The review on MSW generation in ASEAN Countries, existing MSW management policies in developed countries and technologies for MSW recycling.

1. RESOURCE RECYCLING
Somsak Saisinchai
Associate Professor
MSW Management and Recycling
Mr. Seangleng Hoeun
ID: 5770495521
1

2. Contents
I. MSW Overview
II. MSW Management & Policies
III. Recycling
IV. Conclusion
V. References
2

3. I. MSW OVERVIEW
What’s MSW ?
- MSW generally refers to all wastes generated, collected, transported, and
disposed of within the jurisdiction of a municipal authority.
- The definition of 'municipal waste' used in different countries varies,
reflecting diverse waste management practices. For the purposes of national
yearly reporting of municipal waste to Eurostat, 'municipal waste' is defined
as follows (Eurostat, 2012e):
3Fig. 01: MSW Landfill in Cambodia Fig. 02: Unclassified MSW

4. I. MSW OVERVIEW
4
MSW Generation current by level of development

5. I. MSW OVERVIEW
5

6. I. MSW OVERVIEW
6

7. I. MSW OVERVIEW
Composition of MSW:
=>. MSW composed of many types of waste as
in the table bellow. The proportion of MSW’s
composition is vary by municipalities, due to
the economics, and the tendency of using
products in each.
7Fig. 03: MSW’s Composition (Urban Development Series – Knowledge Papers, Solid Waste)

8. I. MSW OVERVIEW
8
Global Solid waste Composition
Fig. 04: Global Composition of MSW(Urban
Development Series – Knowledge Papers, Solid Waste)
Globally the MSW’s composition
mainly composed by:
a. Organic, 49%
b. Paper, 17%
c. Plastic, 10%
d. Glass, 5%
f . Metal, 4%
g. Other, 18%

9. I. MSW OVERVIEW
9
MSW’s Composition by Level of Income
=> The composition of MSW is observed to be variable by level of Income. The less
income countries tend to produce for organic waste, meanwhile for higher income
countries the amount of paper and plastic in MSW tend to increase.
Fig. 06a: MSW’s Composition by level of in come (Urban Development Series – Knowledge
Papers, Solid Waste)

10. I. MSW OVERVIEW
10
MSW’s Composition by Level of Income
Fig. 05: MSW’s Composition by Levels of income (Urban Development Series –
Knowledge Papers, Solid Waste)

11. I. MSW OVERVIEW
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Composition of MSW in South East and Asean Countries

12. II. MSW Management and Policies
12
Concepts for MSW Management
Downstream
Upstream
Try to minimized the use of
resources,
Try to use material repeatedly ,
Try to reproduce the product from
used material,
Get more, heat and fertilizer
from waste.
Disposal of
unrecoverable
materials

13. II. MSW Management and Policies
13
Case Study of MSW Management Policies:
A. USA
B. The United Kingdom

14. THE USA
14
History
Early 20th Century - nonexistent government policies until
public health concern (germ theory)
Post WWII - change in waste composition and amount from
mass consumerism
1965 - first involvement of federal government
1970s - federal legislation focused on environment
1980s - state policy and involvement; recycling movement
1990s to present - technology, policy refinement

15. THE USA
15
Role of Government
Federal
- Goal-setting, funding, minimum requirements, information,
voluntary programs
State
- Planning, recycling, restrictive requirements & standards,
assistance to municipalities
Use of economies of scale
Local
- Implementation - collection, hauling, recycling, (combustion,)
disposal
- Considerable flexibility so long as policies don't conflict with
federal or state legal constraints

16. THE USA
16
Policy Instruments
Command and Control
- Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, RCRA
- Landfill & incinerator performance/technology standards
State labeling
- Market-based Instruments
- Pay-As-You-Throw
- Deposit-Refund (tax-subsidy)
Voluntary
- Goals
- Partnerships

17. THE USA
17
Constraints
Legal
- Dormant Commerce Clause
- Supremacy Clause & Federal Legislation
- 10th Amendment/States Rights
Political
- Powerful industry lobby / Declining environmental
lobby
- Tax aversion
- Recycling associated with political attitudes
- States rights

