Report on "Breeding and Seed Rearing Techniques of Indian Major Carp'' By Shivani Verma,Rajasthan, India

1
Report on
HANDS ON TRAINING PROGRAMME
(rural agriculture work experience)
“Breeding and Seed Rearing of Indian Major Carps”
B.F.SC VII Semester
Duration: -14 July 2017 to 30 September 2017
Academic Session – 2017-18
Submitted by :
Shivani Verma Divyansh Gayri Heena Sanvriya Jyoti Upadhyay Sunil
Neelam Purbia Ravi Kumar Bunker Megh Chand Meena Pushkar Prajapat

2
INDEX
S. NO TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. Acknowledgement
2. Status of Aquafarming
3. Carp Breeding & Seed Production
4. Infrastructure of training centre
 Site of work
 Layout of fish farm
 Measurement of hatchery component &
pond
 Morphometry of ponds
5. IMC Seed production technique adopted in
field
6. Total Produced Seed
7. Nursery Rearing Of IMC Seed
8. Chinese Circular Hatchery
9. Biology of IMC
10. Fish Seed Production Unit
11. Water Quality Parameters In Fish Breeding
12. Daily Dairy
13. Common Carp Seed Production Technique

3
Acknowledgement
We wish to pay heartily thanks to the College administration,
especially Dr. S.K. Sharma, Dean ,COF ; for his valuable guidance and
for providing the departmental facilities. We are also highly thankful
to Dr. M. L. Ojha incharge of RAWE training programme and Dr. V.P.
Saini in charchge Aquaculture Research Unit, Directorate of
Research, MPUAT, Udaipur for their inexhaustible inspiration,
enlightened valuable guidance during the training and suffering with
us everywhere and keenly going through the training report on “
Freshwater Aqua farming ” at Aquaculture Research and Seed Unit ,
Directorate of Research , MPUAT , Udaipur .We thanks to Dr. B. K.
Sharma , Head department of Harvest & Post Harvest technology for
mental support.
We are also grateful to all farm staff member, especially Suresh
Bhaiya for giving support & guidance.

4
STATUS OF AQUAFARMING
1.Background
1.1 STATUS OF AQUACULTURE IN GLOBAL SCENARIO:
Global fish production has grown steadily in the last five decades ,with food fish supply
increasing at an average annual rate of 3.2 percent, outpacing world population growth at 1.6
percent. World per capita apparent fish consumption increased from an average of 9.9 kg in
the 1960s to 19.2 kg in 2012. China has been responsible for most of the growth in fish
availability, owing to the dramatic expansion in its fish production, particularly from
aquaculture. World aquaculture production continues to grow, albeit at a slowing rate.
According to the latest available statistics collected globally by FAO, world aquaculture
production attained 66.6 million tonnes in 2012 (US$106.3 billion) of world total aquculture.
World fisheries and aquaculture production and utilization:-
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
(Million tonnes)
Inland 10.1 10.3 10.5 11.3 11.1 11.6
Marine 80.7 79.9 79.6 77.8 82.6 79.7
Total capture 90.8 90.1 90.1 89.1 93.7 91.3
Aquaculture
Inland 29.9 32.4 34.3 36.8 38.7 41.9
Marine 20.0 20.5 21.4 22.3 23.3 24.7
Total aquaculture 49.9 52.9 55.7 59.0 62.0 66.6
TOTAL WORLD
FISHERIES
140.7 143.1 145.8 148.1
155.7
158.0
Human consumption 117.3 120.9 123.7 128.2 131.2 136.2

5
Non-food uses 23.4 22.2 22.1 19.9 24.5 21.7
Population (billions) 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1
Per capita food fish
supply (kg)
17.6 17.9 18.1 18.5 18.7 19.2
Last decades aquaculture status in global scenario:-
Sector / year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
In Million Tones
Inland 21.2 22.5 23.9 25.4 25.2 26.8 28.7
Marine 14.3 15.4 16.5 17.3 16.7 17.5 18.6
Total
aquaculture
35.5 37.9 40.4 42.7 41.9 44.3 47.4
Total world
production
131.1 131.0 133.7 133.2 134.3 136.4 137.
1
Inland waters capture: major producer countries:-
Rankin
g
Country Continent 2003 2011 2012 Variation
2003–
2012
2011–
2012
(Tonnes)
Percentage
1 China Asia 2 135
086
2 232 221 2 297 839 7.6 2.9
2 India Asia 757 353 1 061 033 1 460 456 92.8 37.6
3 Myanmar Asia 290 140 1 163 159 1 246 460 329.6 7.2

6
4 Bangladesh Asia 709 333 1 054 585 957 095 34.9 –9.2
5 Cambodia Asia 308 750 445 000 449 000 45.4 0.9
6 Uganda Africa 241 810 437 415 407 638 68.6 –6.8
7 Indonesia Asia 308 656 368 578 393 553 27.5 6.8
8 United
Reb.
of Tanzania
Africa 301 855 290
963
314 945 4.3 8.2
9 Nigeria Africa 174 968 301 281 312 009 78.3 3.6
10 Brazil Americas 227 551 248 805 266 042 16.9 6.9
World total - 8 611840 11 124401 11 630 320 35.1 4.5
1.2 STATUS OF AQUACULTURE IN INDIA:-
Fisheries are a sunrise sector with varied resources and potentials. The different segments of
fisheries- marine capture fisheries, mariculture, coastal aquaculture, inland capture fisheries,
freshwater aquaculture, coldwater fisheries and aquaculture, fish processing and post-harvest
technology and trade have evolved over the years, along with scientific innovations and
technologies during the past five decades. The fast developments in integration with other
farming systems as well as diversification in terms of ornamental fish culture, sports
fisheries, aqua-tourism etc. are spectacular.
Fisheries not only contribute to nutritional security but also provide employment and
livelihood to 14 million people in primary level and is earning over Rs 10,000 crore annually
through export millions of people. Fisheries in India are a very important economic activity
and a flourishing sector with varied resources and potentials. Only after the Indian
Independence, has fisheries together with agriculture been recognized as an important sector.
The vibrancy of the sector can be visualized by the 11–fold increase that India achieved in
fish production in just six decades i.e. from 0.75 million tones in 1950-51 to 9.6 million
tonnes during 2013-14. This resulted in an unparalleled average annual growth rate of over

