Impact of Field Training and Yoga on Cricket Players' Performance

IMPACT OF FIELD TRAINING WITH AND WITHOUT YOGIC
PRACTICE ON SELECTED PHYSICAL PHYSIOLGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERFORMANCE
VARIABLES AMONG CRICKET PLAYERS

A thesis to be submitted to Bharathidasan University
for the award of the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

By
S.SAMSUDEEN
Under the Guidance of
Dr. R. KALIDASAN

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024
TAMIL NADU, INDIA
MAY – 2011

INTRODUCTION
Cricket is basically a bat and ball game
played between two teams of eleven players.
It is played in many forms such as Test, One
day International, First class Twenty 20, Super
Six, Eight-a-side, Indoor Cricket Max Cricket,
Double wicket and Single wicket. Cricket is
played in more than 105 countries around the
globe. Performance in Cricket is determined
by several factors namely skill, technique,
tactics, fitness and training.

Field training
• Different Sports required different type of
fitness emphasizing on a particular fitness
factors. Similarly the training varies sports
discipline to sports discipline. In modern
sports training the game-specific field training
is gaining tremendous popularity, which focus
on game specific fitness as performance
related skill factors. Field training is a highly
co-ordinate and well planned exercise.
Generally in military this type of training is
very common

Yoga
Yoga is basically a Sanskrit term. It is the oldest known
science of self-development, originated in ancient
India. Many research studies of the past report that
yogic training improves the physical & mental fitness
level as well as the performance of sports persons in
various sports disciplines. Yogic practices play an
influential role in physical fitness, physiological and
psychological variables and performance in sports.

RATIONALE FOR SELECTING THE PROBLEM
• The investigator, being a Cricketer, coach,
selector, and Yogic practitioner was motivated
to find out the impact of field training with
and without yogic practice on selected
physical, physiological, psychological and
performance variables among the Cricket
players. Moreover, very little research had
been done on field training and yogic practice
among Cricket players. This also motivated the
investigator to take up the study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• The purpose of this study was to
determine the impact of field training
with and without yogic practice on
selected physical, physiological,
psychological and performance
variables Cricket players.

HYPOTHESES
1. There would be a significant improvement due to field
training package on selected physical, physiological,
psychological and performance variables among Cricket
players.

2. There would be a significant improvement due to
yogic practice package on selected physical, physiological,
psychological and performance variables among Cricket
players.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1. The study would help to explore the
effectiveness of field training and yogic
practice on selected physical, physiological,
psychological and performance variables
among Cricket players.
2. The field training and yogic practice schedule
designed in the study would help the yoga
experts, physical educators and coaches in
designing these packages.
3. The findings of the study would add to the
quantum of knowledge in the area of Sports
training and Yoga.

LIMITATIONS
1. The subjects selected for the study were non-
residential Cricket players with different
economic background. Therefore, variations in
their living conditions, life style, diet, etcetera
were recognized as a limitation of the study.
2. The previous experience of the subjects in the
field of Cricket which might be influencing on the
training and data collection were not considered.
3. The investigator did not take any effort to control
or assess the quality and quantity of food
ingested separately by each individual.

LIMITATIONS …. Cont.,
4. The quantum of physical exertion, lifestyle and
physiological & psychological stress and other
factors that affect the results were also
considered as limitations.
5. The meteorological variations such as air,
temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative
humidity etcetera during the testing periods
could not be controlled and their possible
influence on the results of the study was
recognized as a limitation.
6. The responses to the subjects to the statements in
the Questionnaire would depend upon various
factors such as understanding of the statements,
seriousness and sincerity of the subjects’
etcetera.

METHODOLOGY
• The purpose of this study was to determine the
impact of field training with and without yogic
practice on selected physical, physiological,
psychological and performance variables
among the Cricket players. To achieve the
purpose of the study, forty eight male inter-
collegiate Cricket players studying in various
colleges affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai were randomly selected as
subjects. Their age ranges from 18 to 25 years.