18. THE UK
18
History
1875 Public Health Act
 Waste requirements
1960s+
 Environmental Protection
1977
 EU Second Environment Action Programme
1975 EU Framework Directive on Waste
1994 EU Packaging Waste Directive
1994 EU Waste Incineration Directive
1999 EU Landfill Directive

19. THE UK
19
Role of Government
 EU Framework Directive on Waste
 Article 4: Waste hierarchy
 EU Packaging Waste Directive
 Producers responsible for diverting waste from landfills
 EU Waste Incineration Directive
 Emissions control for thermal processes in EU
 EU Landfill Directive
 Reduce the levels of biodegradable MSW landfilled, to 35% of the 1995 levels by
2020 at the latest
 National Policies
 Environmental Protection Act 1990
 Aligned with EU mandates & targets
 Local Implementation
 At discretion of local authorities

20. THE UK
20
Prevention
Preparing for re-use
Recycling
Other
Recovery
Disposal
Using less material in design
and manufacture. Keeping
products for longer; re use.
Using less hazardous materials
Checking, cleaning, repairing,
refurbishing, whole items or
spare parts
Turning waste into a new substance or
product. Includes composting if it
meets quality protocols.
Includes anaerobic digestion, incineration with
energy recovery, gasification and pyrolysis which
produce energy (fuels, heat and power) and
materials from waste: some backfilling
Landfill and incineration without energy
The Waste Hierarchy

21. Policy Instruments
National
 Landfill escalator tax
 Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS)
 Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs)
Local Authorities
 Compulsory recycling
 Awards for recycling
THE UK

22. THE UK
Political
Emphasis on target-setting and market forces
Aversion to multi-level tax schemes
Legal
EU Directives
Local policies limited by national mandates
Single market
Constraints

23. III. Recycling
Primary
Separation
• MSW should have been separate by house whole
before throw it to the trash bin,
Collection
• Types of MSW should be
collected separately or with
differently schedule
Recycling
• Metal
• Combustible
• Organic
• Residual

24. III. Recycling
Primary Separation
 MSW should be
separated by each house
whole before throw to the
trash bin.
 Make it easy for
collection and handling,
 Primary sorting can
reduce large amount of
money to paid for waste
separation at recycling
plant. Consequently the
recycle become
economically feasible.

25. III. Recycling
Collection
Types of MSW should be
collected separately or with
differently schedule.
 Different types of MSW can
be transported to the
processing plant separately
with purpose.
The cost of Transportation
also can be reduced due to
transporting the right waste
to the right processing
purposes.
Trucks For Transporting Organic MSW

26. III. Recycling
=>. The Flow Chart of MSW recycling above shown that the separate collection of
MSW provide more yield for recycling product, while the mixed collection could be
recovered less energy and benefit.
=>. Mixed Collection
- Energy by incineration
- RDF: Compacted
mixed-pelleted-
combustible
materials.
=>. Separate Collection
- Glass
- Paper
- Plastics
- Metals
- Compost
=>. Landfill
- Methane Recovery
Recoveries from MSW

27. Waste To Energy
Integrated Incinerator
=>. Incineration is the process to reduce volume of MSW by direct burning waste. In
conventional incineration process nothing can be recovered, but for integrated
incinerator heat from burning MSW can be generated electricity by steam generator.
=>. Incineration process generate considerable air pollutants, required post
combustion treatment.

28. RDF: Refuse-derived Fuel
Mixed MSW RDF Combustion
=>. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a
fuel produced by shredding and
dehydrating (MSW). RDF made up
from combustible materials such as
plastic, paper, textile and others.
=>. Heating Value is vary due to the
composition and moisture content.
(2000-4000 kcal/kg)

29. RDF: Refuse-derived Fuel

30. MSW to Bio-Gas and Fertilizer
*CNG: Compressed Natural Gas, ** BIMA: Biogas-Induced-Mixing-Arrangement

31. MSW Gasification ( Fertilizer’s alternative)
Schematics of Gasification and Power Generation
=>. Gasification is a process that
converts organic or fossil fuel
based carbonaceous materials
into CO, H2 and CO2.
=>. Material is reacted at high
temperatures (>700 °C), without
combustion, with a controlled
amount of oxygen and/or steam.
=>. Hot Gas steam as the product
of Gasification can be used the
generate electricity and the
bottom ash could be used for
construction purposes.
=>. Syngas (CO and H2) then can
be used as fuel for purposes.

