2. Objectives
Define and understand the epidemiology of MI’s and
how they are classified
Will be able to identify the risk factors associated with
MI’s
Will be able to recognize signs and symptoms of MI and
what the appropriate interventions are.
Understand the treatment options available to treat MI.
Nursing responsibilities
Follow up care
3. DEFINITION
. Myocardial infarction is a
disease condition which is
caused by reduced blood
flow in a coronary artery
due to atherosclerosis and
occlusion of an artery by
an embolus or thrombus
.
4. Epidemiology
MI’s are the leading cause of death in the United
States, affecting one in five men and one in six women.
450,000 people in the US die from coronary disease
each year.
5. MI Classifications
MI’s can be subcategorized by anatomy and clinical diagnostic
information.
Anatomic
Transmural - atherosclerosis involving a major coronary artery, it is usually as
a result of complete occlusion of the artery in addition on ECG ST elevation and
q waves are seen(STEMI)(epicardium,myo,endocardium)
Subendocardial - small area in the subendocardial wall of the left ventricle,
ventricular septum, or papillary muscles. It is particularly susceptible to
ischemia,in addition to ST depression is seen on ecg(NSTEMI)
Diagnostic
ST elevations (STEMI)-ECG must show new ST elevation in two or
more adjacent ECG leads or new LBBB , it must be greater than 2 mm in leads
V2 and V3 or greater than 1 mm in all other leads.
non ST elevations (NSTEMI)-ST segment depression ≥0.5mm or dynamic T-
wave inversion with pain or discomfort , and cardio specific proteinstroponin
are rises in blood in NSTEMI.
12. AGE: More than 40 years.
FAMILY HISTORY:
Myocardial infarction can
be inherited from parents
to children.
GENDER: Myocardial
infarction is 3 times more in
men than women.
14. HIGH BLOOD CHOLESTROL LEVEL
LOW DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN
(LDL)
DANGEROUS
HIGH DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN
(HDL)
LIPIDS
(LIPOPROTIENS)
15. HYPERTENSION
High blood pressure
our arteries are designed to pump blood at a certain
pressure. If that pressure is exceeded, the walls of the
arteries will be damaged
.
injury to endothelial lining , atherosclerosis
narrowed & thickened arterial walls
risk of M.I.
16. SMOKING
Smoking can damage the walls of your arteries.( toxic
substances in cigarette)
Atherosclerosis
narrowed & thickened arterial walls
Risk of M.I.
19. DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes increases the risk of MI because
it increases the rate of atherosclerotic
progression and adversely affects the lipid
profile
Risk of having M.I.
20. STRESS
Release stress hormones like adrenaline, noradrenaline, and
cortisol
increase in heart rate, and elevated blood pressure
it’s causing damage over time to all your blood vessel
That damage increases the risk of plaque buildup in coronary
arteries or can even cause a rupture of plaque
MI
The way you handle stress also matters. If you respond to it in
unhealthy ways -- such as smoking, overeating,or not exercising -
that makes matters worse.
23. Cholesterol deposition within the wall of the main artery
This deposited cholesterol ultimately forms a plaque in the wall of the artery called
atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is a long term process, required
many years to establish.
Sometimes this plaque may rupture or erode,it leads to activate clotting mechanism so
platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition, which lead to formation of an occlusive
thrombus in a coronary artery.
This occlusive thrombus completely block a coronary artery and interrupts blood supply to
part of the myocardium (heart muscle),
It lead to irreversible changes and death of myocardial cells, and ultimately ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction develops.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
24. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Chest pain due to a lack of blood and
oxygen supply of the heart muscle
Characteristics: Severe, immobilizing
chest pain.
Usually prescribed as heaviness,
pressure, tightness, burning.
Location: Substernal, Retrosternal or
Epigastric.
Radiation: It may radiate to neck, jaw,
arm or back.
Duration: Lasts for 20 minutes or more.
PAIN
25. Cardiovascular-
Initially the BP and pulse may be elevated.
Later, BP will drop due to decreased cardiac
output.
palpitation.
Jugular veins may become distended and have obvious
pulsations.
26. CONTD…..
Respiratory-
Respiratory symptoms occur when the damaged the
heart muscle limits the pumping action of the left
ventricle, causing acute left heart failure and
consequent lung congestion.
Shortness of breath
Dyspnea/Tachypnea
Crackles
Pulmonary edema
27. Gastrointestinal-
Nausea
Vomiting
Stimulation of vomiting center by severe pain causes
nausea & vomiting
FEVER
It is due to inflammatory process caused by
Myocardial cell death.
28. In response to pain and the blood flow
abnormalities that result from
dysfunction of the heart muscle
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Increased catecholamine releases.(adrenal medulla)
Diaphoresis (perfuse sweating
Cold & clammy skin (“cold sweat”).