The subjects had past playing experience of at least
three years in Cricket and only those who represented
their respective college teams were taken as subjects. By
using the matching procedure on the basis their initial test
performance scores on Cricket playing ability, the subjects
were divided into three equal groups in which each group
consisted of sixteen subjects and named Group-I as field
training group, Group-II as field training combined with
yogic practice group, Group-III as Control group. The
Cricketers in Group - I underwent the field training,
Cricketers in Group - II underwent the field training
combined with yogic practice, Cricketers in Group - III
(control) was not exposed to any training/conditioning
other than their daily routines activities.

The field training package was specifically designed to improve
the Cricket playing ability and fitness levels of the Cricketers. The
field training packages designed by the investigator was
administered for a period of twelve weeks, five days a week, two
sessions each day each session lasted 90 minutes. The Yogic
practices were meted out for 45 minutes to group II either before or
after the field training. The yogic practice includes selected asanas,
pranayamas and meditation techniques.
The selected variables for the present study are Physical Fitness
variables namely speed, endurance, explosive strength and
flexibility; Physiological variables namely resting heart rate, aerobic
power, anaerobic power and breath holding time; Psychological
variables namely competitive state anxiety, cognitive, somatic, self
confidence and sports achievement motivation and performance
was subjectively rated by three qualified Cricket coaches.

The Physical fitness parameters standardized test namely
50 metres run, 12 minutes run, standing broad jump and sit &
reach test were used.

Physiological factors was measured by Standard proctoical
using Digital heart monitor, Astrand-Astrand Nomogram
(bench stepping), Margania-Kalamen test and Digital Stop
Watch
The Physical fitness parameters standardized test namely
50 metres run, 12 minutes run, standing broad jump and sit &
reach test were used.
Physiological factors was measured by Standard proctoical
using Digital heart monitor, Astrand-Astrand Nomogram
(bench stepping), Margania-Kalamen test and Digital Stop
Watch used to measure breath holding time.

 Psychological factors were measured by Standardised
questionnaire, namely Sports Competitive Anxiety Test
(SCAT) developed by Martens (1990)

 Competitive State Anxiety Questionnaire II (CSAI-2)
developed by Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith
(1990),

Sports Achievement Motivation test Questionnaire
developed by Dr.M.L.Kamlesh (1983).

Performance Variable
To measure the batting, bowling and fielding performance in
Cricket, the subjectively rating by three qualified coaches was used
to measure their performance in playing ability. The guideline for
subjective rating was given by the investigator. To make the study
more scientific the subject reliability, reliability of data, instrument
reliability, tester reliability was established.

Statistical Techniques
• The data was collected before and after the
experimental treatment. Analysis of
covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the
collected data. Scheffe’s test was followed as
a post-hoc test to determine the level of
significant difference between the paired
means. For all the statistical analyses, tests
were computed at 0.05 level of significance.

Analysis and Interpretation of the Data

The statistical analysis, the findings, discussion on results
and hypotheses were presented in this chapter
Analysis of the Data

The impact of field training with and without yogic
practice package on each variables was determined by
subjecting the collected data to the Analysis of covariance
separately which is presented below.
PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS
The analysis of covariance on the obtained scores in pre,
post and adjusted post test of the Control, experimental group
‘A’ and ‘B’ for physical fitness variables namely Speed,
Endurance, Explosive strength and Flexibility have been
presented in Table No. 4.1 to 4.8

Table No.4.1
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR THE PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST ON SPEED OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND
CONTROL GROUP

