Senior Biology - Multi-Cellular Organisms - For additional resources visit: http://www.iheartscience.net

1. Multi-Cellular Organisms
Sarah Jones
http://raveshades.com/wp

2. Organs and their Function
Organs perform functions necessary for us to
stay alive OR they contribute to our wellbeing.
www.uncommongoods.com

3. BONES - The bones provide 5 functions. They
protect other vital organs. Support the body in
an upright position. They are attached to
muscles to help provide movement of the body.
Bone marrow produces blood and stores salt.
http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255w03/cs255students/nsovey/p4/facts2.html
mollybolder.blogspot.com

4. BRAIN - The brain is the master control centre of
the body. It receives information through the
senses from inside and outside of the body. It
analyses this information then sends messages
to the body that controls its functions and
actions.
EARS - The ear converts sound which enters the
ear canal, from mechanical vibrations into
electrical signals that the brain interprets. The
ear also contains a fluid that is vital for balance.

5. www.bbc.co.uk

6. www.bbc.co.uk

7. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - The endocrine system is a
collection of glands that secrete chemical
messages called hormones.
EPITHELAIL TISSUE - Membranous tissue
composed of one or more layers of cells forming
the covering of most internal and external
surfaces of the body and its organs.
EYES - The eyes collect light and then sends a
message to the brain for integration.

9. GALL BLADDER - A small, pear-shaped muscular
sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in
which bile secreted by the liver is stored until
needed by the body for digestion.
HEART - The chambered muscular organ that
pumps blood received from the veins into the
arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood
through the entire circulatory system to supply
oxygen to the body.

11. KIDNEYS - A pair of organs functioning to
maintain proper water and electrolyte balance,
regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the
blood of metabolic wastes, which are then
excreted as urine.
LARGE INTESTINES - Beginning with the cecum
and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum
and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture
from food residues which are later excreted as
faeces.

12. www.interactive-biology.com

13. LIVER - A large, reddish-brown, organ located in
the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity
that secretes bile and is active in the formation
of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism
of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
LUNGS – Two spongy, saclike respiratory organs
in most vertebrates, occupying the chest cavity
together with the heart and functioning to
remove carbon dioxide from the blood and
provide it with oxygen.

15. MUSCLES - A tissue composed of fibres capable
of contracting to effect bodily movement.
NERVOUS SYSTEM - The system of cells, tissues,
and organs that regulates the body's responses
to internal and external stimuli.

16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg

17. NOSE – Contains the nostrils and organs of smell
and forms the beginning of the respiratory tract.
PANCREAS - A long, irregularly shaped gland in
vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that
secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum
and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the
bloodstream.

18. www.ojmedical.com

19. SKIN - The membranous tissue forming the
external covering or integument of an animal
and consisting of the epidermis and dermis.
SMALL INTERTINES - The upper portion of the
bowel, in which the process of digestion is
practically completed. It is narrow and
contorted, and consists of three parts, the
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skin_layers.svg

21. SPINAL CORD - The thick, whitish cord of nerve
tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata
down through the spinal column and from
which the spinal nerves branch off to various
parts of the body.
STOMACH – One of the principal organs of
digestion, located between the oesophagus and
the small intestine.

22. www.spinalhub.com.au

23. Body Systems
http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Science-Stories/Our-Senses/Body-systems

24. A body system is a collection of parts able to
work together to serve a common purpose –
growth, reproduction and survival.
Each part of a system depends on the other
parts to perform tasks that can’t be achieved
by single parts acting alone.

25. Each individual system works in conjunction
with other systems to improve our chances of
survival by maintaining a stable internal body
environment. This stable environment is known
as homeostasis. http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Science-Stories/Our-Senses/Body-systems

26. Respiratory Systems
www.ibtimes.co.uk

27. Respiratory System
• Your body uses the glucose from the food you
digest as a source of energy.
• Glucose reacts with oxygen to produce energy
– this process is called respiration.
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

28. The dissolved food and oxygen required for
respiration are carried around the body by the
circulatory system.

29. • When you inhale your body is taking in the
oxygen required for respiration.
• When you exhale your body is removing the
waste product of respiration – carbon dioxide.

30. http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system

31. Circulatory System
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• Blood
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel

32. • Oxygen that is required for respiration is
transported to the body's cells.
• Carbon dioxide is carried away from the
body's cells.
esccalbe.blogspot.com

33. The Heart

34. Double Circulation
• Left side of the heart pumps oxygen rich
blood to the body.
• Oxygen poor blood travels from the body to the
rights side of the heart.
• The right side pumps the oxygen poor blood to
the lungs.
• Oxygen rich blood returns to the left side of the
heart.
• Called double circulation because during a single
circuit of the body blood passes through the
heart twice.

