3. Structural Organization
Atoms
Molecules
Organ
Cells
Tissues Systems
Organism
At simplest level all living beings are made up of atoms such as O,N,C,& P. When
atoms are grouped they form molecules like water, salt, fats, proteins, sugars.
Molecules associates to form the organization called cells. There are different types
of cells. We say cells are the functional unit of the body. Cells are unified into units
called as tissues. Similar type of tissues are organized in functional unit called
organs and organs work together in a unit called system. Thus we see the
organizational unit of cell and increasing with complexity– this is the process of
physiology.
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4. Cells
Cells: Building Blocks of Our Body
Membrane
Fat
Holds Cell Together
Separates Cells
Cell membrane is the outer most component of the cell. This membrane is made up
of proteins & fats. It does not allow the unwanted material to get in and the required
material to g out. Thus acts like a guard.
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5. Cells
Cells: Building Blocks of Our Body
Passive Diffusion
Active Transport
Most materials get into the membrane by two methods.
1--- Passive diffusion
2--- Active transport.
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6. Cytoplasm
Liquid Inside "Cell Membrane"
Organelles "Tiny Organs"
Mitochondria
Endoplasm
Lysosomes
Cytoplasm is found in the inner part of the cell. Organelles are found in cytoplasm
which perform different functions.
Mitochondria- The power houses of the cell.
Endoplasm- Converts the amino acids into proteins
Lysosomes- Its main function is to collect the cell waste & remove it.
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7. Nucleus
Brain of Cell
DNA
Ribosomes "RNA"
Protein Synthesis
Nucleus contains chromosomes, GENES, DNA & RNA. It contains the information
of our physical characteristics.
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8. Energy
Food = Energy
ATP = Energy
Mitochondria
The energy is produced from food that we eat. Mitochondria is responsible for
producing energy that cells need.
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9. Metabolism
Anabolic - small large
Amino Acids Proteins
Uses ATP
Catabolic Fat Acetyl CoA ATP
Proteins Amino Acids
Make ATP
The food releases energy through a series of chemical reaction through a process
called METABOLISM.
Metabolism is of two types--- Anabolism & Catabolism.
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10. Fat
Anabolic - Triglycerides
Fat
Catabolic - Fat Acetyl
CoA ATP
In case of catabolism (catabolic metabolism) the large complex chemicals are
broken down into smaller chemicals which releases energy and then stored as ATP.
The main site of catabolism is mitochondria and ATP’s are stored here.
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11. Protein
Anabolic - Amino Acids Protein
Catabolic - Protein Amino Acids
Essential Amino Acids
Non-Essential Amino Acids
12. Sugar
Anabolic - Sugar Glycogen
Catabolic - Glycogen Sugar
ATP
Glycogen is a complex molecule consisting of many glucose units. Its main site of
storage is liver.
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14. Digestive System
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
21 ft long
Large intestine –
5 Ft long
Appendix
Digestion of food starts from mouth. It has to pass through various organs of our
body where it is acted upon number of digestive juices and enzymes before it is
assimilated in the body.
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15. Digestive System
Digestion: Breaking Complex
Food Into Smaller Particles
Mouth
Teeth
Breakdown Food
Chewing breaks down the cellulose envelope and make starch and sugar available
for subsequent digestion.
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16. Digestive System
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary
gland
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Saliva contains a starch splitting enzyme (ptyalin) which converts starch into dextrin
and liberates some maltose. This food is passed by the epiglottis and enters into the
esophagus and then to stomach.
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17. Digestive System
Tongue
Propels Food
Taste Buds (Sweet, Sour Salt)
Salivary Glands (Saliva)
Moisten Food
Begin Digestion - Starch
Tonsils
Part of Immune System
18. Digestive System
Epiglottis
Muscles to Prevent Food
Entering Lungs
Directs Food to Esophagus
and Blocks Trachea
Coughing
Esophagus
Muscular Tube to Stomach
Epiglottis is a muscular piece of tissue that blocks food from going into our lungs
when we swallow food.
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19. Digestive System
Stomach
Sphincter-Muscle Closes Stomach
Reflux
Churns Food-Chyme
Mixes With Acid and Pepsin
Mucus Protects Stomach
Intrinsic Factor
Esophageal sphincter separates the esophagus from stomach. This keeps the
content of the stomach from going back into the esophagus.