Experimental Experimental Control
Source of Sum of Mean
Test Group-‘A’ Group-‘B’ Group df ‘F’ ratio
variance square square
(Seconds) (Seconds) (Seconds)
Pretest
Mean 7.0188 7.0050 7.0125 B.M 0.002 2 0.001
0.003
SD(±) 0.47348 0.44882 0.52885 W.G 10.580 45 0.235
Post test
1.080
Mean 6.5956 6.5669 7.0306 B.M 2.161 2 5.667*
0.191
SD(±) 0.38965 0.37640 0.52767 W.G 8.579 45
Adjusted
Post test B.S 2.152 2 1.076
6.591 6.572 7.031 17.474*
Mean W.S 2.710 44 0.062

B.M. –Between means W.G. – Within groups B.S. – Between sets
W.S. – Within set

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
(The table values required for significance at 0.05 level
of confidence for 2 & 45 and 2 & 44 are 3.20 and 3.21
respectively).

TABLE – 4.2
THE SCHEFFE’S TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAIRED MEANS ON SPEED
*.
Experimental Experimental
Group-‘A’ Group-‘B’ Control
(Field training MD CI
(Field training Group
combined with yogic
group)
practice)

6.591 7.031 0.440*

6.572 7.031 0.458* 0.223

6.591 6.572 0.019

**Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

Table No. 4.3
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR THE PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST ON ENDURANCE OF
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

Source of Sum of
Test Group-‘A’ Group-‘B’ Group df Mean square ‘F’ ratio
variance square
(in metres) (in metres) (in metres)

Pretest
Mean 2699.6259 2690.2500 2700.6250 B.M 1048.167 2 524.083 0.005
SD(±) 325.02551 317.06519 319.43113 W.G 4623123 45 102736.056
Post test
Mean 3387.5000 3400.6250 2711.5625 B.M 4969978 2 2484989.0636 36.315*
SD(±) 107.30020 303.45167 318.88723 W.G 3079280 45 8428.438
Adjusted
B.S 5020830 2 2510415.059
Post test 3385.825 3404.576 2709.287 78.092*
W.S 1414466 44 32146.943
Mean

B.M. –Between means W.G. – Within groups B.S. – Between sets W.S. – Within set

(The table values required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence for 2 & 45
and 2 & 44 are 3.20 and 3.21 respectively).

TABLE – 4.4
THE SCHEFFE’S TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAIRED MEANS ON ENDURANCE

Experimental
Experimental
Group-‘B’ Control
Group-‘A’ MD CI
(Field training combined Group
(Field training group)
with yogic practice)

3385.825 2709.287 676.538*

3404.576 2709.287 695.288* 160.3782

3385.825 3404.576 18.751

**Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

Table No.4.5
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR THE PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST ON EXPLOSIVE
STRENGTH OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

(in metres) (in metres) ( in metres)
Pretest
Mean 1.4644 1.4656 1.4613 B.M 0.000 2 0.000
0.009
SD(±) 0.08033 0.11472 0.08500 W.G 0.403 45 0.009
Post test
Mean 1.5575 1.5850 1.4775 B.M 0.100 2 0.050
6.486*
SD(±) 0.06527 0.11069 0.08103 W.G 0.346 45 0.008
Adjusted
0.093
Post test 1.557 1.583 1.480 B.S 2 0.047 31.226*
0.066
Mean W.S 44 0.001

B.M. –Between means W.G. – Within groups B.S. – Between sets
W.S. – Within set

(The table values required for significance at 0.05 level of
confidence for 2 & 45 and 2 & 44 are 3.20 and 3.21
respectively).

TABLE – 4.6
THE SCHEFFE’S TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAIRED MEANS ON
EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH

combined with yogic
group)
practice)

1.557 1.480 0.077*

1.583 1.480 0.104* 0.028

1.557 1.583 0.026

Table No.4.7
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR THE PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST ON
FLEXIBILITY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

Control Group Source of Sum of Mean
Test Group-‘A’ Group-‘B’ df ‘F’ ratio
(Centimeters) variance square square
(Centimeters) (Centimeters)
Pretest
Mean 16.4375 16.5625 16.5000 B.M 0.125 2 0.063
0.034
SD(±) 1.2632 1.4127 1.3662 W.G 81.875 45 1.819
Post test
Mean 21.5625 28.5000 17.0625 B.M 1062.375 2 531.188
150.454*
SD(±) 1.3149 2.8047 0.9979 W.G 158.875 45 3.531
Adjusted
B.S 1061.270 2 530.635
Post test 21.5625 28.498 17.063 147.064*
W.S 158.760 44 3.608
Mean

B.M. –Between means W.G. – Within groups B.S. – Between sets W.S. – Within set

(The table values required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence for 2 & 45
and 2 & 44 are 3.20 and 3.21 respectively).