7
4.5 percent over the years which has placed the country on the forefront of global fish
production, only after China.
Fish consumption has shown a continuous increasing trend assuming greater importance in
context of ‘Health foods’. It is expected that the fish requirement by 2025 would be of the
order of 16 million tonnes of which at least 12 million tones would need to come from the
inland sector and aquaculture expected to provide over 10 million tones. Freshwater
aquaculture contributes to over 95 percent of the total aquaculture production. It is estimated
that only about 40 percent of the available area of 2.36 million hectares of ponds and tanks
has been put to use and an immense scope for expansion of area exists under freshwater
aquaculture. The national mean production levels from still-water ponds has gone up from
about 600 kg/hectare/year in 1974 to over 2 900 kg/hectare/annum at present and several
farmers are even demonstrating higher production levels of 8–12 tonnes/hectare/year. The
freshwater prawn farming has received increased attention only in the last two decades due to
its high consumer demand. The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the largest
and fastest growing prawn species, is cultured either under monoculture or polyculture with
major carps. Culture for mariculture species has been initiated in the country and is presently
carried out to a limited extent for seaweeds, and mussels as a commercial activity and some
fish species like seabass and cobia on an experimental basis to standardize the technology.
AREA WISE PRODUCTION:-
SN. AREA PRODUCTION
1. Freshwater 2.38 mill hac 908023 tones
2. Brackishwater 3.9 mill hc 0.5-3 tons/hc/yr
3. Marinewater
Induced breeding of carps and catfishes, hatcheries for mass-scale spawning, seed rearing and
carp polyculture are some of the epoch-making technologies actually guided by the
freshwater aquaculture development. While production of 4–5 tonnes under carp polyculture
is quite common, farmers of several regions are able to produce 8–12 tonnes/ha/year.
The development of protocol for ornamental fish breeding and management has provided
important livelihood options for marginal and land-less farmers in certain localities.

8
Promotion of trout and mahseer farming in the upland coldwater region has also shown
significant potential for aquafarming
Brackish water aquaculture in India is concentrated around the giant tiger prawn
(P.monodon) as the single most important species. Recently, the culture of exotic, whiteleg
shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, however, has attracted the farmers’ attention because of its fast
growth, low incidence of native diseases, availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)
domesticated strains and culture feasibility in wide salinity range. With the production levels
of 10–12 tonnes/ha/crop of 3-4 months duration the production of this species has reached to
a level of 10470516 tonnes during 2012-13.
Mariculture in India, although limited to the farming of mussels and edible oysters
undertaken in some coastal region of Kerala over the years, has successfully produced sea
cage farming in recent years, initially with seabass and most recently cobia, which has shown
the prospects of commercial mariculture in the country.
FIGURES AT GLANCE:-
1. Area of country 3.29 mill. Km sq
2. Length of coast lines 8118 km.
3. EEZ 2.02 mill sq. km
4. Continental shelf area 0.53 mill sq. km
5. Fish production in 2013-14 [mill tones]
A. marine 3.44
B. Inland 6.14
C. Total 9.58
6. Exports of fisheries products 2013-14
A] Quantity [000’ tones] 983.76
B] Value [Rs. Crores] 30213.26
7. Contribution of fisheries to GDP at current prices 2012-13
A]. GDP from fisheries Rs. 78053 crore
B]. contribution from fisheries sector to
I. Total GDP 0.83%
II. GDP from agriculture sector 4.75%

9
Resource Availability and Potential:-
Rivers and Canals : 1,97,024 km
Reservoirs : 3.15 million ha
Ponds and Tanks : 2.35 million ha
Oxbow lakes and derelict waters : 1.3 million ha
Brackishwaters : 1.24 million ha
Estuaries : 0.29 million ha
Mangroves 1.65 million ha
Production:-
Fish seed production (2007-08) : 21,000million fry(24,143 million fry)
Hatcheries : 1,070
FFDA : 422
BFDA : 39
No. of landing centres : 1522
No.of fishing villages: 3299
Export of marine products from India: 928215 (Quantity MT)
18,856 ( Value in Rs. Crores)
1.3 State (Rajasthan):-

10
Rajasthan possesses a large number of water bodies, which offer potential for development of
capture and culture fisheries. State has freshwater as well as saline water resources. It has about
4.23 lakh ha. Fresh water area besides 30,000 ha., area as rivers and canals, 80000 ha.,
waterlogged and 1.80 lakh ha., salt affected areas at full tank level.Fish culture activities were
looked after by Animal Husbandry Department up to 1981, but looking to the vast water
resources available for the fisheries development, a separate department of fisheries was
established in 1982 with the following mandate-
 Development and conservation of Fisheries resources.
 Ensure availability of quality fish seed.
 Increase fish production
 Employment generation.
 To promote diversification of aquaculture activities.
 To earn revenue for the State.
Present Status:- State has made steady growth in inland fisheries during last three
decades. Fish production has increased from 14000 mt. in 1980-81 to 28200 mt. in 2010-11.
Area under fish culture and fish production both have gone up. Annual growth rate has gone
12.6% between 2000-01 and 2010-11 as compared to the national average 8%. About 60% of
the total fish production comes from reservoir and the rest from tank & ponds. While the
productivity of large reservoir (55 kg/ha.) is above the national average, productivity of small
water bodies (1.2 mt/ha/yr) is far less than the national average. State ranks 18th in the
country as regards the fish production.

11
Carp Breeding And Seed Production

12
2.1INTRODUCTION:
Carps contribute the large share in the total global aquaculture production. These fishes are
cultivated extensively in Asian countries because of their consumer preference and suitable
climate prevalent in these areas for its growth. Major carps that are native to indo-gangetic
riverine system of India are Catla (Catla catla) , Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus
mrigala).Carp are the main stay of aquaculture in India and as a matter of fact, India is called
as the “CARP COUNTRY” with reference to aquaculture because carp flesh is highly
relished by the majority of its population and these fishes are cultivated in this country from
ancient days. Last 3 decades have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the farming of these
carps in India. As a result the market demand of fry stocking also has increased. All major
carps mentioned above are seasonal, riverine spawners.
Breeeding of carp very old practice. Previously it was breed naturally then by pituitary
extract used for breeding . Now several synthetic hormone such as ovaprim, ovatide (
Haemopharma), ovapel and WOVA – FH are developed which are used for breeding
purpose.
2.2 SITE OF WORK / Training
2.2.1 FISH SEED PRODUCTION AND REARING CENTER, MPUAT,UDAIPUR :
The seed production unit of MPUAT, Udaipur was started in the year 2002 with financial
assistance from ICAR under revolving fund scheme .Later the hatchery farm infrastructure
was strengthen under MEGA SEED PROJECT of ICAR in the year 2006 -07 .In the year
2015-16 , the farm was acquired by UIT Udaipur for the strengthening of road network,
therefore the infrastructure development under these 2 projects were demolised .
The new farm at present promises was developed with financial assistance of Rs. 112 lakh
from TAD under central sponsored scheme. Under the project the following infrastructure
facilities have been created for the production of IMC.seed .
1) Carp hatchery unit
2) Watering facilities
3) Brood fish ponds
4) Rearing ponds
5) Nursery ponds
Beside the above , office and laboratory building has also been developed at this farm with
financial assistance from RKVY. The farm has three laboratories vize Fish Biotechnology
Aquaculture, Health Management and Wet lab.