Integumentary system (Skin)
cool, clammy skin
Diaphoresis
Pallor, Cyanosis
Coolness of extremities
29. Genitourinary-
Hypoperfusion to the kidneys leads to decrease renal
perfusion pressure which is required to maintain
glomerular filteration rate in the kidney
Decrease GFR leads to decrease urinary output
Urine output (Oliguria): 30ml/HR or <400ml/day.
Myocardial damage
Failure of the pump action of the heart,
resulting in reduced cardiac output
30. CONTD…..
Neurogenic-
due to inadequate blood flow to the brain
Light- headedness
Headache
Visual Disturbances
Altered speech
Altered motor functions
Altered level of consciousness
34. ASSESSMENT/DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
It is generally based on presenting symptoms, ECG and
laboratory test results.
Patient history-it includes
• Description of presenting
symptoms
• History of previous illness,
family health history
35. CONTD…..
Electrocardiogram-
ECG provides information that
assists in diagnosing acute MI.
The classic ECG changes are-
ST segment elevation
ST depression
T wave inversion
Abnormal Q wave
40. CK-MB- increases 3-6 hrs after onset of chest pain,
peaks in 12-18 hrs & return to normal within 3-4 days.
Cardiac troponin T- increases 4-6 hrs after MI &
persists for 2 weeks
Full blood count: WBC (white blood cell) count is usually
elevated. ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and CRP
(C-reactive protein) may also elevate.
CHEST X-RAY
To detect cardiomegaly.
41. ECHOCARDIOGRAM
PURPOSE: it is useful to assess the ability of heart
muscles to contract & relax.
It is done to evaluate ventricular function by checking
ejection rate.
CT&MEGNATIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
PURPOSE: To detect site & extent of myocardial cells.
42. ANGIOGRAPHY
Angiography is used to detect
abnormalities,including narrowing
(stenosis) or blockages in the blood
vessels (called occlusions).
This is done by injecting a radio-
opaque contrast agent into the blood vessel this
dye makes the coronary arteries visible on x-ray
pictures. This helps doctors see blockages in the
arteries.
43. MANAGEMENT
GOALS
Restoration of the balance between the oxygen supply
and demand to prevent further ischemia
Pain relief
Prevention and treatment of any complications that
may arise
44. Chest pain suggestive of ischemia
Vital signs
12 lead ECG
Obtain initial
cardiac enzymes
electrolytes, cbc
lipids, bun/cr,
glucose, coags
CXR
Immediate assessment within 10 Minutes
Establish
diagnosis
Read ECG
Identify
complicatio-
ns
Assess for
reperfusion
Initial labs
and tests
Emergent
care
History &
Physical
Cardiac monitoring
IV access
Morphine
Oxygen<94%
Nitrates
Aspirin
48. ANTIPLATELET DRUG (Decrease platelet aggregation and
inhibit thrombus formation)
Aspirin(160 to 325mg) slows the blood's clotting action
by reducing the clumping of platelets
Clopidogrel(300mg) -works by blocking platelets from
sticking together and prevents them from forming
harmful clots. It is an antiplatelet drug.
DRUG THERAPY
49. ANALGESIC:
NITRATES.
Sublingual Nitroglycerine- Nitrates act as a vasodilator
and relief pain,Total 3 doses (can repeat 3-5mts if no
contraindication)-use only SBP ˃ 90mmhg heart rate 50-100/mt
Morphine Sulphate.
produces central nervous system analgesia.
Produce venodilation(it helps to reduce left ventricular
preload and oxygen demand)
50. BETAADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
(Propanolol) it inhibit SNS stimulation of heart.
reduces both heart rate & contractility
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
(Verapamil, Nifedipine)
It causes coronary artery vasodilatation & decreases
myocardial contractility.
Increases blood supply to myocardium & decreases
O2 demand of myocardium.
ANTI COAGULATION THERAPY (prevent the formation
of blood clots)
LMWH-ENOXAPARIN
UNFRACTIONED HEPARIN
51. ACE Inhibitors
These medicines lower bloodpressure
and reduce the strain on your heart.
They also help slow down further
weakening of the heart muscle.
Eg:enalapril, captopril
52. FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY
TIME OF ADMINISTRATION:
Thrombolytics are given to the
patient upto 12 hours of onset of
chest pain but for best results it
should be given within 1 hr after
onset of chest pain.
ACTION: These will dissolve &
do lysis of thrombus in coronary
artery.
We are using metalyse for
thrombloysis
If STEMI is present, the goal is
to achieve a door- to –drug
time of 30 min & a door-to –
balloon time of within 90 min.
Indicated for patients with STEMI MI’s.
