Introduction to Livestock Industries 2
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Part 2 of the overview of the livestock industries.
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Introduction to Livestock Industries 2
- 1. The Livestock & Poultry Industries-II Lecture 5 Fall 2006 Elaine Bailey ELB, ANSC 101 1
- 2. Reminders . . . AGNR Fall Bash this Wed., 9/20, 5-7PM, ANSC Courtyard Assignment #1 DUE: 11:55PM, Monday, Sept. 25 GET THE EASY POINTS!!! Lab manuals? ELB, ANSC 101 2
- 3. But first . . . The “rest” of the story The Little Mare Won . . . SAFETY FIRST!!! THEN, work w/handling and training issues ELB, ANSC 101 3
- 4. Ostriches Meat Oil, feathers, leather Large capital outlay for upstart Markets? Nutrition research: Dr. Roselina Angel ELB, ANSC 101 4
- 5. The Poultry Industry Vertically integrated Egg producers (breeders) Broiler producers (breeders) Perdue Farms, MD Holly Farms Breeds of less importance ELB, ANSC 101 5
- 6. Chicken Tidbits Hatch time: ~21 days Precocious young Hens begin to lay ~18 weeks of age Broilers reach harvest weight 4-6 weeks* ELB, ANSC 101 6
- 7. ELB, ANSC 101 7
- 8. Industry Highlights of 20 years Check-off programs to promote products? Inexpensive meat: chicken Poultry production vertically integrated Competition to improve efficiency ELB, ANSC 101 8
- 9. Domesticating Swine Meat Emphasis on: Growth rate Litter size* Carcass traits Genus & species: Sus scrofa Other uses? ELB, ANSC 101 9
- 10. Sus scrofa? http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/swine/ ELB, ANSC 101 10
- 11. Phases of Pork Production Farrow to finish “All inclusive” VERY grain dependent Commercial producers Seedstock (purebred) producers ELB, ANSC 101 11
- 12. “Genetics” Companies DeKalb Pig Improvement Corporation Land o’ Lakes Swine Genetics International Patterning after http://www.pic.com/index.asp?orgid=581&storyTypeID=&sid=&langID= poultry companies? ELB, ANSC 101 12
- 13. Phase II Pork Production Feeder pig producers Intermediary step Sell weaned pigs 40-50 lbs. Efficiency . . . www.lakesidefeeders.com/ sew.htm ELB, ANSC 101 13
- 14. Phase III Pork Production Feeders (Finishers) Grain (concentrate) ration Rapid growth Harvest at 250-260 pounds+ What is “finished?” www.jrbfarms.com/ swineproduction.htm ELB, ANSC 101 14
- 15. Swine tidbits Age at puberty: 6-8 months Age at weaning: 10D-3 weeks (SEW) Gestation length: 114 days Goal: breed gilts ~ 8 months of age* ELB, ANSC 101 15
- 16. Back to Grandin’s Articles . . . Comfort in seeing other animals BUT . . . Are there other reasons to house animals w/common fence line? Pheromones and boars Promoting estrus ELB, ANSC 101 16
- 17. Pork Industry Various “phases” Horizontal integration More vertical integration—Carroll’s Foods, Tyson Foods National Pork Board Pork check-off ELB, ANSC 101 17
- 18. Domesticating Sheep Meat Wool Emphasis on: Growth rate ?Fecundity? Wool quality Genus & species: Ovis aries DUAL purpose ELB, ANSC 101 18
- 19. Primary Purposes http://www.suffolks.com.au/delegates.htm www.rmncsba.org/ members/members1.html ELB, ANSC 101 19
- 20. Enter a New Era . . . Hair sheep ELB, ANSC 101 20
- 21. Katahdin “Hair sheep” SHED White or reddish Campus Farm WHY? ELB, ANSC 101 21
- 22. Dorper Easy care breed Combo of hair & wool Skin value Breed “out of season” Campus Farm ELB, ANSC 101 22
- 23. Phases of Sheep Production Farm Flocks Secondary enterprise Grain operations 4-H projects Range Flocks Grazing lands Less handling* Timed to lamb during http://www.mth.msu.edu/~maccluer/Farm/sheep.jpeg less severe weather ELB, ANSC 101 23
- 24. Commercial vs. Purebred Flocks Commercial flocks Typically Xbred Castrate ram lambs NOT primarily marketing genetics Purebred flocks Market genetics NO castration of ram lambs http://www.homestead.com/mstecker/salisbury.html ELB, ANSC 101 24
- 25. Total US Sheep 15,000 Thousands of 10,000 sheep 5,000 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Year NASS, Economic Research Service ELB, ANSC 101 25
- 26. Sheep Tidbits Age at puberty: 5-7 months Age at weaning: WIDE variation* Gestation length: ~147 days NICHE markets Meat Wool crafters (specialty fleeces) ELB, ANSC 101 26
- 27. Domesticating Horses Power Transportation Emphasis on: Structure Longevity Strength/Speed Genus & species: Equus caballus ELB, ANSC 101 27
- 28. Purpose http://www.kbrhorse.net/whb/must28.html http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/11/02/aust.horse/ ELB, ANSC 101 28