13
At this farm following equipments are available for training and research
Equipment’s available in this laboratory and their use:
Name of equipment Use
PCR Amplification of DNA fragment
DNA sequencer Sequencing of DNA and Microsatellite study
Gel electrophoresis Separation of molecular DNA on basis of their
size
Separation of Protein molecules on basis of
their size
Gel Doc Imager Visualization of DNA and Protein bands
Nano drop photometer Provides OD, strength of samples
ELISA plate reader Immunological studies
Blood analyser Gives 20 different blood parameters like WBC,
RBC count

14
2.2 LAYOUT OF FISH SEED PRODUCTION CENTER , UDAIPUR
Layout of Hatchery :
2.3 MEASURMENT OF HATCHERY COMPONENT AND POND

15
MORPHOMETRY OF POND
The different components of hatchery were measured and presented in
following tables:-
Circular hatchery unit :-
S
N
COMPONEN
T
OUTER
DIAMETER(F
t.)
INNER
DIAMETER(f
t.)
HEIGHT(Ft.
)
WALL
THICKNESS(Ft.
)
SLOP R(ft.) AREA(ft.
)
VOLUME(ft.
)
1. SPAWNING
POOL
15.2ft 12.22ft 4.2ft 0.7ft 1-1.5 6.11f
t
395.59ft
²
492.33 ft³
2. INCUBATION
POOL
10Ft. 8.6ft 3.1ft 0.7ft 1-1.5 4.3ft 200ft ft² 179.98 ft³
Pond Dimensions
S.NO. COMPONENT LENGTH(Ft.) WIDTH(Ft.) HEIGHT(Ft.) AREA(Ft².) VOLUME(Ft³.)
1. POND NO. 1 72ft 64 ft 6 ft 4608 ft² 27648 ft³
2. POND NO.2 147ft 74 ft 6 ft 10878 ft² 65268 ft³
3. POND NO.3 147 ft 74 ft 6 ft 10878 ft² 65268 ft³
11. POND
NO.11(EARTHEN
POND)
54 ft 43 ft 6 ft 2322 ft² 13932 ft³
12. POND
NO.12(EARTHEN
POND)
75 ft 65 ft 6 ft 4875 ft² 29250 ft³
13. SEED
COLLECTION
TANK
7.1ft 3ft 2.1ft 21.3ft² 44.73ft³

16
2.4COMPONENTS OF ECO-HATCHERY:
Circular eco-hatchery is the most common hatchery system adopted all over the country.The
configuration of the hatchery components vary according to need and local conditions . The
hatchery at Udaipur was modified circular hatchery and it has following components :
1). Over head tank
2). Breeding /spawning tank
3).Egg collection chamber
4). Incubation/ Hatching tank
5).Spawn collection tank
FISH SEED PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE
Major carps are most important species from the point of view of their high food
andnutritive values.Hence they have kept attention of scientists and aqua farmers. They have
peculiar habit of breeding in running waters of rivers and streams where they have large
space for movement.
During breeding season, water is sufficiently provided with minerals, O2 and food content
.this friendly aquatic environment provides stimulus for spawning. Carps do not breeding
confined water of captivity even if their gonads are matured and ovulation might have taken
place in natural environment.
1). For the increasing production of carp it is necessary that they should be made to breed in
confined water so that increasing demand of good quality fish and their seed could be
available.
2) This can be done by adopting INDUCED BREEDING TECHNIQUES .By which ripe or
mature fishes breed in confined water when stimulated by injection of pituitary hormone.The

17
pituitary hormone is an important gonadotropin , which is extracted from the hypophysis of a
mammal or a mature fish.
BREEDING TECHNIQUE: Induced breeding of carps starts with the onset of south-
west monsoon. The male and female brooders are conditioned for a few hours prior to
injection. Sets of brooders are formed, each consisting of 1:2(female: male) ratio. The
injected brooders are released in the breeding pool.The detail protocol for induced breeding is
described below:
1.COLLECTION OF BROODERS: For breeding purpose healthy and mature
brooders were collected from brooder pond 1,2,3,4 . The drag net of mesh size 80-100mm.
Collected 2 to 3 years old brooders with the help of drag net manually . After collection of
brooder male and female were selected for hormonal administration .
2. SELECTION OF MALE AND FEMALE BROOD STOCK :
Male and female broodstock were selected by visual examine. Selection of fish is difficult
when that fish is selected second time for breeding, some times belly may be bulgy due to fat
deposition. Main criteria for selection of male and female were given below in table :
S.N. Characteristics Male Female
1. Pectoral fin Dorsal surface is rough Dorsal surface is smooth
2. Genital aperture It is not
prominent.Further on
pressing milt oozes out
It is reddish and
swollen.Further on
pressing eggs ooze out.
3. Shape of belly Not bulgy and soft to
touch .
Belly is soft and bulgy.

18
BIOLOGY OF INDIAN MAJOR CARPS
1 . Catla:- also known as the major (Indian) carp, is an economically important South
Asian freshwater fish in the carp family Cyprinidae. It is commonly found in rivers and lakes
in northern India, Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
 Comman name – Catla
 Scientific name -Catlacatla
 Classification –
o Kingdom-animalia
o Phylum –Chordata
o Class - Actinoptergii
o Order – Cypriniformes
o Family –Cyprinidae
o Genus- Catla
o Species catla
 Feed and feeding habit:-
It is a surface feeder, feed on zooplankton with preference for crustaceans and rotifer.
 Morphological feature:-
1. Head brood, snout with very thin integument mouth wide and upturned.
2. Body deep, upper lip absent lower thin.
3. Eyes in front of head, body greenish above silvery around and below.
4. Lateral line 40-43 scales, fins dark.
 Sexual maturity:-
 Sexual maturity in the second year and the males matures earlier then female.
 The female grows faster than male and hence usually, the male are smaller than female
 Under normal conditions catla grows to 1-1.2 kg in the first yea
 Fecundity:-1.66-2.03 lakhs per Kg body weight.

