Future of Renewables Cyprus presentation by Dr. Poullikkas in the context of Energy Workshop with specific outlook on Cyprus

1. Future sustainable power
generation technologies
Dr. Andreas Poullikkas
Electricity Authority of Cyprus
Energy Issues facing Cyprus – 14 October 2011, Nicosia, Cyprus 0

2. Contents
• Future energy systems
• Carbon capture and storage
• Nuclear energy
• Renewable energy sources
• Future energy economics
• Conclusions
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3. Future energy systems
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4. Future energy systems
EU energy system today*
(coal, oil, nuclear) (natural gas)
* Poullikkas A., 2009, Introduction to Power Generation Technologies, ISBN: 978-1-60876-472-3
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5. Future energy systems
EU energy system in 2020-30*
(coal, oil, natural gas) (coal, oil, nuclear, natural gas)
* Poullikkas A., 2009, Introduction to Power Generation Technologies, ISBN: 978-1-60876-472-3
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6. Future energy systems
EU energy system in 2040-50*
(coal, nuclear, natural gas) (coal, nuclear, natural gas)
* Poullikkas A., 2009, Introduction to Power Generation Technologies, ISBN: 978-1-60876-472-3
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7. Future energy systems
Today Tomorrow: CCS, RES, DG and
hydrogen storage, smartgrids
Plug in vehicles
Source: EC, 2007. Future power system
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8. Future energy systems
Main ingredients of future
sustainable electric systems
– Large scale integration of renewable
energy sources
– Distributed generation
– Carbon capture and storage
water acid gas
gas removal and
shift cleaning
gas cooling CO2 compression
– Smartgrids steam
turbine
generator
syngas ~
– Electric vehicles
CO/H2
steam
gasifier steam
– Storage devices O2
Air
exhaust
condenser
heat
coal separat.
separat. recovery
– Hydrogen
unit steam pump
generat.
generat.
N2
combustion feed
chamber water
compressor
generator
~
turbine
Development of new sustainable technologies air
inlet
and infrastructure
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9. Carbon Capture and Storage
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10. Carbon capture and storage
Evolution of novel electricity generation technologies aiming to reduce
CO2 emissions combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS)*
!
* Poullikkas A., 2009, Introduction to Power Generation Technologies, ISBN: 978-1-60876-472-3
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11. Carbon capture and storage
generator
Pulverized coal technology steam turbine
~
with CCS*
• Rankine cycle steam
CO2 compression
• Efficiency
– 27-32 % CO2 amine scrubber
condenser
• Capital cost
fuel
– 1894–2578 US$/kW pump
* Hadjipaschalis I., Christou C., Poullikkas A., 2008, feed water
“Assessment of future sustainable power technologies with
carbon capture and storage”, International Journal of
boiler
Emerging Electric Power Systems
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12. Carbon capture and storage
generator
steam
Natural gas combined cycle CO compression turbine ~
2
steam
with post CCS*
CO2 amine
scrubber
• Brayton – Rankine cycle exhaust
condenser
heat
• Efficiency recovery
steam pump
fuel generator
combustion
chamber feed
– 38-45 % water
compressor
generator
• Capital cost ~
– 909–1261 US$/kW turbine
* Hadjipaschalis I., Christou C., Poullikkas A., 2008,
“Assessment of future sustainable power technologies with
air carbon capture and storage”, International Journal of
inlet Emerging Electric Power Systems
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13. Carbon capture and storage
water acid gas
gas removal and
IGCC technology with CCS* shift cleaning
gas cooling CO2 compression
• Emerging technology steam
generator
turbine
syngas ~
CO/H2
• Efficiency steam
gasifier steam
– 29-34 % O2 exhaust
condenser
Air
heat
coal separat. recovery
• Capital cost unit
N2
steam
generat.
pump
combustion feed
chamber water
compressor
– 1414–2270 US$/kW generator
~
* Christou C., Hadjipaschalis I., Poullikkas A., 2008,
“Assessment of Integrated Gasification Combined turbine
Cycle technology competitiveness”, Renewable and air
Sustainable Energy Reviews inlet
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14. Carbon capture and storage
acid gas
water gas removal and
shift cleaning
Natural gas combined gas cooling
CO2 compression
cycle with pre CCS* steam
generator
turbine ~
syngas
• Brayton-Rankine cycle CO/H2
steam
reformer steam
• Efficiency
O2 exhaust
– 40-43 % air
separ.
heat
condenser
recovery
natural unit steam pump
generat.
• Capital cost gas N2
combustion feed
chamber water
compressor
– 1190–1450 US$/kW generator
~
* Poullikkas A., Hadjipaschalis I., Christou C., 2009, turbine
“The cost of integration of zero emission power plants – A air
case study for the island of Cyprus”, Energy Policy inlet
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15. Carbon capture and storage
CO2 emissions
1000
896
CO2 environmental indicator (g/kWh)
900
825
800
700
600
500
403
400
300
200
107 110
100 48 51
0
Pulverized Pulverized IGCC IGCC with
Natural gas Natural gas
Natural gas
coal coal with CCS CCS
combined combined combined
cycle with cycle with pre-cycle
post- combustion
combustion CCS
CCS
* Hadjipaschalis I., Christou C., Poullikkas A., 2008,“Assessment of future sustainable power technologies with
carbon capture and storage”, International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems.
