2. Internal Citation (in-text citation)
aka, Parenthetical Citation =
Citing your sources within your paper
Why?
To tell the reader where the information
comes from (reliable?)
To give credit to the author
or authors for their ideas
3. The “P” Word
“To steal ideas from one person is plagiarism; to steal from many is research.”
― Stephen Wright, NYC novelist, professor at Princeton & Brown
“Plagiarism has been around far longer than the Internet. In fact, I had a poem
published in 'Seventeen' magazine when I was 15 years old. About a year later, I was
informed that there was a girl who used that same poem to win a statewide poetry
competition in Alabama. It took months for people to put together that this had
happened.”
― Megan McCafferty, young adult fiction novelist
(Jessica Darling series)
4. “To Cite or Not to Cite…?”
CITE any idea that doesn’t come from your own head (even if you
put someone else’s ideas into your own words).
DO NOT CITE
Common knowledge- something the average person knows such as:
The world is round, and a year has 365 days.
The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776.
DO NOT CITE
Your own
experiences, memories, thoughts, o
bservations, and opinions.
5. Paraphrasing and Examples
Yanovski and Jones (2008) explained that sibutramine suppresses
appetite by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin
and norepinephrine in the brain.
Sibutramine suppresses appetite by blocking the reuptake of the
neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (Yanovski
& Jones, 2008).
Paraphrasing is sometimes referred
as indirect quoting. You read the
author’s ideas and then put them into
your own words.
6. Direct Quoting and Examples
Direct quotation with author’s name as part of the narrative:
As researchers Depp and Stamos (2012) have explained, "Most college
students are pressed for time, under a lot of stress, and can find
themselves eating on the go." (p. 8).
Depp and Stamos (2012) found that “most college students are pressed
for time, under a lot of stress, and can find themselves eating on the
go.” (p. 8).
According to the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2004), “experts
have pointed to a range of potential contributors to the rise in
childhood obesity that are unrelated to media” (p. 1).
7. Page Numbers?
Direct quotation with author’s name as part of the narrative:
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially
when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Direct quotation with parenthetical citation:
Jones (1998) found that "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199).
Indirect quotation:
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).
ONLY WHEN DIRECT QUOTING (USING QUOTATION MARKS)
8. No Page Numbers
When an electronic source has no page number, include whatever
information (paragraph number or article headings or both) that
would be helpful in locating the quote.
Example:
(Hall, 2008, para. 5).
(Weight-Loss Drugs section, para. 6).
9. No Date
When no date is known, use “n.d.” for “no date.”
Example:
(Hall, n.d.).
10. Unknown Author
If no author is named in the source, then introduce the
source with the name of the article or put the first words of
the title of the article in parenthesis.
Example:
(“Exercise,” 2012).
In the article “Exercise Changes Fat and Muscle Cells,”
the author discusses how regular exercise can change our
genes (2012).
However, REMEMBER, sources that are lacking authors’ names and dates may not
be the best source of information.
11. Two Authors
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal
phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work.
Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the
text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
12. Three to Five Authors
A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the
signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the
source.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name
followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)
13. Six or More Authors
Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by
et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
Harris et al. (2001) argued...
(Harris et al., 2001)
14. The References Page
1. Do you have a header and page number (both on the same line)?
2. Do you center the word References at the top of your list? (Only the first letter is
capitalized.)
3. Are your references double-spaced?
4. Are your references in alphabetical order by the author’s last name?
5. Is each reference indented in the second and subsequent lines?
6. Do you include at least 7 “college level” sources?
7. Is each citation in your paper included in your reference list?
8. Is each reference on your reference list cited in your paper?
9. Material that you read about in a secondary source, i.e., (Skinner, 1988, as cited
in Tharp, 2002), should not be in the reference list. Tharp (1999) would be
included, Skinner (1988) would not.
15. References
APA Style Checklist. (2008). Clarion University of Pennsylvania.
Retrieved from http://www.clarion.edu/202253/
Hacker, D. & Sommers, N. (2011). A writer’s reference, 7th ed.
Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
Mischak, E. (2010). APA citation style. Retrieved from Chapman
University, Leatherby Libraries: http://www1.chapman.edu/
library/reference/guides/APA-Style.pdf
Paiz, J. M. et al. APA general format. (2013, March 1). Purdue Online
Writing Lab (OWL). Retrieved from https://owl.english.
purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/1/