19
2. Rohu:-The rohu or roho labeo (Labeo rohita) is a species of fish of the carp family,
found in rivers in South Asia. It is a large omnivore and extensively used in aquaculture.
 Comman name – Rohu
 Scientific name – labeo rohita
 Classification –
o Kingdom- animalia
o Phylum –chordata
o Class- actinopterigii
o Order- cpriniformes
o Family – cyprinidae
o Genus – Labeo
o Species –rohita
 Feed and feeding habit:-It is also considered to be Colum feeder and explores
other zone of habitat.
 Morphological feature:-
 Body bilaterally symmetrical, moderately elongate, its dorsal profile more
arched than the ventral profile;
 body with cycloid scales, head without scale;
 snout fairly depressed, projecting beyond mouth, without lateral lobe;
 eyes dorsolateral in position, not visible from outside of head;
 mouth small and inferior;
 lips thick and fringed with a distinct inner fold to each lip, lobate or entire;
 a pair of small maxillary barbells concealed in lateral groove;
 no teeth on jaws;
 pharyngeal teeth in three rows;
 upper jaw not extending to front edge of eye;
 simple (unbranched) dorsal fin rays three or four, branched dorsal fin rays 12
to 14; dorsal fin inserted midway between snout tip and base of caudal fin;
 pectoral and pelvic fins laterally inserted;
 pectoral fin devoid of an osseous spine;
 caudal fin deeply forked;
 lower lip usually joined to isthmus by a narrow or broad bridge;

20
 pre-dorsal scale 12-16;
 lateral line distinct, complete and running along median line of the caudal
peduncle; lateral line scales 40 to 44;
 lateral transverse scale-rows six or six and a half between lateral line and
pelvic fin base;
 snout not truncate, without any lateral lobe;
 colour bluish on back, silvery on flanks and belly.
 Sexual maturity:- Sexual maturity +2 year male and female.
 Fecundity: - 3.45-3.82 lakh 1Kg body weight.
The fecundity varies from 226 000 to 2 794 000, depending upon fish size and ovary
weight;
on average it ranges from 200 000-300 000 eggs/kg BW.
3. Mrigal :-also known as the mrigal and the white carp, is a species of ray-finned
fish in the carp family.
 Comman name – Mrigal
 Scientific name –Cirrhinus mrigala
 Classification-
o Kingdom- animalia
o Phylum-chordata
o Class –actinoptergii
o Genus-cirrhinus
o Species – mrigala
 Food and feeding habit: - it is a bottom feeder fish subsisting on the decayed
organic matter.
Morphological feature:-
 Body bilaterally symmetrical and streamlined, its depth about equal to length of head;
body with cycloid scales, head without scales;
 snout blunt, often with pores;
 mouth broad, transverse;
 upper lip entire and not continuous with lower lip, lower lip most indistinct;

21
 single pair of short rostral barbels;
 pharyngeal teeth in three rows, 5.4.2/2.4.5 pattern;
 lower jaw with a small post-symphysial knob or tubercle;
 origin of dorsal fin nearer to end of snout than base of caudal;
 dorsal fin as high as body with 12 or 13 branched rays;
 last unbranched ray of dorsal fin non-osseous and non-serrated;
 pectoral fins shorter than head; caudal fin deeply forked;
 anal fin not extending to caudal fin; lateral line with 40-45 scales;
 lateral transverse scale rows 6-7/5½-6 between lateral line and pelvic fin base; usually
dark grey above, silvery beneath;
 dorsal fin greyish; pectoral, pelvic and anal fins orange-tipped (especially during
breeding season).
 Sexual maturity:-sexual maturity +2 year male and female.
3. HORMONE ADMINISTRATION :
Prior to hormone administration all the brooders which are kept in conditioning hapa are
collected at one side by using hand net. Male and female brooders were injected separately.
Out of the various synthetic hormone available here we have used “ovatide” a synthetic
hormone which is having GnRH-analoge (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) and
Domperidone , a dopamine antagonist. Ovatide is being manufactured by Syndel
Laboratories, Mumbai. Here we have given intra-muscular injection above lateral line and
below dorsal fin. Here the injection which we are using is of B.D.S. No 22 needle. All the
female and male brooders were injected with 0.3-0.5 and 0.1-0.3 ml/kg weight of body
respectively. After injection they are released into spawning tank and spawning tank is
covered properly with net to prevent the escape of brooders from spawning tank.
All the water showering is run . After 2-3 hrs circular movement of water is being provided.
Here both ground water and pond water is used simultaneously in spawning tank.

22
Brooders were stimulated by injection OVATIDE for induced breeding. Ovatide contain
following composition.
1.Gonadorelin A (s Gn RH A) -- 20 mcg.
2. Domperidone BP -- 10 mg.
3. Benzyl Alcohol IP -- 1.5% v/v
4.INJECTION METHOD/ TECHNIQUE:-
1. Intra-muscular injection:
Administered into the muscle on the caudal peduncle or behind the dorsal fin, but
above the lateral line. Fin, above the lateral line,
avoiding the lateral line. It is most effective,
convenient, simple and less risky.
2. Intra-peritoneal injection:
It is give through the soft regions of the body,
generally at the base of the pelvic fin or the pectoral
fin. It is risky as it may damage the goads or liver.
3. Intra-cranial injection:
In this method, the injection is given through the
cranium and is also risky as it may damage the brain. The pituitary extract is
administered through a glass or disposable syringe, 2.0 ml capacity, having 0.1 ml
graduation. Needle No.2 is used for fish weighing 1-3 kg, No. 19 for larger fish and
No. 24 for smaller fish -Needle number.
Intra-muscular injection is commonly practiced. The hormone injection (pituitary/ova
prim/ova tide) is given at the caudal peduncle region in between posterior end of
dorsal fin.
At breeding operation , hormone was administrated by intra-peritoneal way in which
hormone was injected below the baseof pectoral fin. (Fig. )
Dose of hormone