32. III. Recycling
MSW waste or GOLD??
• Incinerator => Energy + (Ash and Pollutants)
• RDF => Alternative Fuel + Fertilizer
• Biomass => CH4 + Fertilizer
• Gasification => Gas steam energy +Combustible
Syngas
Why MSW Recycling ??
- Recover Energy from waste
- Reduce Pollution
- Reduce Volume of waste for landfill
- Reduce Long term concern on waste disposal
- Converting waste to money, reduce social and
environmental impact

33. IV. Conclusion
• Handling MSW become big concern for every big city and it’s
cost a lot of money.
• Landfill of MSW cause long term impact to social and
environmental ( health and Pollutions).
• Recycling MSW from Waste to energy can reduce the area
require for Landfill, since it can reduce more than 85% volume
of waste.
• MSW recycling added value to waste
• Beside costing money, MSW has potential to generate profit
• Recycling MSW is the one way for sustainability.

34. Thanks YOU!!!

35. Incinerator and Gasification
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36. RDF PRODUCTION OTHER
TECHNOLOGY
36

37. [1]. ASME, July 2008: “Waste to Energy”, A Renewable Energy Source from Municipal Solid Waste, Waste-to-
Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT); Earth Engineering Center, Columbia University.
- A brief report about existing waste-to-energy plants in U.S,
- WTE (Waste-to-Energy) benefit and recovery, Environmental benefit of WTE,
- Obstacles for WTE, Regulation Implementation and Suggestions.
[2]. S. Maier and L.B. Oliveira, 2014: “Economic feasibility of energy recovery from solid waste in the light of
Brazil's waste policy”, the case of Rio de Janeiro, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier.
- This paper aims to assess the implications of Brazil's National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS) on the
economic feasibility of different energetic MSW treatment facilities. Therefore, the PNRS is
comprehensively analyzed, particularly those areas that outline the decision-making criteria for future
investments. These criteria are then applied to the specific case of Rio de Janeiro, first by examining the
municipality's current state of MSW management and second by examining 20 hypothetical future
investment projects into three different energetic MSW treatment technologies.
[3]. P. Carvalho and R.C. Marques, 2013: “Economies of size and density in municipal solid waste recycling in
Portugal”, Waste Management.
- This paper aim to search for economics of output density and economies of size in the selective collection
and recycling activities in Portugal and to identify the size of utilities operating in the wholescale segment in
the period of 2006-2010.
- The result suggested that the Portuguese recycling utilities should increase the quantities of MSW for
recycling (esp. for glass and paper) and also become larger to dimensions corresponding to a supply of 400-
550 thousand habitants.
References

38. [4]. C. Fischer, 2013: “Municipal Solid Waste Management in Germany”, European Environmental Agency and
ETC/SPC.
- The historical performance on MSW management based on a set of indicators;
- Uncertainties that might explain differences between the countries’ performance which are more linked to
differences of what the reporting includes than differences in management performance;
- Relation of the indicators to the most important initiatives taken to improve MSW management in the
country; and
Assessment of the future possible trends and achieving of the future EU targets on MSW by 2020.
[5]. S.M. Al-Salem, S. Evangelisti and P. Lettier, 2014: “Life cycle assessment of Alternative technologies for
municipal solid waste and plastic solid waste management in the Greater London area”, Cross Mark.
- Investigating environmental impact of the current municipal waste management in Greater London.
- Analysis different advanced thermo-chemical technologies for plastic solid waste treatment.
- Choice of technologies depends on market’s ability to take-in the petrochemical products.
- Recycling textile and paper could bring the largest improvement for the environment.
- Substitution of primary aggregates with IBAs has a significant impact in terms of GHG savings.
[6]. A. Agarwal, A. Singhmar, M. Kulshrestha, A.K. Mittal, 2005: “Municipal solid waste recycling and
associated markets in Delhi, India”, Elsevier.
- The present work covered an extensive study of this waste trade with emphasis on the most important unit
of the waste chain, the recyclists. Extensive interviews and surveys with recyclists from various slums helped
in evaluating the market mechanisms of the recycle trade in Delhi and in revealing details of this informal
sector. Through a number of field interviews undertaken on recyclists, recyclables dealers and municipal
authorities, a complete hierarchy from recyclists to the final sellers of the recycled product was identified
and delineated and the profits at each level determined. The value addition to each product at every level of
the waste trade was also determined. Two models were subsequently proposed to evaluate the possibility of
formalizing the unorganized waste trade. It was concluded that it is possible to organize the sector, but this
would leave more than 66,000 recyclists without employment, a consequence of organizing an activity that
presently provides employment and daily living to nearly 89,600 recyclists who belong to the poorest strata
of the society.