TABLE – 4.8
THE SCHEFFE’S TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAIRED MEANS ON FLEXIBILITY

Experimental
Experimental
Group-‘B’
Group-‘A’ Control Group MD CI
(Field training combined

21.5625 17.0625 4.4995*

28.5000 17.0625 11.435* 1.67

21.5625 28.5000 6.934*

PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
The pre, post and adjusted post test data of the experimental groups ‘A’ and
‘B’, and control group for Physiological variables namely resting heart rate. aerobic
power, anaerobic power and breath holding time were subjected to analysis of
covariance separately and it was presented in the table No.4.9 to 4.16
Table No.4.9
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR THE PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST ON RESTING
HEART RATE OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

Group-‘A’ Group-‘B’ Group Source of Sum of Mean
Test df ‘F’ ratio
(beats per (beats per (beats per variance square square
minutes) minutes) minutes)
Pretest
Mean 71.1875 71.1250 71.6250 B.M 2.375 2 1.1818 0.065
SD(±) 2.1699 5.88643 3.87943 W.G 815.938 45 18.132
Post test
Mean 68.0625 66.2500 71.3125 B.M 210.542 2 105.271
6.424*
SD(±) 3.73218 4.31277 4.07789 W.G 77.375 45 16.386
Adjusted
B.S 182.962 2 91.481
Post test 68.143 66.371 71.110 10.178*
W.S 395.459 44 8.988
Mean

TABLE – 4.10
THE SCHEFFE’S TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAIRED
MEANS ON RESTING HEART RATE

Experimental
Experimental
Group-‘B’

68.143 71.110 2.967*

66.371 71.110 4.739* 2.682

68.143 66.371 1.772

Table No.4.11
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR THE PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST ON AEROBIC
POWER OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

(litre) (litre) (litre)
Pretest
Mean 2.6188 2.6438 2.5500 B.M 0.075 2 0.038
1.658
SD(±) 0.18697 0.12093 0.13663 W.G 1.024 45 0.023
Post test
Mean 2.8531 2.8906 2.6250 B.M 0.661 2 0.331
10.914*
SD(±) 0.19362 0.19168 0.12910 W.G 1.363 45 0.030
Adjusted
B.S 1.058 2 0.179
Post test 2.843 2.862 2.664 9.337*
W.S 1.853 44 0.019
Mean

TABLE – 4.12
AEROBIC POWER

Experimental
Experimental Group-‘B’ Control
Group-‘A’ (Field training MD CI
Group
(Field training group) combined with yogic
practice)

2.843 2.664 0.179*

2.862 2.664 0.199* 0.123

2.843 2.862 0.020

Table No.4.13
ANAEROBIC POWER OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

(Kg.m/sec) (Kg.m/sec) (Kg.m/sec)

Pretest
Mean 95.7756 96.2706 95.4119 B.M 5.946 2 2.973
SD(±) 0.028
8.01316 12.3147 10.1090 W.G 4863.143 45 108.070
Post test
Mean 113.0306 114.5656 96.2888 B.M 3217.252 2 1608.626
SD(±) 16.661*
10.4583 9.9362 9.0301 W.G 4344.727 45 96.549
Adjusted
B.S 3044.476 2 1522.238
Post test 113.063 113.888 96.589 39.187*
W.S 1709.201 44 38.845
Mean