The stomach churns the food into a liquid called chyme. At this stage the stomach
produces acid, mucus & pepsin.
Acid– important for the digestion of the food.
Mucus– protects the stomach from eating itself up.
Pepsin– important in the digestion of proteins.
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20. Digestive System
Stomach
Vomiting
Reflex
Bulimia - Esophagus, Teeth
Ulcers
Gastrectomy
When the peristaltic movement occurs in opposite direction it is said to be reflux or
regurgitation, i.e; removing of food from stomach back to esophagus and mouth. If it
occurs too frequently it can be damaging to the esophagus or mouth.
Bulimia--- Forced vomiting done to loose weight---- this can severely damage both
the esophagus and teeth.
Gastrectomy----- removal of some part of the stomach due to some reason. In such
case stomach cannot hold much of food and produce chyme and digestion is also
not as good as it should be.
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21.
22.
23. Digestive System
Accessory Organs
Liver - Largest Organ
Metabolism Liver Stomach
Bile Production
Vitamin Storage
Remove Chemicals
Cholesterol Production
Essential for Life
Liver is the largest organ in our body. It is also called the master organ. It plays an
important role in the absorption of fats, vitamins, production of bile-salts, proteins
such as albumin, globulin and synthesis of cholesterol.
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24. Digestive System
Accessory Organs
Pancreas – 5 inches long Pancreas
Digestion
Blood Sugar Levels
Diabetes - Type I and Type II
Duodenum
Its main role is the regulation of blood sugar by producing insulin in the body. It
produces number of enzymes which helps to digest the food efficiently.
Insulin is a hormone. Lack of insulin results in a disease called Diabetes. There are
two types of diabetes---- type I & type II.
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25. Urinary System
Kidney Urinary Ducts
Urinary Bladder
Filtration System Kidney
Urine
Chemical Waste Urinary
Salts duct
Water
Bladder
The primary function of the urinary system is the regulation of water and minerals in
the body. The kidneys are been shaped which acts as a filter of our body. First
water and minerals are taken out of the nephron and sent back into the blood. The
unwanted chemicals, water & salts are excreted out as urine. We produces about
1500 ml of urine every day.
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26. Urinary System
More Sweat = Less Urine
Kidney Plays Role in Blood Pressure
Urine Production Blood Pressure
Salt Balance
Chemicals Metabolized in Liver
Excreted in Kidney
When we sweat more kidneys respond by producing less urine and reabsorbing
more water and minerals. When a person has high BP, increasing water excretion
can decrease the BP by the kidneys. As the kidneys produces more urine, more
water is removed from the body and BP will go down.
When we take drugs or are exposed to chemicals our body must get rid of them. In
that case liver and kidneys usually work together. The chemicals first go to liver
where it is processed and then sent to the kidneys to be excreted.
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27. Respiration
Nose Trachea Bronchioles
Lungs
Nose nasal area
Filter
Warm trachea
Moisten
lungs
The process of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere
and the body cells during inspiration and expiration is called respiration. Respiratory
system consists of nose, trachea, bronchioles and lungs.
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28. Respiration
Nose Trachea Bronchioles
Lungs
Trachea
Stiff Tubes pharynx
Larynx larynx
Bronchioles
Tubes to Lungs
trachea
Cilia
Mucus
Pharynx connects the nasal passage with the larynx. Larynx has tonsils in it, which
filters out bacteria in the air and removing them before they get into the body. At the
end of the tube the larynx divide into two tubes--- the trachea and esophagus which
has epiglottis that works like a lid.
The trachea is a stiff tube that runs from the pharynx to the bronchia. Trachea is
connected to bronchioles. These bronchioles separate and deliver air to each lung.
Lining the bronchioles are mucus coated flaps of skin called cilia. Their function is to
trap particles before they reach the alveolus.
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29. Respiration
Nose Trachea Bronchioles
Lungs
Alveoli
Gas Exchange
Surface Area
Inhalation/Exhalation
Brain
Gas Exchange
Surface Area
Lungs has tremendous surface area equivalent to a tennis court. The lung functions
as a gas exchange process. The exchange of gases takes place in alveolar sacs.
The exchange of atmospheric oxygen with the carbon dioxide of the body cell
occurs during inhalation and exhalation.