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16. Carbon capture and storage
Electricity unit cost* (including transportation and storage costs)
12
11 10.56
Electricity unit cost (USc/kWh)
10
9 8.19
8 7.30 7.52
7
6 5.51
5.06 5.14
5
4
3
2
1
0
Pulverized Pulverized IGCC IGCC with Natural gas Natural gas Natural gas
coal coal with CCS combined combined combined
CCS cycle cycle with cycle with
post- pre-
combustion combustion
CCS CCS
* Hadjipaschalis I., Christou C., Poullikkas A., 2008,“Assessment of future sustainable power technologies with
carbon capture and storage”, International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems.
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17. Nuclear energy
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18. Nuclear energy
Nuclear fission CONTAINMENT
VESSEL
Rankine cycle
PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor)
STEAM GENERATOR
(generation II reactors)*
NUCLEAR REACTOR
TURBINE
Nuclear fuel HP LP
Efficiency ~ 40%-42%
Widely used (accident?)
Future reactors; generation III CONDENSER
Secondary
and generation IV Primary loop pump
* Poullikkas A., 2000, “Two phase flow performance of loop pump
nuclear reactor cooling pumps”, Progress in Nuclear Energy !
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19. Nuclear energy
ITER experiment (350MWe)*
• Nuclear fusion
• Need to achieve and maintain a
temperature in the order of 100
millions of degrees Celsius
• Type of nuclear fusion reactor
Tokamak
• The reaction is suspended in the
middle of an evacuated vessel by
means of magnetic fields
* Poullikkas A., 2009, Introduction to Power Generation Technologies,
ISBN: 978-1-60876-472-3 !
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20. Renewable Energy Sources
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21. Renewable energy sources
Technological status of RES technologies
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22. Renewable energy sources
Renewables growth: Electricity projections by 2020
Source: EC Renewable Energy Road Map, 2007
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23. Renewable energy sources
Storage devices*
• Flywheel
• Capacitors
• Batteries
• Pumped hydro, etc
• Hydrogen storage
* Hadjipaschalis I., Poullikkas A., Efthimiou V., 2009, “Overview of current and future energy storage technologies
for electric power applications”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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24. Renewable energy sources
The Super Smart Grid after 2050 (may allow for 100% RES)
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25. Renewable energy sources
GEMASOLAR CSP: Molten salt solar tower
Ability to store hot salt allows
molten salt Towers to run at
high capacity factors
565°C
Cold Salt Hot Salt
Heliostat Field 288°C
Steam
Generator
Condenser Conventional steam
turbine & generator
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26. Renewable energy sources
GEMASOLAR output: 6-9 Sep 2011
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27. Renewable energy sources
RES-E penetration cost by 2020* (for Cyprus)
2.75
2
Increase in electricity unit cost (€c/kWh)
2.50 ! COE = 0.001PRES"E + 0.0784PRES"E + 0.0036
2.25
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
RES penetration (%)
* Poullikkas A., Kourtis G., Hadjipaschalis I., 2011, “A hybrid model for the optimum integration of renewable
technologies in power generation systems”, Energy Policy.
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28. Renewable energy sources
RES-E installed capacity at 16% penetration* (for Cyprus)
* Poullikkas A., Kourtis G., Hadjipaschalis I., 2011, “A hybrid model for the optimum integration of renewable
technologies in power generation systems”, Energy Policy.
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29. Future Energy Economics
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30. Future energy economics
Power generation cost (year 2010)* 2010)
Figure 1: Power generation cost (year
CO2 trading cost
Power generation cost (€c/kWh)
O&M cost
Fuel cost
Capital cost
Combined cycle with Wind Photovoltaics Concentrated solar
natural gas power
* Poullikkas A., 2010, “The cost of integration of renewable energy sources”, Accountancy
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31. Future energy economics
Power generation cost (year cost (year 2020-30)
Figure 2: Power generation 2020-30)*
CO2 trading cost
O&M cost Fully developed RES
Power generation cost (€c/kWh)
promotion mechanisms
Fuel cost
Capital cost
Fully developed CCS
systems and/or CO2
trading scheme
Combined cycle with Wind Photovoltaics Concentrated solar
natural gas power
* Poullikkas A., 2010, “The cost of integration of renewable energy sources”, Accountancy
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32. Future energy economics
Figure 3: Power generation cost (year 2040-50)
Power generation cost (year 2040-50)*
Increased
environmental CO2 trading cost
cost
Power generation cost (€c/kWh)
O&M cost
Fuel cost
Fully developed energy
storage systems Capital cost
Combined cycle with Wind Photovoltaics Concentrated solar
natural gas power
* Poullikkas A., 2010, “The cost of integration of renewable energy sources”, Accountancy
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33. Summary
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34. Summary
• Main ingredients of future sustainable
electric systems
– Renewable energy sources
– Smartgirds
– Zero emission power plants
– Storage devices
• Integration of RES-E
– today: additional COE
– vision: competitive to conventional systems
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