35. esccalbe.blogspot.com

36. Digestive System

38. Feature Herbivore Carnivore Nectar Feeder
Major chemical
composition of diet
Complex
carbohydrates
including cellulose
Proteins, fats Simple sugars,
protein
Teeth Large grinding
molars to crush food
Sharp canines and
molars for catching
and holding prey
Few teeth
Time in mouth Chewed for a long
period of time
Rapidly swallowed Rapidly swallowed

39. Feature Herbivore Carnivore Nectar Feeder
Time spent eating Most of the day Short feeding
period
Honey possums can
drink up to 20% of
their body mass in
minutes
Stomach Foregut fermenters
(ruminants e.g.
cattle) have four
chambered
stomach for
breakdown of
cellulose
Small, one
chambered
stomach
Two chambered
stomach, one may
be for nectar
storage
Intestines Hindgut fermenters
have enlarged
caecum for
breakdown of
cellulose
Short and
unspecialised
Large and small
intestines
indistinguishable,
no caecum

40. http://wordpress.as.edu.au/hmcphie/2013/05/22/comparison-of-mammals-digestive-systems/

41. http://healthfavo.com/digestive-system-for-kids.html

42. Physical Digestion
Teeth
– Premolars grind soft food
– Molars grind hard food
– Canines bite and tear
– Incisors cut food

43. Chemical Digestion
• Saliva is an enzyme.
• Enzymes speed up reactions.
• Different enzymes
– Carbohydrases digest carbohydrate
– Proteases digest protein
– Lipases digest fats (lipids)
www.bbc.co.uk

44. • Mouth – teeth, tongue and saliva
• Swallow – food moves to the pharynx (back of
the mouth)
• The epiglottis covers the trachea (to the lungs)
• Food travels to stomach – containing hydrochloric
acid (mucus protects stomach lining)
• Large molecules are digested
to produce small soluble
molecules that can be
absorbed by the blood.

45. • Particles travel from the stomach to the small
intestine.
• Gastric juices are very acidic – mucus and bile
stop the acid from damaging the lining of the
small intestine.
• Bile is produced in the liver.
• The liver, gall bladder, pancreas and small
intestine are all important for fat digestion.

46. • The small intestine is where to absorption of
useful molecules occurs.
• The molecule pass across the lining of the
small intestine and enter the blood stream.

47. • The food that enters the
large intestine (colon) is
waste material and
water.
• The blood reabsorbs the
excess water.
• The waste material
passes to the rectum.
• From here the faeces
passes out through the
anus.

48. Excretory System
• The kidney plays a central
role in homeostasis,
forming and excreting
urine while regulating
water and salt
concentration in the
blood.
• It maintains the precise
balance between waste
disposal and an animal's
needs for water and salt.

49. Ammonia, the nitrogenous
waste product from protein
metabolism in cells, is highly
toxic and needs to be
removed as quickly as
possible or converted to a
less harmful form.

50. Aquatic animals, fish and invertebrates mostly
excrete ammonia. Ammonia is toxic, but can be
released continuously (out of respiratory
structures such as gills) and directly into the
water.

51. On land, however, animals need to conserve
water. By converting ammonia into less toxic
forms, they can hold it for longer in the body
and excrete it periodically.
www.nydailynews.com

52. Internal structure of the kidney
• Mammals have two kidneys.
• Each kidney is made up of about one million
small filtering units called nephrons. It is in
these structures that urine is produced.

53. Nephron

54. museummonger.com

55. The starting point is a Bowman’s capsule, a small
cup-shaped structure situated in the cortex. This
leads to a narrow, convoluted tube which makes
a loop in the medulla back up to the cortex and
then joins a collecting duct or tubule. The
collecting duct transports urine to the pelvis of
the kidney, which leads to the ureter. The
nephrons are surrounded by a dense network of
capillaries.

56. The formation of urine - the kidneys
continuously process an enormous volume of
blood to form a small volume of urine. There are
three processes in the formation of urine:
filtration, reabsorption and secretion.

57. Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction
by which offspring arise from a single parent,
and inherit the genes of that parent only, it is
reproduction which does not involve meiosis,
ploidy reduction or fertilisation.
https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Asexual_reproduction.html
b4fa.org

58. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is characterised by
processes that pass a combination of genetic
material to offspring, resulting in increased
genetic diversity. The two main processes are:
meiosis, involving the halving of the number of
chromosomes; and fertilization, involving the
fusion of two gametes and the restoration of the
original number of chromosomes.
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Sexual_reproduction.html

59. http://csls-text.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/12_01.html

60. The reproductive system in both males and
females consists of structures that produce
reproductive cells, or gametes, and secrete sex
hormones. A gamete is a haploid cell that
combines with another haploid gamete during
fertilization. Sex hormones are chemical
messengers that control sexual development
and reproduction.
http://www.ck12.org/…
firststepskent.org

61. Male Reproductive System
www.scs.sk.ca

62. Female Reproductive System
www.ck12.org