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COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
linksfoundation.com
Blockchain and the Governance of Pandemics:
An Exploratory Study
Alfredo Favenza, Enrico Ferro, Laura Ricci
www.overtheblock.io
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
COVID-19 Pandemic Socio-Economic Implications
Healthcare
System
Social
System
Economic
System
Information
System
* LINKS Foundation elaboration based on:
• ”Putting the UN Framework for Socio-Economic Response to COVID-19 into Action: Insights”, UNITED NATIONS, June 2020
• “UN tackles ‘infodemic’ of misinformation and cybercrime in COVID-19 crisis”, UNITED NATIONS, March 2020
*
SYSTEMIC IMPACT
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Research Questions
• For what type of problems may blockchain
be leveraged to offset the impact of
COVID19-like pandemics?
• What kind of value can this technology
offer?
• Is there a phase in the management of
emergency that may specifically benefit
from the use of blockchain?
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Research Methodology
LITERATURE
REVIEW
CASE STUDIES
SELECTION
CROSS-CASE
ANALYSIS
Academic & Gray Literature
Blockchain & Emergency Management
Mixed Sampling: Theoretical and Empirical
Longlist of 30 applications, 19 under the lens
Four dimensions considered: type of
blockchain, maturity level, value generated,
emergency phase.
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Short List by Impact Area
Healthcare System Social System Economic System Information System
Digital Health Passport
Pronto C2
BeepTrace
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Application Areas Identified
• Shortage of medical equipment due to panic buying and interruptions of the supply chain
(source: World Trade Organization).Supply Chain
• Lack of automation in data sharing between healthcare structure preventing an accurate
prediction of pandemic course (source: European COVID-19 Data Platform initiative).Data Sharing
• Suspension of fundamental rights due to social distancing and «Big Brother» effect produced by
contact tracing (source: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights).
Fundamental
Rights
• Abrupt interruption of the students’ learning path due to school closure, affecting more than 68%
of the total students enrolled (source: United Nations).Education
• Unfair, opaque and inefficient distribution of public and charity funds (source: International
Foundation for Electoral System, U4 Anti-corruption Research Center).
Welfare &
Philantrophy
• Studies have found COVID-19 can survive on surfaces for over three days and touching
banknotes and coins may turn out to be unsafe (source: US Government).
Cashless
Payments
• Insufficient credit lines to cover the expected liquidity shortage of all affected companies and
SMEs due to the three months lockdown period (source: OECD).Access to Credit
• Risk of a «Infodemic» of misinformation and about the urgent need to fight against a
proliferation of false information about the virus (source: United Nation).Misinformation
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Projects by Application Area
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Cross-case Analysis 1/2
Healthcare System Social System Economic System Information System
PoCMVPPRODUCT
Digital Health Passport
Pronto C2
BeepTrace
Supply Chain
Data Sharing
Fundamental Rights
Education
Cashless Payments
Access to Credit
Welfare & Philantrophy
Misinformation
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Cross-case Analysis 2/3
 Increased transparency
and automation of
supply chain
 Improved sharing of
pandemic data among
healthcare structures
 Improved medical staff
and travelling people
identity management
 Enanced privacy and
anonymity of contract
tracing personal data.
 Improved tracking of
distance learning
processes and
certification of results.
 Enhanced collaboration
among students and
sharing of learning
experience.
 Automation and
disintermediation of
funds transfer.
 Transparency and anti-
fraud, trust in the
charity sector
 P2P cashless
payments & lending
 Incentives Alignment
 Trusted and accountable
source of news, based on
immutability and audit
trails.
 “Wisdom of the crowd”
can combat fake news
enabling individuals to
directly report their
insights anonymously
through the P2P network.
Healthcare System Social System Economic System Information System
Supply Chain
Data Sharing
Fundamental Rights
Education
Cashless Payments
Access to Credit
Welfare & Philantrophy
Misinformation
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Cross-case Analysis – 3/3
Phase Projects
Prevention
9
Preparedness
15
Response
18
Recovery
16
Mitigation
15
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Cross-case Analysis - Final Overview
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
PRIVATE PUBLIC HYBRID
TYPE OF BLOCKCHAIN
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
POC MVP PRODUCT
MATURITY LEVEL
Prevention
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Mitigation
EMERGENCY PHASES
COVERAGE
12%
20%
25%
22%
21%
VALUE
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Conclusions and Next Steps
• The blockchain ecosystem has revealed to be a vibrant and reactive
community
• This technology has been applied to address a wide range of problems
mostly requiring coordination, given its role as a trust enabler for
sharing and collaboration activities.
• It has been fruitfully applied along most of the phases of the
emergency mangement process
• COVID19 brought us together as a single population, can blockchain
bring us together in the creation and management of a new breed of
global commons?
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Questions?
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
Why do we need blockchain for this?