39. [7]. Municipal Solid Waste Management Report, 2010: “Status-quo and Issue in Southeast Asia Countries”,
AIT/UNEP Regional Resource Center for Asia and the Pacific.
- This report presents and discusses the status-quo and issues of Municipal Waste in 14 countries in
Southeast and East Asia. Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) included herein are generation and
composition, policies and regulations, economic instruments, current practices of MSW and other
management strategies. The report also presents some propositions and policy recommendations in order
to determine regional collective actions on the status-quo and issues regarding Municipal Waste.
[8]. S. Chaisawadi, N. Chaleaytoy, C. Tepbutrdee, P. Padungsatayawong: Municipal Solid Waste Management
Model For Community, King Mongkut’s University of Technology.
- The objective in this study is to develop municipal waste management model that fit for their activities in
each community. The municipal solid waste management mode from waste to energy and recyclable waste
bank has been proposed. The 4 steps including: the basic information survey for the community size and
type of their waste; the knowledge management on waste utilization for energy and recyclable waste bank;
the information survey on waste management model for their communities and the brainstorming activities
of communities focus on biomass-based waste and bioorganic-based waste had been processed to share for
100 pilot communities .The results had been shown 18 % fit for the small sized community with biomass-
based waste; 31 % fit for the large sized community with biomass based waste; 23 % fit for the small sized
community with bioorganic-based waste; 28 % fit for the large sized community with bioorganic-based
waste.
[9]. E. Diamadopoulos, Y. Koutsantonakis, V. Zaglara, 1995: “Optimal Design of Municipal Solid Waste
Recycling System.
- This work develops an integer linear programming methodology for the optimal design of municipal solid
waste recycling systems. The model considers all costs, in present values, concerning recycling of products,
disposal of solid wastes, as well as closure and monitoring of the old landfill, and opening of a new one.
Economic benefits include revenues coming from the selling of the recycled goods, and those originating
from extending the life of the landfill. The model was applied to the city of Chania for the recycling of paper,
glass, aluminum and organic residues (putrescible matter). Recycling brings about a significant reduction in
the annual cost of solid waste management, as well as an increase in the life of the landfill.

40. [10]. M. Fujii, T. Fujita, S. Ohnishi, N. Yamaguchi, G. Yong, H.S. Park, 2014: “Regional and temporal simulation
of a smart recycling system for municipal organic solid wastes”.
- In this study, we further develop the concept of smart recycling and propose a framework for facilitating
the implementation of such a system. By making use of existing facilities and adopting both closed-loop and
semi-closed-loop recycling processes, this system allows flexible adaptations on the changes of external
factors. A spatially optimal scale is necessary to meet the requirements for such a smart recycling system.
Thus, we develop an integrated model that combines both geographical information system based collection
model and a process model for a smart recycling center. In order to test its applicability, we employ a case
study approach to simulate the implementation of smart recycling in the three satellite cities of Tokyo
Metropolitan Area and evaluate its effects under three different scenarios. Our simulation results show that
smart recycling cannot only reduce carbon dioxide emission but also lower the overall costs. Also, by
comparing with conventional waste incineration, we find that the unit cost of smart recycling is relatively
stable to changes of the waste amounts due to its lower fixed costs for facilities.