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30. Respiration
Nose Trachea Bronchioles
Lungs
Hemoglobin
Protein
Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide
The oxygen that enters the lungs are taken up by the hemoglobin, trapped inside
the RBC in the blood. Oxygen is required for cellular metabolism which releases
energy for cellular activities. As the cell produces the energy it also produce carbon
dioxide that must be removed from the body. The blood carries this carbon dioxide
to the lungs from where it is removed
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31.
32. Cardiovascular System
Body Left Heart Lungs Right Heart
Body
Artria Contract Ventricles Contract
Heart Rhythm Pacemaker
60-80 Beats/Minute
33. Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Blood from Heart
Muscular
Systole/Diastole
Blood pressure (Pulse)
Feel Your Wrist
Capillaries
Tiny (Feed Body)
Blood leaves the heart in a series of vessels called the arteries and returns to the
heart in a series of vessels called the veins. Blood leaves the heart through aorta
which divides further into smaller and smaller blood vessels till they form capillaries.
Arteries and arterioles have smooth muscles around them which give them
elasticity. When heart contract the blood is forced out into the arteries (systole) and
the arteries expand. When the heart relaxes (diastole) the blood stops entering the
vessels by the blood vessels relax.
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34. Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels
Venuoles
Tiny (Take Blood to Veins)
Veins
Blood to Heart
Little Muscle
Smooth Blood Flow
The capillaries of the arterial system join with the smallest vessels of the venous
system called venules. These venules give rise to veins which bring back
deoxygenated blood back to heart. The venous system has much less muscles &
less pulsing pressure compared to the arterial system. Blood also flows smoothly in
veins as the pulsing pressure is less.
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35. Cardiovascular System
Blood Pressure 120/80 mmHg
Heart Pump
Blood Vessels
Amount of Blood
Need to Move Blood
Too Much Bad Hypertension
Too Little Bad Hypotension
The pressure of the blood with in the arteries primarily maintained by the contraction
of the left ventricle of the heart. When we measure the BP we get two values the
systolic and the diastolic blood pressure. When the heart contract we get systolic
pressure & and when the heart relax we get diastolic pressure.
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36. Cardiovascular System
Blood Red Cells/White Cells/Plasma
Red Cells -
Hemoglobin/Oxygen
Lungs
Metabolism + Oxygen
Metabolism and Carbon
Dioxide
Anemia
Blood is a liquid which contains RBC, WBC, Platelets, Plasma, oxygen etc. The
hemoglobin of the RBC is responsible of carrying oxygen to tissues. The lower
count of hemoglobin results in anemia. As the blood travels through out the body
the level of oxygen falls & as the blood goes to the lungs oxygen is left very little.
When this deoxygenated blood goes through lungs again oxygen binds back to the
hemoglobin.
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37. Cardiovascular System
Blood Red Cells/White Cells/Plasma
White Cells
Immunity
Infection
Platelets
Blood Clot
White cells are members of our immune system & protect us from infections before
they cause disease.
Platelets are important for our survival. It helps in the clotting of blood. If there is any
cut, platelets accumulate at the cut and plug it.
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38. Cardiovascular System
Blood Red Cells/White Cells/Plasma
Plasma - Liquid
Proteins
Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood. It constitute about 55% of the total blood
volume. Plasma is a solution of water, proteins, sugar, salts, hormones and
vitamins.
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40. Nervous System
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
These are the two major divisions of nervous system,
CNS– The brain and spinal cord.
PNS--- 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
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41. Nervous System
Brain Spinal Cord Nerves
Nerves Spinal Cord Brain
Coordinates Body Actions +
Functions
Processes Information
External
Internal
The spinal cord serves as a coordinating center for reflexes and connects the PNS
with the CNS.
The brain is the primary center for regulating and coordinating body activities. In an
adult it weighs about 3 pounds and has many different parts performing different
functions.
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42. Nervous System
CNS
Spinal Cord
Gray Matter
White Matter
Meninges
Backbone
Spinal nerves come from the top and the bottom of the spinal cord. The top nerves
controls our senses and the bottom nerves controls our muscle actions. White &
gray matter are the two regions. Spinal cord and the brain are covered by 3 layers
called meninges.
