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1. Skeleton
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2.  Introduction
 Skeleton
 Types of skeleton
 Function of skeleton
 Bones
 Types of bones
 Distribution of bones
 Joints
 Types of joints
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3.  The average human adult skeleton has
206 bones joined to ligaments and
tendons
 Forms a protective and supportive
framework for the attached muscles and
the soft tissues which underlie it.
 Minor differences between male and
female skeletons: men's bones tend to be
larger and heavier than corresponding
women's bones, and a woman's pelvic
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4.  There are two types of skeleton
 Axial skeleton
 Skull
 Thorasic girdle
 Vertebral column
 Appendicular skeleton
 Shoulder girdle and upper limb
 Pelvic girdle and lower limb
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5.  movement by providing a series of
independently movable levers, which the
muscles can pull to move different parts of
the body
 It supports and protects the internal body
organs
 It is an efficient factory which produces red
blood cells from the bone marrow of certain
bones and white cells from the marrow of
other bones
 The bones are also a storehouse for minerals
- calcium, for example - which can be
supplied to other parts of the body
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7. Vertebral columnThe phalanges of
the hand
 proximal phalanges (5 × 2=10)
 intermediate phalanges
 The spinal vertebrae of the vertebral column (26
bones)
› The cervical vertebrae (7)
› The thoracic vertebrae (12)
› The lumbar vertebrae (5)
› The sacral vertebrae(5 at birth, later fused into one)
› The coccygeal vertebrae (4 at birth, later fused into
one)
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8. Chest
 The sternum(1)
 The rib (24, in 12 pairs), including:
› (7) pairs called "true ribs" directly
attached to the sternum (1st-7th pairs)
› (3) pairs (8th,9th and 10th pairs), also
known as false ribs are attached
anteriorly to each other and to the 7th
rib by cartilages and synovial joints
› (2) pairs of floating ribs (11th and 12th
pairs), have no anterior attachment.
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9.  The skull (1)
› The cranial bones (8)
 The occipital bone
 The parietal bones (2)
 The frontal bone
 The temporal bones (2)
 The sphenoid bone (sometimes counted as
facial)
 The ethmoid bone (sometimes counted as
facial)
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10. › The facial bones (15)
 The nasal bones (2)
 The maxillae (upper jaw) (2)
 The lacrimal bone (2)
 The zygomatic bone (2)
 The palatine bone (2)
 The inferior nasal concha (2)
 The vomer
 The mandible (lower jaw)
 The hyoid bone (sometimes not counted
as facial)
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11. In the middle ears (3 x
2=6)
›malleus (2)
›incus(2)
›stapes (2)
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12.  The clavicle
 The scapula
Arm
 The bones of the upper arm (6 bones, 3
each side)
› The humerus
› The ulna
› The radius
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13.  The hand (54 bones, 27 in each hand)
› The carpals
 scaphoid bone (2)
 lunate bone (2)
 triquetrum bone (2)
 pisiform bone (2)
 trapezium (2)
 trapezoid bone (2)
 capitate bone (2)
 hamate bone (2)
› The metacarpals (5 × 2=10)
 (4 × 2=8)
 distal phalanges (5 × 2
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14.  The hip bone, comprising the
fused ilium, ischium, and pubis (2)
› The sacrum and the coccyx attach to the two hip
bones to form the pelvis
 The femur
 The patella or knee cap
 The tibia
 The fibula
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15.  The foot (52 bones in total, 26 per foot)
› The tarsus
 calcaneus or heel bone (2)
 talus (2)
 navicular bone (2)
 medial cuneiform bone (2)
 intermediate cuneiform bone (2)
 lateral cuneiform bone (2)
 cuboid bone (2)
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16. › The metatarsals
› The phalanges of the foot
proximal phalanges (5 × 2=10)
intermediate phalanges (4 x 2=
8)
distal phalanges (5 x 2=10)
The sesamoid bones
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17.  Joints are sturdy enough to hold the
skeleton together while permitting a range of
motions.
 Joints are lubricated by "synovial" fluid.
 The ends of these joints are coated with
articular (or hyaline) cartilage, which
reduces friction and cushions against jolts.
 Between the bones, in a narrow space, is the
joint "cavity," which gives us freedom of
movement.
 Ligaments then bind these bones to prevent
dislocations and limit the joint's movement
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18.  class of join tmobility stability examples from the skeleton
 diagram
 Fibrous No movement
 Most stable
 Joints between the bones of the skull and between the fused
bones of the sacrum and coccyx
 Cartilaginous Little movement
 StableJoints between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the
cervical, thoracic and part of the lumbar spine
 Synovial Free movement
 Least stable
 Joints between the bones of the arms and legs
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Joint Types
Ball and Socket
• The greatest range
of joint movement is
provided by a "ball-
and- socket" joint, in
which the spherical
head of one bone
lodges in the
spherical cavity of
another

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Hinge
• The simplest type of
joint is the "hinge,"
as found in the
elbows and the
joints of the fingers
and toes.
• Hinge joints allow
movement in only
one direction.
Elbow

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Pivot
• A pivot joint allows
two bones to move in
a rotational motion by
twisting against each
other
• The radio-ulnar joint
in the elbow, or
atlas/axis in the neck
do this

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Gliding
• Gliding" joints permit a
wide range of mostly
sideways movements -
as well as movements in
one direction
• The bones in the wrists
and ankles slide against
each other in a gliding
motion
• The spine is a series of
gliding joints
•