- 29. How Are US Horses Used? Thousands of head 4000 Recreation 3000 Showing 2000 Other Racing 1000 0 Activity American Horse Council Study, 2002 ELB, ANSC 101 29
- 30. Phases of Production Breeding farms Specialty (discipline) farms Training facilities Boarding facilities Unique to other species http://www.sheldakranch.com/photo.htm ELB, ANSC 101 30
- 31. Horse Tidbits Age at puberty Females: Light horse breeds 12-18 months** (36 mos.) Females: Draft breeds 18-24 months Males: 12-14 months** (60 mos.) Age at weaning: 4-6 months Gestation length: 340 days ELB, ANSC 101 31
- 32. So we’ve domesticated some species . . . . Now what? Breed development Breed: “animals of common origin with characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species.” (Taylor & Field, 2004) HOW do we determine traits to “set” in a given breed? ELB, ANSC 101 32
- 33. ELB, ANSC 101 33
Notas del editor
- Chicken, major part of remarks Broiler producers originally byproduct of egg production. “Cull” egg layers. Seedstock producers within each category of production. “Company” breeds
- Precocious young: no maternal rearing required Hatcheries: temp and humidity controlled environment Broilers harvest weight: ~5 lbs. Harvest age VERY genetics dependent!
- No checkoff programs. Industry sponsors advertisements, promotion, etc.
- Litter size is unique to traits that we selected for in other species. Why? Domesticated originally for meat, but now use as biological models and as pets (Vietnamese Potbelly)
- Yorkshire sow conformation vs. Meishan sow conformation Both Sus scrofa . Different breeds. Yorkshire used in breeding in US. Good mothers, prolific, etc. Meishan VERY prolific—imported to US from China in 1989 via cooperative venture: USDA, Iowa State University, University of IL.
- Grain dependent due to confinement and due to pigs being omnivorous animals. No cellulose utilization, to speak of. IA, NC, MN—top 3 for farrowings and total #. WHY? Increasing vertical integration
- “Company” lines, not breeds PIC380 is a Pig Improvement Corporation boars. Developed boars from 17 “lines” not breeds of pig populations worldwide. Marker Assisted Selection to develop various lines . . . Select for genetic markers.
- Sell to finishers Is it more efficient to finish your own pigs or to sell feeder pigs?
- Segregated early weaning: no other animals in facility except animals that age. Decrease disease pressure when early wean. *Do not breed gilts on first estrus; low #eggs ovulated, compared to ensuing estruses. Gilts farrow by the time they are 1 yr. of age
- Horizontal integration: pass products from one company to another to produce final product. More than one entity controls inputs from conception to consumption. National Pork Board: Umbrella organization for state producer groups. Voice for pork producers in Washington, provides consumers info, etc. Administers check off funds program. Pork: the Other White Meat ad campaign. McRib sandwiches. Bacon cheeseburgers—Hardee’s several years ago. Pork check-off: per-head assessment to promote beef, do research, and to educate the public about pork
- Note that sheep are being used as biological models more and more.
- Merino ewe—hallmark of fleece quality. FINE diameter wool. More on wool later. Suffolk ewes—clean black head. Sturdy, stocky bodies. Large size. Many breeds now equal emphasis on meat and wool.
- Why hair sheep? What is our purpose on the Campus Farm? Need a teaching model. Not selling wool. Meat production . . . Compete at MD Sheep & Wool Festival first weekend of May each year. Katahdin and Dorpers at Campus Farm
- Almost look like they’re “muddy” Fleece/hair will adapt to climatic conditions
- Farm flocks can be small or large, depending on area of the country. Midwest: larger. Range flocks: larger flight zones. Why do you want range sheep to have larger flight zones?
- Photo is of Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England (range flock).
- Weaned at different ages, due to market differences. Hot house lambs straight off ewes. Feeder lamb type stock weaned 60-70 D.
- Other includes ranch work, polo, police horses Recreation largest use in US and in MD
- Physiological puberty fillies: 12-16 months. BUT breed as 3 YO due to need to develop skeleton Stallions will produce sperm 12-14 mos. Of age, BUT mental maturity and physiological maturity to withstand a full breeding season 5 YO.