History does not repeat itself but it rhymes (a lesson from 1995)
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS
TORINO | 13-07-2020
LINKS FOUNDATION
Via Pier Carlo Boggio 61 | 10138 Torino (Italia)
enrico.ferro@linksfoundation.com
+39 011 22 76 232
linksfoundation.com
COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS

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Blockchain Against Covid Samos 2020

  • 1. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 linksfoundation.com Blockchain and the Governance of Pandemics: An Exploratory Study Alfredo Favenza, Enrico Ferro, Laura Ricci www.overtheblock.io
  • 2. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 COVID-19 Pandemic Socio-Economic Implications Healthcare System Social System Economic System Information System * LINKS Foundation elaboration based on: • ”Putting the UN Framework for Socio-Economic Response to COVID-19 into Action: Insights”, UNITED NATIONS, June 2020 • “UN tackles ‘infodemic’ of misinformation and cybercrime in COVID-19 crisis”, UNITED NATIONS, March 2020 * SYSTEMIC IMPACT
  • 3. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Research Questions • For what type of problems may blockchain be leveraged to offset the impact of COVID19-like pandemics? • What kind of value can this technology offer? • Is there a phase in the management of emergency that may specifically benefit from the use of blockchain?
  • 4. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Research Methodology LITERATURE REVIEW CASE STUDIES SELECTION CROSS-CASE ANALYSIS Academic & Gray Literature Blockchain & Emergency Management Mixed Sampling: Theoretical and Empirical Longlist of 30 applications, 19 under the lens Four dimensions considered: type of blockchain, maturity level, value generated, emergency phase.
  • 5. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Short List by Impact Area Healthcare System Social System Economic System Information System Digital Health Passport Pronto C2 BeepTrace
  • 6. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Application Areas Identified • Shortage of medical equipment due to panic buying and interruptions of the supply chain (source: World Trade Organization).Supply Chain • Lack of automation in data sharing between healthcare structure preventing an accurate prediction of pandemic course (source: European COVID-19 Data Platform initiative).Data Sharing • Suspension of fundamental rights due to social distancing and «Big Brother» effect produced by contact tracing (source: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights). Fundamental Rights • Abrupt interruption of the students’ learning path due to school closure, affecting more than 68% of the total students enrolled (source: United Nations).Education • Unfair, opaque and inefficient distribution of public and charity funds (source: International Foundation for Electoral System, U4 Anti-corruption Research Center). Welfare & Philantrophy • Studies have found COVID-19 can survive on surfaces for over three days and touching banknotes and coins may turn out to be unsafe (source: US Government). Cashless Payments • Insufficient credit lines to cover the expected liquidity shortage of all affected companies and SMEs due to the three months lockdown period (source: OECD).Access to Credit • Risk of a «Infodemic» of misinformation and about the urgent need to fight against a proliferation of false information about the virus (source: United Nation).Misinformation
  • 7. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Projects by Application Area
  • 8. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Cross-case Analysis 1/2 Healthcare System Social System Economic System Information System PoCMVPPRODUCT Digital Health Passport Pronto C2 BeepTrace Supply Chain Data Sharing Fundamental Rights Education Cashless Payments Access to Credit Welfare & Philantrophy Misinformation
  • 9. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Cross-case Analysis 2/3  Increased transparency and automation of supply chain  Improved sharing of pandemic data among healthcare structures  Improved medical staff and travelling people identity management  Enanced privacy and anonymity of contract tracing personal data.  Improved tracking of distance learning processes and certification of results.  Enhanced collaboration among students and sharing of learning experience.  Automation and disintermediation of funds transfer.  Transparency and anti- fraud, trust in the charity sector  P2P cashless payments & lending  Incentives Alignment  Trusted and accountable source of news, based on immutability and audit trails.  “Wisdom of the crowd” can combat fake news enabling individuals to directly report their insights anonymously through the P2P network. Healthcare System Social System Economic System Information System Supply Chain Data Sharing Fundamental Rights Education Cashless Payments Access to Credit Welfare & Philantrophy Misinformation
  • 10. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Cross-case Analysis – 3/3 Phase Projects Prevention 9 Preparedness 15 Response 18 Recovery 16 Mitigation 15
  • 11. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Cross-case Analysis - Final Overview 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 PRIVATE PUBLIC HYBRID TYPE OF BLOCKCHAIN 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 POC MVP PRODUCT MATURITY LEVEL Prevention Preparedness Response Recovery Mitigation EMERGENCY PHASES COVERAGE 12% 20% 25% 22% 21% VALUE
  • 12. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Conclusions and Next Steps • The blockchain ecosystem has revealed to be a vibrant and reactive community • This technology has been applied to address a wide range of problems mostly requiring coordination, given its role as a trust enabler for sharing and collaboration activities. • It has been fruitfully applied along most of the phases of the emergency mangement process • COVID19 brought us together as a single population, can blockchain bring us together in the creation and management of a new breed of global commons?
  • 14. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 Why do we need blockchain for this? History does not repeat itself but it rhymes (a lesson from 1995)
  • 15. linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS TORINO | 13-07-2020 LINKS FOUNDATION Via Pier Carlo Boggio 61 | 10138 Torino (Italia) enrico.ferro@linksfoundation.com +39 011 22 76 232 linksfoundation.com COPYRIGHT ©2019 LINKS