I If f t th he e i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l i in nd di ic ca at te es s i in n a an ny y m ma an nn ne er r, , a at t a an ny y t ti im me e p pr ri io or r t to o o or r d du ur ri in ng g q qu ue es st ti io on ni in ng g, , t th ha at t h he e w wi is sh he es s t to o r re em ma ai in n s si il le en nt t, , t th he e i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n m mu us st t c ce ea as se e. . A At t t th hi is s p po oi in nt t h he e h ha as s s sh ho ow wn n t th ha at t h he e i in nt te en nd ds s t to o e ex xe er rc ci is se e h hi is s F Fi if ft th h A Am me en nd dm me en nt t p pr ri iv vi il le eg ge e; ; a an ny y s st ta at te em me en nt t t ta ak ke en n a af ft te er r t th he e p pe er rs so on n i in nv vo ok ke es s h hi is s p pr ri iv vi il le eg ge e c ca an nn no ot t b be e o ot th he er r t th ha an n t th he e p pr ro od du uc ct t o of f c co om mp pu ul ls si io on n, , s su ub bt tl le e o or r o ot th he er rw wi is se e. . W Wi it th ho ou ut t t th he e r ri ig gh ht t t to o c cu ut t o of ff f q qu ue es st ti io on ni in ng g, , t th he e s se et tt ti in ng g o of f i in n- -c cu us st to od dy y i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n o op pe er ra at te es s o on n t th he e i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l t to o o ov ve er rc co om me e f fr re ee e c ch ho oi ic ce e i in n p pr ro od du uc ci in ng g a a s st ta at te em me en nt t a af ft te er r t th he e p pr ri iv vi il le eg ge e h ha as s b be ee en n o on nc ce e i in nv vo ok ke ed d. . I If f t th he e i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l s st ta at te es s t th ha at t h he e w wa an nt ts s a an n a at tt to or rn ne ey y, , t th he e i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n m mu us st t c ce ea as se e u un nt ti il l a an n a at tt to or rn ne ey y i is s p pr re es se en nt t. . A At t t th ha at t t ti im me e, , t th he e i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l m mu us st t h ha av ve e a an n o op pp po or rt tu un ni it ty y t to o c co on nf fe er r w wi it th h t th he e a at tt to or rn ne ey y a an nd d t to o h ha av ve e h hi im m p pr re es se en nt t d du ur ri in ng g a an ny y s su ub bs se eq qu ue en nt t q qu ue es st ti io on ni in ng g. . I If f t th he e i in nd di iv vi id du ua al l c ca an nn no ot t o ob bt ta ai in n a an n a at tt to or rn ne ey y a an nd d h he e i in nd di ic ca at te es s t th ha at t h he e w wa an nt ts s o on ne e b be ef fo or re e s sp pe ea ak ki in ng g t to o p po ol li ic ce e, , t th he ey y m mu us st t r re es sp pe ec ct t h hi is s d de ec ci is si io on n t to o r re em ma ai in n s si il le en nt t. .
  35. 35 WP No.11759/2020 T Th hi is s d do oe es s n no ot t m me ea an n, , a as s s so om me e h ha av ve e s su ug gg ge es st te ed d, , t th ha at t e ea ac ch h p po ol li ic ce e s st ta at ti io on n m mu us st t h ha av ve e a a ‘ ‘s st ta at ti io on n h ho ou us se e l la aw wy ye er r’ ’ p pr re es se en nt t a at t a al ll l t ti im me es s t to o a ad dv vi is se e p pr ri is so on ne er rs s. . I It t d do oe es s m me ea an n, , h ho ow we ev ve er r, , t th ha at t i if f p po ol li ic ce e p pr ro op po os se e t to o i in nt te er rr ro og ga at te e a a p pe er rs so on n t th he ey y m mu us st t m ma ak ke e k kn no ow wn n t to o h hi im m t th ha at t h he e i is s e en nt ti it tl le ed d t to o a a l la aw wy ye er r a an nd d t th ha at t i if f h he e c ca an nn no ot t a af ff fo or rd d o on ne e, , a a l la aw wy ye er r w wi il ll l b be e p pr ro ov vi id de ed d f fo or r h hi im m p pr ri io or r t to o a an ny y i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n. . I If f a au ut th ho or ri it ti ie es s c co on nc cl lu ud de e t th ha at t t th he ey y w wi il ll l n no ot t p pr ro ov vi id de e c co ou un ns se el l d du ur ri in ng g a a r re ea as so on na ab bl le e p pe er ri io od d o of f t ti im me e i in n w wh hi ic ch h i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n i in n t th he e f fi