23
S.no. Species Male Female
1. Catla ( Catla catla) 0.20-0.30
mg/kg
0.40-0.50 mg/kg
2. Rohu (Labeo rohita) 0.10-0.20
mg/kg
0.20-0.40 mg/kg
3. Mrigal(Cirrhinus mrigala) 0.10-0.20
mg/kg
0.20-0.40
mg/kg
After injecting of hormones, fishes were kept in breeding/ spawning pool for 6-7 hrs. after
spawning.
STRIPPING :
Stripping can be done by two methods i.e. Dry method and wet method. Fish seed production
and rearing centre, Udaipur,stripping was done by dry method which is used for IMC
breeding .Stripping was done after 6-8 hrs.after hormone administration.In this method ,eggs
and milt was stripped by pressing belly of fish & then it was mixed thoroughly by feather &
by rotating tray for proper fertilization. After thorough mixing for few minutes, water was
poured into the tray which makes the eggs swollen and water harden. Then fertilized eggs
were transferred to incubation tank . After 6-8 hrs. Of hormone induction fish started
spawning in spawning pool.This process of spawning complete within 2-3 hrs. After
spawning eggs were allowed to water hardning and than collected for transferring in
incubation pool.Beside natural spawning, stripping technique also followed at this farm.

24
4. COLLECTION OF BROODERS
Next morning spent brooders were removed from breeding tank after removing
brooder from breeding tank, the tank was treating Potassium permanganate and
washed properly with water
5. INCUBATION OF EGGS:
The water hardned eggs were collected from spawning pool and stocked in
incubation.Before transferring eggs in incubator breeding indices such as fecundity ,
fertilization rate etc. Are presented in following table. Were calculated The flow rate of
water is managed through a valve carefully. The aerator is used to increase the “Dissolved
Oxygen” content in incubation tank. A wooden stick /bamboo is used as surface cleaner kept
on the water surface across the outer chamber in between two walls.In the optimum water
condition i.e. temperature 28-30O
c– DO > 5ppm etc.The larvae hatches out in 16-20hr. and
ittakes 72 hrs. more to absorb it’s yolk.

25
6. OBSERVATION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT STAGES:
The embryonic development stages of carp were studied using compound microscope the
various embryonic development stage as reported in this training are presented in this figure
Just after fertilization the embryonic development process has been started. To observe
various larval development stages of IMC we use compound microscope.
CLEAVAGE:-
Many cleavage division leads to formation of large number of blastomeres /cells.
MORULA:-
Characterize by formation of blastodisc. Blastodisc consists of numerous blastomeres.
BLASTULA:-
Blastula describes the period when the blastodisc become multi layered. At this stage, cell
division becomes less synchronous and difficult to count cell .Blastoderm spreads over yolk.
Blastocoel formation starts.
GASTRULA:-
Blastoderm began proliferates the surface of the yolk sac. Germ ring starts epiboling yolk .At
this stage differentiation of the embryonic tissue began and a rudimentary embryonic body
formed .From here the differentiatio of this stage differentiation of the embryonic tissue
began and a rudimentary embryonic body formed .From here the differentiation of organ
starts i.e. brain, appendages etc.

27
7. COLLECTION OF SPAWN:
Three days old hatchlings having average size of 6-8 mm are known as spawn . Spawn were
collected from incubator to “SPAWN COLLECTION TANK” by suitably placing hapa in
tank.Spawns collected are either stocked in nursery pond or directly sold to the fish farmers.
8
8.PACKAGING AND TRANSPORTATION OF FISH SEED:
Spawn collected in spawn tank did not require conditioning they directly packed in polythene
bag. The seed was packed in poly bags of 18’’×30’’ size filled with 1/3 water and 2/3
oxygen.
Packaging of fish is done by using both open and closed system. We have practiced both
open and closed system for packaging and transportation. We have used closed system of
seed packaging and transportation for IMC spawn, fry, fingerling and open system for
transportation of fingerling only. The polythene bags were kept in light plastic bags(0.8 m
length and 0.5 m width) and transported.
Before packaging of fry and fingerling we have collected fish seed from nursery pond by
using drag net. After collection we have kept them in a hapa (2 m x 1 m x 1m, mesh size 1
mm) for nearly 1-2 hrs prior to packaging it helped in conditioning the fish seed. We have
also kept splashing the water from sides of the hapa to provide them aeration.
Total transported seed from The Seed Production Unit, RCA , Udaipur :
DATE SPECIES QUANTITY(lacs.) PARTICULARS
22/7/17 M 60 spawn
28/7/17 M 0.83 spawn
28/7/17 M 77.77 spawn
31/7/17 R 5.0 spawn
31/7/17 R 15.0 spawn
31/7/17 IMC 3.0 spawn
31/7/17 IMC 10.0 spawn

28
31/7/17 IMC 10.0 spawn
31/7/17 IMC 5.0 spawn
4/8/17 IMC 8.0 spawn
13/8/17 R 10.0 spawn
13/8/17 R 4.0 spawn
13/8/17 R 3.0 spawn
13/8/17 R 0.5 spawn
13/8/17 R 10.0 spawn
18/8/17 R 5.0 spawn
25/8/17 R 8.0 spawn
2/9/17 R 0.40 fry
2/9/17 R 0.5 fry
2/9/17 R 0.75 fry
2/9/17 R 0.5 fry
2/9/17 R 0.3571 fry
10/9/17 IMC 180KG. yearling
11/9/17 IMC 0.11 fingerling
20/9/17 R 1.0 Advance fry
20/9/17 M+R 0.5 fingerling
 Open system for transportation of fingerling:-

29
We have done transportation of fingerling using open system by small tempos by spreading
polythene sheet over the trolly of tempo and then filling it with nearly 1-1.5’ water after then
we have placed fingerling in it. This method is suitable for long distance transportation of fish
seed(fingerlings)
 Closed system:-
For transportation by using closed system we have used polythene bags filled with 1/3 water
and 2/3 oxygen. The polyethylene bags were capable for transport long distances by road.
Spawn from incubation tank did not require conditioning they are directly packed in
polythene bag. Approximately each bag contains about 20-25K spawns, 2-2.5K fry, 100-500
fingerlings.
9.CLEANING AND DISINFECTION:
Cleaning and disinfection of all the hatchery component was done after every
breeding operation. All the hatchery component such as spawning pool,
incubation tank,egg collection tank,spawn collection tank was washed properly
and disinfected using KMnO4 , lime and melachite green.
FIG: Application of KMnO4 in breeding pool.