53. Absolute & relative contraindications
for thrombolytic therapy
Absolute contraindications-
Any prior ICH
Ischemic stroke within 3 months
Known structural cerebral vascular lesion
Known malignant intracranial neoplasm
Active bleeding
Significant closed head trauma within past 3
months
54. Relative contraindications-
History of chronic, severe, poorly controlled
hypertension
Severe uncontrolled hypertension on presentation
History of prior ischemic stroke >3months
Dementia
Pregnancy
Active peptic ulcer
Current use of anticoagulants, the higher the INR the
greater the risk
55. Angioplasty
During angioplasty, a thin, flexible tube with a balloon
on the end is threaded through a blood vessel to the
blocked coronary artery. Then,the balloon is inflated
to push the plaque against the wall of the artery.This
widens the inside of the artery,restoring blood flow.
Also a small mesh tube called a stent may be put in the
artery to help keep it open.Some stents are coated with
medicines that help prevent the artery from becoming
blocked again.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
59. CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT (CABG)
A form of bypass surgery that
can create new routes around
narrowed and blocked
coronary arteries, permitting
increased blood flow to deliver
oxygen and nutrients to the
heart muscle.
Coronary artery bypass graft is
an option for selected groups
of patients with significant
narrowings and blockages of
the heart arteries.
The bypass graft for a CABG
can be a vein from the leg or
an inner chest-wall artery.
60. COMPLICATIONS
Dysrrythmias -Damaged heart muscle disrupts electrical
signals and produces arrhythmia in which heartbeat may be too
fast, too slow or irregular like VF,VT,AF
Cardiogenic shock- It may develop after the large territory
heart muscle damage. It leads to failure of the pumping action of
the heart. The end results are very low blood pressure with an
inadequate supply of oxygen rich blood to vital organs most
significantly the brain, kidneys and heart
Heart failure- It occurs slowly over time after an attack in
which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s
demand
Embolism. sometimes thrombus may dislodged from
heart and may cause stroke (if reach in the brain) or
ischemic limb (if reach in the limb)
61. mechanical complications
It is due to tear or rupture of infarcted heart muscle. It
includes-
Severe mitral regurgitation – it is due to rupture of
papillary muscle(leakage of blood backward through
the mitral valve from left ventricle to lt atrium )
Cardiac tamponade – it is due to rupture of ventricle.
Right heart failure – it is due to rupture of
interventricular septum.
Late complications:
These develop after one week of attack and include:
Dressler’s syndrome-
This syndrome is characterized by fever, pleuritis and percarditis.
It is caused by an autoimmune reaction to damage heart muscle
62. Nursing diagnosis
Acute pain R/T myocardial ischemia resulting from
coronary artery occlusion
Outcome- the client will experience improved comfort as
evidenced by dec. in pain rating scale.
Interventions- assess characteristics of pain
Assess respiration, BP, heart rate with each episode of chest
pain.
Obtain 12 lead ECG on admission & on each episode of
chest pain.
Monitor respond to drug therapy.
Limit visitors.
As morphine as ordered.
Administer nitrates as ordered.
63. Ineffective tissue perfusion R/T thrombus in coronary
artery
Outcome- the client will demonstrate improved
cardiac tissue perfusion as evidenced by dec. rating of
pain.
Interventions- provide bed rest.
Administer oxygen as prescribed.
Administer thrombolytics.
Monitor ST segments.
64. Dysrrhythmias R/T electrical instability or irritability
secondary to infarcted tissue
Outcome- the client will have no dysrrythmias as
evidenced by normal sinus rhythm.
Interventions- teach client & family about need for
continous monitoring.
Assess apical heart rate.
Give antidysrrythmic agents as ordered.
Monitor effects of antidysrrythmics.
Monitor serum K levels.
Maintain patent IV line.
Monitor ST segments & document changes.
65. Risk for bleeding R/T coagulopathies with
thrombolytic therapy.
Powerlessness R/T a near-death experience &
anticipated lifestyle changes.
Anxiety & fear R/T hospital admission & fear of death.
Risk for constipation R/T bed rest, pain medications &
NPO or soft diet.
Ineffective health maintenance R/T MI & implications
for lifestyle changes.
Risk for activity intolerance R/T an imbalance b/w
oxygen supply & demand.
66. Health education
Proper medication compliance (right dose and right
time)
Perform exercise
Do not smoke
follow the diet plan
Maintain a healthy weight
Manage your stress
signs and symptoms to be reported to physician
67. Conclusion :
MI is a life threatening disease caused by many factors.
Health education must be given to the patients with
predisposing or risk factors to prevent it. Early
diagnosis is also very important for saving the life of
the patient.
68. REFERENCE
Mosby’s Comprehensive Review of Nursing
Dolores F.Saxton,Patricia M.Nugent.
The Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction