The document discusses climate types and classification systems. It defines climate as weather averaged over a long period, usually 30 years. It describes the major climate classification systems, particularly the widely used Köppen climate classification system. The Köppen system divides climates into five main groups (tropical, dry, temperate, continental, polar) based on precipitation and temperature patterns. Within each group are subcategories that provide more detailed climate descriptions. Factors like temperature, precipitation, wind and solar radiation that characterize climates are also outlined.

1. CLIMATES AND ITS TYPES
Submitted to:-
AR. Saima raza
Submitted by:-
Sahil saifi
Salahuddin
Muzammil
Bilal khan
B.Arch
3rd semester
SDCA
2019-2014

2. •Climate word originated from ancient Greek ”klima”
meaning inclination.
•DEFINED AS THE WEATHER AVERAGED OVER A LONG
PERIOD. THE STANDARD AVERAGING PERIOD IS 30 YEARS
•An analysis of climate of a particular region can help assessing the seasons
of period during which a person feels comfortable or uncomfortable.
•Climate thus play a pivoted role to determining the design and
construction of building.
•The information helps a designer to build a house that filters out the
adverse climate effects, while simultaneously allowing those that are
beneficial. The build form and arrangement of openings of a building can be
suitably derived from this analysis.

3. •The climate system is the highly complex global system consisting of
5 major components:
1. atmosphere (air)
2. hydrosphere (water)
3. cryosphere (ice and permafrost)
4. lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer)
5. biosphere (living things)
Interaction
between
components of
climates

4. •POLAR - very cold and dry all year
•TEMPERATE - cold winters and mild
summers
•ARID - dry, hot all year
•TROPICAL - hot and wet all year
•MEDITERRANEAN - mild winters,
dry hot summers
•MOUNTAINS (TUN -DRA) -very cold
all year

7. •Climate classification systems are ways of classifying the
world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with
a biome category, as climate is a major influence on biological life in a
region.
•(biom:- Biomes are distinct biological communities that have formed in
response to a shared physical climate)
1. Aridity index
2. Alisov climate classification
3. Berg climate classification
4. Köppen climate classification
5. Holdridge life zone classification
6. Lauer climate classification
7. Strahler climate classification
8. Thornthwaite climate classification
9. Trewartha climate classification
10. Troll climate classification
11. Vahl climate classification
•The most popular classification scheme is probably the Köppen climate
classification scheme.

9. •The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely
used climate classification systems. It was first published by the German-
Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884,with several
later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936.Later, the
climatologist Rudolf Geiger introduced some changes to the classification
system, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate
classification system.
•The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate
groups, with each group being divided based on seasonal precipitation and
temperature patterns
. The five main groups
A. TROPICAL
B. DRY
C. TEMPERATE
D. CONTINENTAL
E. POLAR

10. Group A: Tropical climates
This type of climate has every month of the year with an average
temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher, with significant precipitation.
Af = Tropical rainforest climate; average precipitation of at least 60 mm
(2.4 in) in every month.
Am = Tropical monsoon climate; driest month (which nearly always occurs
at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with
precipitation less than 60 mm
Group B: Dry climates
This type of climate is defined by little precipitation.
The threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average
annual temperature in Celsius by 20,
BWh = Hot desert climate
BWk = Cold desert climate
BSh = Hot semi-arid climate
BSk = Cold semi-arid climate

11. Group C: Temperate climates
This type of climate has the coldest month averaging between 0 °C and
18 °C and at least one month averaging above 10 °C For the distribution of
precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (CS) and a dry
winter (CW), a location is considered to have a wet summer (CW) when
more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months
while a location is considered to have a dry summer (CS) when more
precipitation falls within the winter months.
•Cfa = Humid subtropical climate;
•Cfb = Temperate oceanic climate;
•Cfc = Subpolar oceanic climate;
•Cwa = Monsoon
•Cwb = Subtropical highland climate
•Cwc = Cold subtropical highland climate
•Csa = Hot-summer Mediterranean climate;
•Csb = Warm-summer Mediterranean climate
•Csc = Cold-summer Mediterranean climate