ie el ld d i is s c ca ar rr ri ie ed d o ou ut t, , t th he ey y m ma ay y r re ef fr ra ai in n f fr ro om m d do oi in ng g s so o w wi it th ho ou ut t v vi io ol la at ti in ng g t th he e p pe er rs so on n’ ’s s F Fi if ft th h A Am me en nd dm me en nt t p pr ri iv vi il le eg ge e s so o l lo on ng g a as s t th he ey y d do o n no ot t q qu ue es st ti io on n h hi im m d du ur ri in ng g t th ha at t t ti im me e. ." " 4 4. .1 16 6. . I In ns si is st ti in ng g t th he e a ac cc cu us se ed d f fo or r d de ec cr ry yp pt ti io on n o of f d da at ta a c co on nt ta ai in ne ed d i in n h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e a am mo ou un nt ts s t to o f fo or rc ci in ng g h hi im m t to o r re ev ve ea al l h hi is s p pe er rs so on na al l i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n a an nd d e ev ve en n i if f a an ny y i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n r re eg ga ar rd di in ng g t th he e c co om mm mi is ss si io on n o of f t th hi is s o of ff fe en nc ce e o or r a an ny y o ot th he er r o of ff fe en nc ce e i is s c co on nt ta ai in ne ed d t th he er re ei in n, , h he e c ca an n r re ef fu us se e t to o d do o s so o a as s c co on nt te em mp pl la at te ed d U U/ /s s 1 16 61 1 ( (2 2) ) o of f C Cr r. .P P. .C C. . 4 4. .1 17 7. . I In n t th hi is s W Wr ri it t P Pe et ti it ti io on n a al ls so o t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r h ha as s a as ss se er rt te ed d t th ha at t h he e h ha as s r ri ig gh ht t t to o r re em ma ai in n s si il le en nt t d du ur ri in ng g p po ol li ic ce e i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti io on n a al ls so o a an nd d i in ns si is st ti in ng g h hi im m t to o g gi iv ve e t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d o of f h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e
  36. 36 WP No.11759/2020 p ph ho on ne e, , i is s c co on nt tr ra ar ry y t to o h hi is s r ri ig gh ht t t to o r re em ma ai in n s si il le en nt t a as s h he el ld d b by y t th he e A Ap pe ex x C Co ou ur rt t i in n N Na an nd di in ni i S Sa at th hp pa at th hy y v v/ /s s P P. .L L. .D Da an ni is s 1 19 97 78 8 ( (2 2) ) S SC CC C 4 42 24 4, , a an nd d i it t a am mo ou un nt ts s t to o t te es st ti im mo on ni ia al l c co om mp pu ul ls si io on n h hi it t b by y A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0( (3 3) ) o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n. . 4 4. .1 18 8. . E Ev ve en n i in n t th he e f fa am mo ou us s d de ec ci is si io on n o of f S St ta at te e o of f B Bo om mb ba ay y V V/ /s s K Ka at th hi i K Ka al lu u O Og gh ha ad d r re ep po or rt te ed d i in n A AI IR R 1 19 96 61 1 S SC C P Pa ag ge e 1 18 80 08 8, , i in n p pa ar ra a 1 11 1 w wh hi ic ch h r re ea ad ds s t th hu us s: : “ “T To o b be e a a w wi it tn ne es ss s” ” m me ea an ns s i im mp pa ar rt ti in ng g o of f k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e i in n r re es sp pe ec ct t o of f r re el le ev va an nt t f fa ac ct ts s b by y m me ea an ns s o of f o or ra al l s st ta at te em me en nt ts s o or r s st ta at te em me en nt ts s i in n w wr ri it ti in ng g, , b by y a a p pe er rs so on n w wh ho o h ha as s p pe er rs so on na al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e o of f t th he e f fa ac ct ts s t to o b be e c co om mm mu un ni ic ca at te ed d t to o a a c co ou ur rt t o or r t to o’ ’ a a p pe er rs so on n h ho ol ld di in ng g a an n e en nq qu ui ir ry y o or r i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n” ” 4 4. .1 19 9. . T Th he er re ef fo or re e, , i in ns si is st ti in ng g t th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r - - a ac cc cu us se ed d t to o g gi iv ve e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d o of f h hi is s m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e i is s i im mp pa ar rt ti in ng g h hi is s k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e b by y o or ra al l t te es st ti im mo on ny y o or r