TABLE – 4.14
MEANS ON ANAEROBIC POWER

Experimental
Experimental
Group-‘A’ MD CI

113.063 96.589 16.474*

113.888 96.589 17.299* 5.575

113.063 113.888 0.825

Table No.4.15
BREATH HOLDING TIME OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

Source of Sum of
Test Group-‘A’ Group-‘B’ Group df Mean square ‘F’ ratio
variance square
(in sec) (in sec) (in sec)

Pretest
Mean 28.8125 28.6250 28.7500 B.M 0.292 2 .146
0.040
SD(±) 1.83371 1.85742 2.01660 W.G 163.188 45 3.626
Post test
Mean 33.1875 33.7500 28.7500 B.M 240.042 2 120.021 24.725*
SD(±) 2.22767 2.11345 2.26569 W.G 218.438 45 4.854
Adjusted
Post test
B.S 243.713 2 121.857
Mean 33.126 33.827 28.735 41.211*
W.S 130.104 44 2.957

TABLE – 4.16
BREATH HOLDING TIME

combined with yogic
group)
practice)

33.126 28.735 4.392*

33.827 28.735 5.092*
1.538159
33.126 33.827 0.700

PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES
The analysis of covariance on the obtained scores in pre, post and
adjusted post-test of the experimental groups ‘A’ & ‘B’ and control group for
psychological variables namely sports competitive anxiety, somatic anxiety,
cognitive anxiety, self confidence and sports achievement motivation have
been presented from table No.4.17 to 4.26
Table No.4.17
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR THE PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST ON SPORTS COMPETITIVE ANXIETY OF
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

(Scores) (Scores) (Scores)
Pretest
Mean 21.1250 21.5000 21.9375 B.M 5.292 2 2.646
0.318
SD(±) 1.82117 3.16228 3.41504 W.G 374.687 45 8.326
Post test
Mean 19.0625 16.8125 21.0625 B.M 144.667 2 72.333
14.910*
SD(±) 1.65202 1.68201 2.99931 W.G 218.313 45 4.851
Adjusted
B.S 128.079 2 64.039
Post test 19.456 17.264 20.780 51.316*
W.S 54.909 44 1.248
Mean

TABLE – 4.18
MEANS ON SPORTS COMPETITIVE ANXIETY TEST

Experimental
Experimental
Group-‘B’

19.456 20.780 1.325*

17.264 20.780 3.516* 0.9992

19.456 17.264 2.191*

TABLE – 4.19
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED POST TEST ON
SOMATIC ANXIETY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

Pretest
Mean 24.4375 24.9375 25.1875 B.M 4.667 2 2.333
0.180
SD(±) 3.366913 2.86284 4.15080 W.G 583.313 45 12.963
Post test
Mean 20.0625 19.9375 24.9375 B.M 260.167 2 130.083
11.460*
SD(±) 3.19309 3.17214 3.71427 W.G 510.813 45 11.351
Adjusted
Post test B.S 218.150 2 109.075
20.423 19.865 24.649 64.722*
Mean W.S 74.152 44 1.685

TABLE – 4.20
SOMATIC ANXIETY

Experimental
Experimental Group-‘B’
Group-‘A’ (Field training Control Group MD CI
(Field training group) combined with yogic
practice)

20.423 24.649 4.226*

19.865 24.649 4.784*
1.161

20.423 19.865 0.588

TABLE – 4.21
COGNITIVE ANXIETY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

Experimental Experimental Control Source
Sum of Mean
Test Group-‘A’ Group-‘B’ Group of df ‘F’ ratio
square square
(Scores) (Scores) (Scores) variance
Pretest
Mean 26.7500 26.7500 27.2500 B.M 2.667 2 1.333
0.186
SD(±) 2.67083 2.3909 2.62043 W.G 323.00 45 7.178
Post test
Mean 22.5625 21.6875 27.3125 B.M 293.167 2 146.583
23.324*
SD(±) 2.70724 2.21265 2.57472 W.G 282.813 45 6.285
Adjusted
B.S 254.862 2 132.431
Post test 22.675 21.800 27.087 41.636*
W.S 134.665 44 3.061
Mean