30
Total produced SEED:-----
SET
NO.
DATE
SPE
CIES
WT.
OF
MALE(
KG)
WT. OF
FEMALE
(KG)
FECU
NDITY
(NOS/
KG)
EGGS(
NOS)
FERTILI
ZATION
(%)
FERTILI
ZED
EGGS(
NOS)
HATCHI
NG(%)
HATCHLI
NGS
(NOS)
HATCHLI
NG
SURVIV
AL(%)
SPA
WN
(LAC
S)
1 26.06
.17
M 12.00 16.00 #DIV/0
!
#DIV/
0!
0.00% #DIV/0
!
0.00% #DIV/0! 0.00 0.00
2 02.07
.17
CR 24.50 25.50 #DIV/0
!
#DIV/
0!
0.00 #DIV/0
!
0.00 #DIV/0! 0.00 0.00
3 08.07
.17
CR
M
27.50 30.00 1.81 54.17 60.00 32.50 80.00 26.00 50.00 13.0
0
4 11.07
.17
CR
M
17.50 19.50 1.84 35.95 80.00 28.76 90.00 25.88 85.00 22.0
0
5 14.07
.17
CR
M
15.50 21.50 2.07 44.44 50.00 22.22 90.00 20.00 75.00 15.0
0
6 17.07
.17
CR 20.00 24.50 1.88 45.96 80.00 36.76 85.00 31.25 80.00 25.0
0
7 18.07
.17
M 31.00 46.00 1.56 71.61 99.00 70.89 95.00 67.35 98.00 66.0
0
8 22.07
.17
CR 20.00 23.00 1.91 44.03 85.00 37.43 90.00 33.68 95.00 32.0
0
9 24.07
.17
M 33.00 44.00 2.03 89.40 98.00 87.61 99.00 86.73 98.00 85.0
0
10 28.07
.17
CR
M
42.00 54.00 1.89 101.8
5
75.00 76.39 90.00 68.75 80.00 55.0
0
11 31.07
.17
CR 27.50 33.00 1.84 60.74 80.00 48.59 92.00 44.71 85.00 38.0
0
12 01.08
.17
M 13.50 14.00 1.19 16.67 10.00 1.67 80.00 1.33 75.00 1.00
13 04.08
.17
CR 52.50 38.00 1.52 57.58 65.00 37.43 95.00 35.56 90.00 32.0
0
14 09.08
.17
CR
M
36.00 41.00 1.91 78.43 60.00 47.06 80.00 37.65 85.00 32.0
0
15 14.08
.17
RO
HU
27.00 31.00 1.23 38.01 65.00 24.71 80.00 19.77 86.00 17.0
0

31
NURSERY REARING Of INDIAN MAJOR CARP SEED
INTRODUCTION:
Early larval stage are the most crucial and vulnerable stage in the life cycle of a
fish. During this period,the young ones are defenceless against predators,
susceptible to microbial attacks prone to disease and sensitive to fluctuation in
the environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen,temperature,alkalinity etc.
and to handling stress. Hence the rate of survival of this stress depends on the
maintenance of optimum water quality parameter,availability of adequate
choice food and a predator free aquatic environment. By forth day after
hatching the spawn is to be released into a well prepared nursery tank for
growing the post larvae to fry stage.
SITE OF WORK
Fish seed rearing center ,Udaipur located in the heart of Udaipur city.Here
we learned carp nursery managment . We also measure pond morphometry and
analysed water qulity parameter.
NURSERY MANAGEMENT CAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO:
1.Pre - stocking management
2.Stocking management

32
3.Post - stocking management
PRE STOCKING MANAGEMENT
Seed of carps are delicate in nature and their growth and survival are largely
depend on the environment in which they live .The biological characteristic like
the food preference & feeding habit of these carps almost similar during their
initial life stage ,thus requiring almost similar management at any particular
stage .
Aquatic weeds & insects were removed which harm the spawns of carps.
Manuring & fertilization was done to make the availability of natural feed
for feeding of spawns of carps.
A. PRE-STOCKING MANAGEMENT:-
A. ERADICATION OF AQUATIC WEEDS:-
Aquatic weeds become menacing to fish cultivation when their growth is excessive.The
aquatic weeds can be controlled by employing manual method, mechanical method, chemical
method, biological method but in TEKRI fish farm we removed aquatic weeds.Mostly found
aquatic weeds are- Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata ), Ipomea (Ipomoea aquatica ),
Ceratophyllum (Ceratophyllum demersum),Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)Duck
Weed (Azolla pinnata),Eel grass (Vallisneria spiralis), Nymphea, Typha, Lemna etc. Along
with aquatic weed there were somemarginal weeds like Gajar grass (Parthenium sps.), Paddy
grass etc. with the manual weed eradication method. We used mainly for removing aquatic
weeds werehand picking, up-rooting, by using spade, bynetting etc.
B. ERADICATION OF AQUATIC INSECTS:-
A large number of aquatic insects inhabit the nursery ponds especially during and after the
rains and prey on carp spawn and fry. In fish farm we removed aquatic insects. Most
commonly found aquatic insects are- dragonfly nymph (Diplacodes haeatodes), Ranatra

33
(Water stick), Gerris (Water spider)Corixa, Cybister(Diving beetle), Notonecta (Back
swimmer), Belostoma (Giant bug), Nepa (Water scorpion)etc. We used mainly for removing
aquatic insects by netting in fine meshed net and application of BUTOX @500ml/hac.
C. MEASUREMENT OF TRANSPARENCY:-
Transparency is due to penetration of light into the water. It is also called as turbidity.
Transparency depends upon the suspended particles present on water. When the suspended
particles are more, the light penetrates to minimum depth. So, the Water is said to be more
turbid and less transparent. The turbidity can be measured by “Secchi disc”.
Transparency = Disappearance + Appearance
D. LIMING :-
Liming is a common practice in the pond. There are three main purposes for liming ponds-
1. To increase the availability of nutrients
2. To increase pH and to buffer against daily pH fluctuations and
3. To sterilize ponds prior to stocking.

34
In carp seed rearing pond we have been used calcium oxide (CaO) as a liming agent, we are
spread it manually over the nursery pond water. Its dose usually depends on soil pH. On
rough estimation we applied abut 150-200 kg lime/hectare.
PHASE MANURING:-
The Indian major carps and exotics carps at their early stages are planktivorous, with
zooplankton as the preferred natural food. Sustained zooplankton population in a pond
depends on a good phytoplankton population base, which is further ensured through adequate
availability of major nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon, besides certain
micronutrient in water.The insitu availability of these nutrients in pond sediment and water is
often at lower levels and need to be added from external sources for sustaining good plankton
growth.
Phase manuring will done before stocking and same quantity also used after stocking after an
interval.
E. PLANKTON ANALYSIS:-
Planktons are microscopic community of plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton),
found usually free floating, swimming with little or no resistance to water currents,
suspended in water, non-motile or insufficiently motile to overcome transport by currents, are
called "Plankton". Phytoplankton (Microscopic algae) usually occurs as unicellular, colonial
or filamentous forms and is mostly photosynthetic and is grazed upon by the zooplankton and

35
other organisms occurring in the same environment. Zooplankton principally comprise of
microscopic Protozoans, Rotifers, Cladocerans and Copepods.
Sampling Procedure: Plankton net number 25 of mesh size 60 µm was used for collecting
samples. 50 liters of water was measured in a graduated bucket and filtered through the net
and concentrated in a 25 ml test tube. Samples were collected as close to the water surface as
possible in the morning hours and preserved for further analysis.
The collected plankton sample is observed under light microscope and the observed
plankton is diaptomus, Cyclops, brancionus, moina, Dafnia etc.
11111111111111
Fig: Daphnia under microscope
F Fig -

37
STOCKING:-
Pond no.6,7,and 8 were used for rearing trial nursery. The seed(Rohu) stocked in ponds was
3 lakhs spawn/pond.
POST STOCKING MANAGEMENT:-
It is done after the stocking of the spawn to the nursery pond.
1. Supplementry feeding
2. Manuring
3. Water and soil quality parameter analysis.
SUPPLYMENTERY FEEDING:-
Supplemented feed was used in nursey ponds. Feeding will be done in the pond by
theBroadcasting or Hand feeding essentially involves dispersing of a known quantity of food
into the system.

38
Spawn harvesting:
The detailes of advanced fry harvested are presented are presented in
table.
DISCUSSION:-
There is no permanent ‘cure-all’ for aquatic weed problems at present. Their control is a
continuing process starting with a initial massive clearance operation followed by a persistent
follow-up programme and subsequent management measures. For successful, control of
weeds in fishery waters it is necessary to consider the type, age and density of infestation,
cost of labour the feasibility of the method under local conditions, possible after-effects on
the existing fishery.
CHIENESE CIRCULAR HATCHERY
Chinese circular hatchery:-
The Chinese spawning and hatching systems are based on continuous flow of water
by gravity to breed carps and hatch the eggs. The cost of construction and operation of a
Chinese hatchery is less when compared to any other design for same production capacity. In
India also, the Chinese hatchery system is now considered to be highly suitable for the
production of quality fish seed. Chinese type of. Hatchery consists of four main components,
viz., overhead water storage tank, the spawning/ breeding pond, incubation hatching pond
and hatchling receiving pond. This system is designed for fish breeding and incubation. The
water required for the hatchery system is regulated through the pipe supply from an overhead
tank. The duration of one operation for hatching is 4 days. It can be repeated after a period of
4 days.
No. of spawn
stocked
date of
stocking
no. of adv.fry
harvested
Date of harvesting % survival
9.0 lacs 18/8/2017 4.425lacs 2/9/17,20/9/17,29/9/17 49.16

39
Overhead water storage tank
Water supply to the overhead tank should be arranged by pumping water from an
open well or a deep tube-well. The overhead tank is used to supply sufficient water for the
spawning, incubation and storage tanks. Dimensions of overhead tank are 11224 feet.
Spawning pool: It is a circular masonry/concrete pond . which have not any slope. A
water supply line is laid along the outside of the wall, and the inlet to the pond is provided at
14-16 places equally spaced and fixed at an angle of 45° to the radius of the tank using a 20
mm. Diameter pipe with a nozzle mouth, all arranged in one direction. These are fixed to the
vertical wall and the nozzle mouth is flush with cement plaster face and near the bottom
along the periphery of the pond. The water flow in the spawning pool create an artificial
riverine condition for the fish to breed. The shower and a perforated galvanised iron pipe are
useful to increase the dissolved oxygen. About 70 kg of males and 70 kg of females can be
kept in the spanning tank which can yield 10 millions of eggs in one breeding operation.
Dimensions of Spawning Pool :-
Outer Diameter - 15.2 ft.
Inner Diameter - 12.22 ft.
Height - 4.2 ft.
Wall Thickness - 0.7 ft.
Area - 395.59 ft2
Volume - 492.33 ft3
Incubation ponds
There are two circular incubation pool 8.6 ft , internal diameter. There are 2 chambers
in pood. The dimension of the outer chamber is 10 ft. having an outer masonry/ concrete
wall. Another circular wall with a fixed nylon screen . It have clear distance from the outer
wall. They hold 70,000 million eggs/cubic metre. The spawn along with water flows from
theseponds to spawn collection pond.
Spawn collection pond:-

40
This is a rectangular masonry concrete tank. The inside dimensions are 7.132.1
feet. This is located at a lower elevation than the incubation pond. So as to drain out the water
from it by gravity, lift ground levels may permit. Fresh water supply from the overhead tank
is provided. Pipelines are arranged so as to provide the spray for aeration. From each of the
incubation ponds. Diameter pipes are provided for transferring and regulating spawn intake
into the spawn receiving pond. Hooks are fixed in two opposite side walls of the pond for
fixing the net for the collection of spawn. Steps are also provided for getting into the pond for
the collection of spawn. The overflow from this pond is discharged into an open drain and
suitably utilised in the earthen ponds, if possible.
Operation of the Chinese hatchery
Brooders are kept in the spawning pond for about 4-8 hours for conditioning. Then
between 4-6 PM, the first injection is given to the females. After 6 hours a second dose of
injection is given to the female and one dose to the male. After 4 hours of the injection, the
water jets are started so as to get the circular motion in the water. After 4-8 hours of the
second injection, breeding takes place. One crore of eggs can be treated at a time in one
operation. The eggs are collected from the bottom and are transferred into the incubation
pools through pipes by opening the valves. Arrangements are made to chum the water again
in the incubation pools. In 4 days’ time, the spawn is about 6 mm in size and then it is taken
into the hatching’ spawn receiving pool. From there it is lifted and stocked in separate water
ponds until they reach the fry stage. If oxygen is less, aeration can be given through a
compressor in the incubation pool at the rate of 6 kg/ cm2 run by a 1 HP motor. For aeration-
water showers, water jets, etc can also be provided depending upon the require ment.
During the breeding season lasting about 120 days in a year, the breeding and hatching
operations can be carried out in about 30 batches, each batch of 4 days. About one crore eggs
can be hatched in one batch, and with a 95% hatching success, 285 million spawn of about 6
mm size can be produced. The main advantages are that the structures are of permanent
nature, the hatchery is easy to operate and it needs less manpower.