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43. Nervous System
CNS
Connects PNS with Brain
Coordinates Reflexes
Spinal Nerves
Senses
Movement
Spinal nerves come from the top and the bottom of the spinal cord. The top nerves
controls our senses and the bottom nerves controls our muscle actions.
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44. Nervous System
Brain
Computer
Coordinates + Processes All
Information
Prepares + Coordinates Responses
Gray Matter/White Matter
Brain– Site of consciousness, sensation, memory and coordination. It receives the
information from the spinal cord and cranial nerves and prepares a response to the
information. The brain can also formulate a plan of action without the external
stimulus. The outer portion of the brain has gray matter and the inner portion has
white matter.
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45. Nervous System
Brain
Cerebrum (Memory, Reasoning,
Intelligence, Personality, Senses, Logic)
Cerebellum (Physical Activity)
Brain Stem
Brain Cord
Cord Brain
These are the 3 major portions of the brain.
Cerebrum-- is the largest part. It is the center of reasoning and memory and defines
a persons intelligence and personality. It also controls all five senses, muscle
action, learning, logic, creativity.
Cerebellum– is a large mass of gray and white tissues that serves as the
coordinating center for motor activity.
Brain stem– connects the cerebrum with spinal cord. Brain stem is a complex of
several smaller parts such as pons & medulla oblongata.
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46. Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Autonomic Nervous System
We Do Not Control This System
Sympathetic/Parasympathetic
Blood Pressure
Digestion
Intestines
Lungs
"Fight or Flight"
PNS stands for peripheral nervous system and is sub-divided into two components--
----1- Autonomic nervous system. 2- Sensory somatic nervous system.
ANS- We have no control over this system. ANS has two sub units sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system function is to
maintain our ability to have an effective fight or flight response, while
parasympathatic nervous system serves to keep our body in calm state.
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47. Nervous System
PNS
Sensory Nerves
(Taste, Smell, Sight, Touch, Hearing)
Somatic Muscle Nerves (Movement)
Sensory nerves carries information from our five sense organs and the responses of
our CNS back to skeletal muscles & the organs in the body. Somatic muscle nerves
(spinal nerves) control much of our skeletal activity.
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48. Musculature
Skeletal Muscles
Movement Connected to Bones
Voluntary
Red Fibers Slow
White Fibers Fast
Everywhere
Somatic Nerves
Muscles connect with bones through tendons. When muscles contract or relax the
bones move and our body moves. We can control the information going to the
skeletal muscles and thus called voluntary muscles.
Skeletal muscles are also called voluntary muscles.
The red muscle fiber contains myoglobin similar to hemoglobin and can work for a
long time without becoming tired.
White fibers respond quickly but tires rapidly.
Somatic nerves cells respond most rapidly to nervous stimulation.
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49. Musculature
Smooth Muscles
Involuntary
Blood Vessels, Visceral organs
Autonomic Nerves
Cardiac Muscles
Heart
Involuntary
Autonomic nerves
Smooth muscles are involuntary . These muscles are most frequently found in
Visceral Organs and Blood vessels.
No conscious control over these muscles. These cells contract and relax in a group
and not as individual cells. These muscles make the heart work as a pump.
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50. Musculature
Consume ATP to do Work
Need Calcium, Sodium, Potassium
For contraction and relaxation of muscles they need energy, ATP and certain
minerals like Ca, K for proper muscle function.
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51. Integumentary System
Skin
Epidermis (Barrier)
Dermis (Blood, Muscles, Connection)
Barrier
Infection
Waterproof
Mechanical
This system is made up of skin, hair, nails and glands.
Epidermis is the outer layer, tightly packed cells and no blood vessels.
Dermis is the second layer and has blood vessels
Skin serves the barrier in three ways.
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52. Integumentary System
Pigment
Protect Against
Sunlight
Heat Regulation
Sweating
Blood Flow
Melanin is a skin pigment that protects our skin from sunlight.
Skin allows us to lose heat from our body by sweating & evaporation & from blood
by dilating blood vessels close to skin surface.
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53. Integumentary System
Vitamin D from Sunlight
Touch
Pain
Pressure
Heat
Nerve Fibers
Synthesizing vit.D from sunlight is one of the important function of the skin. Skin is a
sense organ that tells us about pressure, touch, pain, heat and send the information
to the CNS for the body to respond.
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