12. Group D: Continental climates
This type of climate has at least one month averaging below 0 °C or −3 °C
and at least one month averaging above 10 °C.
Dfa = Hot-summer humid continental climate;
Dfb = Warm-summer humid continental climate;
Dfc = Subarctic climate
Dsa = Mediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate
Dfd = Extremely cold subarctic climate
Group E: Polar and alpine climates
This type of climate has every month of the year with an average
temperature below 10 °C
ET = Tundra climate; average temperature of warmest month between 0 °C
and 10 °C
EF = Ice cap climate; eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with
average temperatures below 0 °C

15. Regions having similar characteristic features of climate are grouped under
one climatic zone. According to a recent code of bureau of Indian
standards, the country may be divided into five major climatic zones
• HOT AND DRY (mean monthly temperature >30 and relatively
humidity is 55%)
•WARM AND HUMID (mean monthly temperature >25-30 and
relatively humidity <55-75%).
•TEMPERATE (mean monthly temperature 25-30 and relatively humidity
<75%)
•COLD AND DRY (mean monthly temperature <25 and relatively
humidity all value)
•COMPOSITE (this applies, when six months or more do not fall within
any of the other categories).

17. Both weather and climate are characterized by the certain variables known
as climatic factors.
They are as follows:
1. SOLAR RADIATION
2. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
3. AIR HUMIDITY
4. PRECIPITATION
5. WIND
6. SKY CONDITION
7. TEMPERATURE
8. VEGETATION

18. • Solar radiation is the radiant energy received from the sun.
• It is the intensity of sunrays falling per unit time per unit area and is
usually expressed in Watts per square metre (W/m2 ).
• The radiation incident on a surface varies from moment to moment
depending on its geographic location (latitude and longitude of the place),
orientation, season, time of day and atmospheric conditions.
• Solar radiation is the most important weather variable that determines
whether a place experiences high temperatures or is predominantly cold.
• The instruments used for measuring of solar radiation are the
PYRANOMETER and the PYRHELIOMETER. The duration of
sunshine is measured using a sunshine recorder.
PYRHELIOMETERPYRANOMETER

19. Thermopile is an electronic device that converts
thermal energy to electrical energy
PYRANOMETER
SUNSHINE RECORDER

21. The temperature of air in a shaded (but well ventilated) enclosure is known
as the ambient temperature.
• It is generally expressed in degree Celsius (ºC). • Temperature at a given
site depends on wind as well as local factors such as shading, presence of
water body, sunny condition,

22. • Air humidity, which represents the amount of moisture present in the air.
• High humidity accompanied by high ambient temperature causes a lot of
discomfort.
• hygrometer is used for measure relative humidity.
hygrometer

23. • The definition of precipitation is any form of water - liquid or solid -
flling from the sky.
• Precipitation includes water in all its forms rain, snow, hail or dew.
• It is usually measured in millimeters (mm) by using a rain gauge.
• RAIN GAUGE is used for measure rainfall.
Rain gauge Types of precipitation

24. • Wind is the movement of air due to a difference in atmospheric pressure.
• Wind speed can be measured by an anemometer and is usually
expressed in metres per second (m/s).
• It is a major design consideration for architects because it affects indoor
comfort conditions by influencing the convective heat exchanges of a
building envelope, as well as causing air infiltration into the building
Rain gauge Types of precipitation
anemometer

25. • Sky condition generally refers to the extent of cloud cover in the sky or the
duration of sunshine.
• Under clear sky conditions, the intensity of solar radiation increases;
whereas it reduces in monsoon due to cloud cover.

26. • Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses the subjective
perceptions of hot and cold.
• Temperature is measured with a thermometer, historically calibrated in
various temperature scales and units of measurement.
• The most commonly used scales are the Celsius scale, denoted in °C the
Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale.
Kata thermometerthermometer globe thermometer
The kata thermometer is a heated-alcohol thermometer; the time it
takes to cool is measured and used to determine air current. It is useful for
measuring low speeds in studies of air circulation

27. Plants Used for Climate Control
• For climate control, deciduous shade trees might be used to screen the
hot summer sun or in winter permit the solar radiation to penetrate to the
ground, or to the walls and windows of a building.
• Large shrubs can serve as windbreaks to reduce wind velocities.
• Changes in solar radiation or light levels are also possible with shading.
• In addition to these factors, a number of natural elements such as hills,
valleys, waterbodies, etc. affect the climate locally.
• Buildings, cities and other man-made features also have an impact on the
climate.

28. Submitted to:-
AR. Saima raza
Submitted by:-
Sahil saifi
Salahuddin
Muzammil
Bilal khan