TABLE – 4.22
COGNITIVE ANXIETY

Experimental
Experimental
Group-‘A’ MD CI

22.675 27.087 4.411*

21.800 27.087 5.286* 1.565

22.675 21.800 0.875

Table No.4.23
SELF CONFIDENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

Experimental Experimental Control Group Source of Sum of Mean
(Scores) variance square square
(Scores) (Scores)

Pretest
Mean
22.4375 22.1250 22.0625 B.M 1.292 2 0.646 0.249
SD(±)
1.50416 1.70783 1.61116 W.G 116.625 45 2.592
Post test
Mean 24.3750 26.9375 22.0625 B.M 345.792 2 172.896
SD(±) 57.981*
1.31022 1.70783 1.61116 W.G 134.188 45 2.982
Adjusted
Post test B.S 348.331 2 175.165
Mean 24.185 28.819 22.433 141.294*
W.S 54.236 44 1.233

TABLE – 4.24
SELF CONFIDENCE

combined with yogic
group)
practice)

24.185 22.433 1.752*

28.819 22.433 6.386*
0.993

24.185 28.819 4.634*

Table No.4.25
SPORTS ACHIEVMENT MOTIVATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

Experimental Experimental Control Group Source of Sum of Mean
(Scores) variance square square
(Scores) (Scores)
Pretest
Mean 26.8750 26.7500 26.1250 B.M 5.167 2 2.583 0.389
SD(±) 2.62998 2.29492 2.77789 W.G 298.500 45 6.633
Post test
Mean 28.3750 29.2500 25.7500 B.M 106.167 2 53.083 9.340*
SD(±) 23.3452 1.77012 2.90975 W.G 255.750 45 5.683
Adjusted
Post test B.S 77.029 2 38.514
28.168 29.131 26.076 16.166*
Mean W.S 104.829 44 2.382

TABLE – 4.26
SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

combined with yogic
group)
practice)

28.168 26.076 2.092*

29.131 26.076 3.056* 1.380

28.168 29.131 0.964

PERFORMANCE VARIABLE
The analysis of covariance on the subjective rating scores of
Cricket playing ability in pre, post and adjusted post test of the
experimental group ‘A’ & ‘B’ and control group for performance variables
have been presented in the table – 4.27 & 4.28
Table No.4.27
CRICKET PLAYING ABILITY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

Pretest
Mean 5.2656 5.2938 5.2313 B.M 0.031 2 0.016
SD(±) 0.97634 1.07856 1.09831 W.G 49.842 45 1.108 0.016
Post test
Mean 6.1781 7.5063 5.3063 B.M 39.275 2 19.638
SD(±) 0.97707 0.78885 1.03245 W.G 39.644 45 0.881 22.291*
Adjusted
Post test B.S 28.159 2 14.079
6.177 7.483 5.331 53.668*
Mean W.S 11.543 44 .262

TABLE – 4.28
CRICKET PLAYING ABILITY

combined with yogic
group)
practice)

6.177 5.331 0.845*

7.483 5.331 2.152*
0.458

6.177 7.483 1.306*

DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS
The results of the study indicated that the experimental
groups namely field training and field training combined with
yogic practice had significantly influenced on the performance
of the selected variables such as speed, endurance, explosive
strength, flexibility, resting heart rate, aerobic power, anaerobic
power, breath holding time, sports competitive anxiety test,
competitive state anxiety - cognitive, somatic, self confidence
and Cricket playing ability as both experimental groups had
undergone systematic training over 12 weeks duration. The
control group had not shown significant improvement on any of
the selected variables as they have not subjected to any of the
specific training / conditioning similar to that of experimental
groups. Hence it is understood that the selected training means
had influenced on the criterion variables.