  37. 37 WP No.11759/2020 i in n w wr ri it ti in ng g w wh hi ic ch h i is s a a S Sp pe ec ci ia al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e i in n t th he e m mi in nd d o of f a ac cc cu us se ed d, , c ca an nn no ot t b be e f fo or rc ce ed d t to o g gi iv ve e, , p pa ar rt ti ic cu ul la ar rl ly y w wh he en n t th he er re e i is s n no o s sp pe ec ci if fi ic c l la aw w t to o t th ha at t e ef ff fe ec ct t, , e ev ve en n i if f t th he e L La aw w i is s e en na ac ct te ed d, , h ho ow w f fo or r i it t m me ee et ts s t th he e T Te es st t o of f A Ar rt ti ic cl le e 2 20 0( (3 3) ) a an nd d 2 21 1 o of f t th he e C Co on ns st ti it tu ut ti io on n? ? 4 4. .2 20 0. . T Th he e A Ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n f fi il le ed d b by y t th he e s se ec co on nd d r re es sp po on nd de en nt t p po ol li ic ce e l la ac ck ks s s sa an nc ct ti io on n o of f L La aw w, , a an nd d t th he e C Co ou ur rt t e er rr re ed d i in n n no ot t f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g t th he e L La aw w a an nd d t th he er re ef fo or re e t th he e i im mp pu ug gn ne ed d o or rd de er rs s d da at te ed d 1 14 4- -9 9- -2 20 02 20 0, , 2 23 3- -9 9- -2 20 02 20 0 a an nd d 1 15 5- -1 10 0- -2 20 02 20 0 a ar re e a al ll l i il ll le eg ga al l a an nd d a ab bu us se e o of f p pr ro oc ce es ss s o of f L La aw w. . 4 4. .2 21 1. . T Th he e P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r, , i in n h hi is s A Ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on n d da at te ed d 3 3- -1 10 0- -2 20 02 20 0 h ha as s s st ta at te ed d t th ha at t h he e h ha as s f fu ul ll ly y c co o- - o op pe er ra at te ed d f fo or r i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n a an nd d h he e h ha as s d de en ni ie ed d t th he e a al ll le eg ga at ti io on n o of f n no ot t g gi iv vi in ng g t th he e p pa as ss sw wo or rd d t to o u un nl lo oc ck k t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e a an nd d f fu ur rt th he er r d de en ni ie ed d
  38. 38 WP No.11759/2020 t th he e a al ll le eg ga at ti io on n o of f n no on n- -c co o- -o op pe er ra at ti io on n i in n o op pe en ni in ng g E E- -m ma ai il l a ac cc co ou un nt ts s. . 4 4. .2 22 2. . T Th he e p pr ri in nc ci ip pl le e o of f a a r ri ig gh ht t t to o r re em ma ai in n s si il le en nt t o of f t th he e a ac cc cu us se ed d d du ur ri in ng g t th he e i in nv ve es st ti ig ga at ti io on n i is s w we el ll l r re ec co og gn ni is se ed d i in n t th he e d de ec ci is si io on n o of f U U. .S S. .A A S Su up pr re em me e c co ou ur rt t i in n M Mi ir ra an nd da a V V/ /s s A Ar ri iz zo on na a, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s a ap pp pl li ie ed d w wo or rl ld dw wi id de e a an nd d a al ls so o b by y t th he e H Ho on n’ ’b bl le e S Su up pr re em me e C Co ou ur rt t i in n t th he e d de ec ci is si io on n O Of f N Na an nd di in ni i S Sa at th hp pa at ty y V V/ /s s P P. .L L. .D Da an ni is s a an nd d a an no ot th he er r r re ep po or rt te ed d i in n 1 19 97 78 8( (2 2) ) S SC CC C P Pa ag ge e 4 42 24 4. . 4 4. .2 23 3. . M Mo ob bi il le e o of f P Pe et ti it ti io on ne er r i is s s se ei iz ze ed d i in n t th hi is s c ca as se e. . A An ny y m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e c ca an n b be e d de ec cr ry yp pt te ed d b by y e ex xp pe er rt ts s. . I If f t th he e e ex xp pe er rt t d de ec cr ry yp pt t t th he e m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e. . T Th he en n t th he e d da at ta a a av va ai il la ab bl le e i in n t th he e s sa ai id d m mo ob bi il le e p ph ho on ne e o or r a an ny y o ot th he er r e el le ec ct tr ro on ni ic c d do oc cu um me en nt ts s, , i if f i it t i is s o of f n na at tu ur re e p pr ro ot te ec ct te ed d u un nd de er r r ri ig gh ht t t to o p pr ri iv va ac cy y, , t th he e s sa am me e c ca an nn no ot t b be e u us se ed d w wi it th ho ou ut t t th he e c co on ns se en nt t o of f
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