Physical fitness components
The result of the study indicate that the field training with
and without yogic practice showed significant improvement on
performance level in all the selected physical fitness components
when compared with control group. Hence, twelve weeks training
with and without yogic practices showed considerable
improvement in speed, endurance, explosive strength and flexibility
among Cricket players in experimental groups. At the same time
when the two experimental groups were compared, the field
training with yogic practice group showed significant improvement
in flexibility than the other variables. Only marginal improvement
was observed in speed, endurance and explosive strength with no
statistical significance. So, the effect of twelve week field training
with yogic practice was much greater than that of field training
among Cricketers. The results of the study are in conformity with
the findings of Couture et.al (1994), Weinberg et.al (1980),
Kalidasan (1998), Mohan (1999) and Samsudeen (2011).

Physiological variables
The findings also reveal that the control group does not
show any significant difference on any of the selected
physiological variables. The results indicate that there was a
significant decrease in the resting heart rate among
experimental groups’ Cricket players, this may due to the
training effects of field training and yogic practices. The results
also reveal that aerobic power and anaerobic power showed
that there was significant change due to field training and field
training combined with yogic practices among experimental
groups. Field training combined with yogic practice group
showed slight improvement than the field training group
among the Cricket players. However no significant change was
observed in any of the selected variables among experimental
groups. These results are by and large in conformity with the
results of Telles, et.al (2004), Rajkumar (2007) and Rani (2009).

Performance variables

The result indicates that the control group does not show
any significant difference on any of the selected skill performance
variables. The results of playing ability had shown significant
improvement due to training effects of field training and field
training combined with yogic practices. The effect of the yogic
practice was much greater than field training on playing ability
among the Cricket players. The results of this investigation are also
supported by the following Rajkumar (2007), Balaji (2008),
Manickam (2009) and Sisodiya, Amansigh (2005).

From the investigation it is also indicated that field training, field training
combined with yogic practice and the control groups had significantly deferred
after the training period of 12 weeks on the selected variables. The
experimental groups were found to be superior to the control group on all
selected variables. It implies that the both the experimental groups had
developed the selected dependent variables due to the influence of the training
means. When both the experimental groups are compared with each other the
field training combined with yogic practice method was found to be better than
the field training group on the development of the dependent variables such as
speed, endurance, explosive strength, flexibility, resting heart rate, aerobic
power, anaerobic power, sport competitive anxiety test, competitive state
anxiety - cognitive, somatic, and self confidence, batting, bowling and fielding in
Cricket. Proper yogic practice training has been potential to increase physical,
physiological, psychological and Cricket performance factors that yogic practices
should therefore be an integral part of all Cricket training.

From the above literature, it is clearly understood that
the yogic practice must be practiced regularly under good
supervisor. Hence it is concluded that the systematically
designed programme of field training and yogic practice
method may be incorporated in the preparation of Cricket
players primarily to increase the physical, physiological,
psychological and performance parameters and also from
avoiding premature injuries.

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESES
In the first hypothesis, it was mentioned that there
would be a significant improvement on the selected
physical, physiological, psychological and
performance factors among Cricket players due to the
influence of field training with and without yogic
practice package. The present study produced similar
results. Hence the first research hypothesis of the
investigator was accepted.
In the second hypothesis, it was mentioned that
there would be significant difference between the
experimental groups on selected physical,
physiological, psychological and performance factors
after training period. The findings of the study were
mixed. Therefore the second research hypothesis
was partially accepted and partially rejected.

Psychological variables
The statistical analysis also shows that the control group
does not show any significant difference on any of the selected
psychological variables. The results of sports competitive
anxiety test, somatic and cognitive had shown that there was a
decreased level due to training effects of field training and field
training combined with yogic practices. The trends on self
confidence level showed improvement among the experimental
groups. There is numerous numbers of reasons to get such
results. The effect of the yogic practice was much greater than
field training on all the selected psychological factors among the
Cricket players. The results of this investigation are also
supported by the following Chandrasekaran (1999), Ram (2000)
and Padmadevi (2007).

CONCLUSIONS
From the analysis of the data, the following
conclusions were drawn,
1. The control group had not shown significant
changes in any of the selected variables.

2. The field training with and without yogic practice
group had shown significant improvement in all
the selected physical fitness variables among
Cricket players.

3. The field training with and without yogic practice
group had shown significant changes in all
selected physiological and psychological variables
among Cricket players.

4.The field training with and without yogic
practice group had shown a significant
improvement in all the selected performance
variables among the Cricket players.
5.The field training combined with yogic
practice group was better than the field
training group on all selected parameters
among the Cricket players. However the
significant difference was observed only on
flexibility, Sports competitive anxiety, Self
confidence, Cricket playing ability.

Recommendations for Implementation
1. The results of this study clearly indicate that field training
combined with yogic practice could enhance the
performance level in all the selected physical, physiological,
psychological and performance variables among the Cricket
players. Hence, it is recommended that coaches and physical
educators in the game of Cricket should include Yogic
packages in their schedules.

2. It is also recommended that a Cricket team at any level
should have a yoga expert to train the players for
enhancing their performance.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE
RESEARCH
1. A similar study may be conducted on players
of Indian Cricket team to assess their level in
the selected variables.
2. A similar study may be conducted on
different games and sports.
3. A similar study may be conducted in greater
detail to assess changes on biochemical
variables.

APPENDIX-II
• YOGIC PACKAGE • Pranayama
ASANAS •Bhastrika
•Kapalabhati
•Baudhakonasana •Nadhisudhi
•Pawana muktasana
•Bhujangasana •Bhramari
•Dhanurasana
•Sarvangasana
•Matsyasana Meditation
•Pascimottasana •Om chanuting
•Ustrasana
•Vakrasana •Brumadhya Trataka
•Gomukhasana
•Padhahastana
•Ardha chakarasana Training Details of Yogic Practice
•Parivrtta trikonasana
•Virabhadrasana •Duration of the training-12 weeks
•Utkatasana •Number of days per week- 5 Days
•Bakasana
•Savasana •Duration of session- 45 Minutes

APPENDIX-III
RATING SCALE FOR EVALUATION OF CRICKET PLAYING ABILITY
Name of the subject: ______________________ Date of Birth: __________
Height :_________________ Weight: __________________

BATTING
1.Footwork and Co-ordination 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2.Ability to middle the ball with bat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.Ability to time and pace the ball 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4.Ability to defend and attack 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5.Wide range of stroke/improvisation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

BOWLING
1.Ability to swing/cut/spin the ball 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2.Consistency in line and length 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.Accuracy and nip of the bowler 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4. Wide range of variation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5.Tactics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FIELDING/WICKET KEEPING
1.Consistency in catching /collecting
the ball 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2.Accuracy in throwing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.Speed in throws 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4.Ability to stop the ball/stumping 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5.Sliding/Diving 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

GUIDELINES TO JUDGES IN SCORING PLAYING ABILITY

• Each category of Cricket playing ability should be graded separately.
• The point grading the playing ability in each row should be encircled by the
Judge.
• The scores in Cricket playing ability will be calculated in the following
procedure.
a) For Batsman
The total scores in batting and fielding / wicket keeping are added
together and divided by ten to get an individual score out of ten.
b) For Bowler
The total scores in bowling and fielding / wicket keeping are added
together and divided by ten to get an individual score out of ten.
c) For all rounder
The total scores in batting and bowling and fielding are added
together and divided by fifteen to get an individual score out of ten.

Impact of Field Training and Yoga on Cricket Players' Performance

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Impact of Field Training and Yoga on Cricket Players' Performance

Similar to Impact of Field Training and Yoga on Cricket Players' Performance (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Impact of Field Training and Yoga on Cricket Players' Performance