41
 Fecundity:-1.39-1.87 lakh 1Kg body weight.
Production cycle ( Catla, Rohu and Mrigal):-
The production of marketable fish begins with the stocking of fry or juveniles into arearing
environment that assures optimum and rapid growth to allow harvest in the shortest possible
time. The fish farmer has to obtain adequate number of young fish to meet his production
goals. These fish can come from wild capture. However, there is little or no guarantee that
adequate numbers can be captured and stocked in the time corresponding to optimum
production conditions. The fish farmer then naturally turns to other means of obtaining his
stock. By simulation of the conditions necessary for the reproduction of his fish, the farmer
can spawn the fish in captivity. Successful spawning is only the beginning, however, the eggs
must hatch, and these reared successfully to fry stage. These stages - spawning, hatching, and
early rearing are like a steeple chase which the farmer must win. The race course is well filled
with obstacles, for example physico-chemical quality of water such as available dissolved
oxygen, feed of the proper nutritive composition and particle size, low resistance to diseases,
and so on. A good appreciation of all these factors is needed for successful production of fish.
The ultimate goal of the fish farmer is to produce fish that meet both his needs and the market
demand. Through artificial propagation, the farmer can select for desirable characteristics
FISH SEED PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE

42
such as fast growth, resistance to disease, etc. By hybridization and selection, these goals can
be achieved if the farmer dedicates enough time and patience.
INFLUENCING WATER QUALITY ON
FISH BREEDING
WATER QUALITY PARAMETER:-
Water quality parameters that are commonly monitored in the aquaculture industry
include temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, and nitrites.
Depending on the culture system, carbon dioxide, chlorides, and salinity may also be
monitored.
Importance of Water Quality in Aquaculture
Fish perform all their bodily functions in water. Because fish are totally dependent
upon water to breathe, feed and grow, excrete wastes, maintain a salt balance, and reproduce,
understanding the physical and chemical qualities of water is critical to successful
aquaculture. To a great extent water determines the success or failure of an aquaculture
operation.
Water quality parameter in hatchery operation:---
1. Dissolved oxygen - >5 PPM
2. Temperature - 22 - 30ºC
3. Salinity - 0.75 PPT
4. Ammonia - Trace
5. pH - 7.5 – 7.9
6. Total alkalinity - 146 ppm
7. Hardness - 29ppm
8. CO2 - NIL

43
9. TDS - 22-73ppm
10. Ca Content - 97ppm
11. EC - 0.15 mhos
1. Dissolved oxygen:-
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is by far the most important chemical parameter in
aquaculture. Low-dissolved oxygen levels are responsible for more fish kills, either
directly or indirectly, than all other problems combined. Like humans, fish require
oxygen for respiration. The amount of oxygen consumed by the fish is a function of its size,
feeding rate, activity level, and temperature. Small fish consume more oxygen than do large
fish because of their higher metabolic rate. Meade (1974) determined that the oxygen
consumption of salmon reared at 57ºF was 0.002 pounds per pound of fish per day. Lewis et
al. (1981) determined that striped bass raised at 77ºF consumed 0.012-0.020 pounds per
pound of fish per day. The higher oxygen requirement by striped bass may be attributed to
the statement that the metabolic rate doubles for each 18o F increase in temperature.
The amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water decreases at higher temperatures
and decreases with increases in altitudes and salinities.
2. Temperature:-
After oxygen, water temperature may be the single most important factor affecting the
welfare of fish. Fish are cold-blooded organisms and assume approximately the same
temperature as their surroundings. The temperature of the water affects the activity,
behaviour, feeding, growth, and reproduction of all fishes. Metabolic rates in fish double for
each 18ºF rise in temperature.
Fish are generally categorized into warm water, cool water, and Coldwater species based
on optimal growth temperatures.
Temperature also determines the amount of dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, etc.) in the water. The cooler the water the more soluble the gas. Temperature plays
a major role in the physical process called thermal stratification (Figure 4). As mentioned
earlier, water has a high-heat capacity and unique density qualities. Water has its maximum
density at 39.2ºF. In spring, water temperatures are nearly equal at all pond depths. As a

44
result, nutrients, dissolved gases, and fish wastes are evenly mixed throughout the pond. As
the days become warmer, the surface water becomes warmer and lighter while the cooler-
denser water forms a layer underneath. Circulation of the colder bottom water is prevented
because of the different densities between the two layers of water. Dissolved oxygen levels
decrease in the bottom layer since photosynthesis and contact with the air is reduced. The
already low oxygen levels are further reduced through decomposition of waste products,
which settle to the pond bottom. Localized dissolved oxygen depletion poses a very real
problem to the fish farmer.
3. Salinity:-
Salinity is the measure of all the salts dissolved in water. Salinity is usually measured in
parts per thousand (ppt or). The average ocean salinity is 35ppt and the average river
water salinity is 0.5ppt or less. This means that in every kilogram (1000 grams) of seawater,
35 grams are salt.
4. Ammonia:-
Fish excrete ammonia and lesser amounts of urea into the water as wastes. Two forms of
ammonia occur in aquaculture systems, ionized and un-ionized. The un-ionized form of
ammonia (NH3) is extremely toxic while the ionized form (NH4+) is not. Both forms are
grouped together as "total ammonia." Through biological processes, toxic ammonia can be
degraded to harmless nitrates.
In natural waters, such as lakes, ammonia may never reach dangerous high levels because
of the low densities of fish, but the fish farmer must maintain high densities of fish and,
therefore, runs the risk of ammonia toxicity. Un-ionized ammonia levels rise as temperature
and pH increase.
Toxicity levels for un-ionized ammonia depend on the individual species; however, levels
below 0.02 ppm are considered safe. Dangerously high ammonia concentrations are usually
limited to water recirculation system or hauling tanks where water is continually recycled and
in pond culture after phytoplankton die-offs. However, the intermediate form of ammonia--
nitrite--has been known to occur at toxic levels (brown-blood disease) in fish ponds.

45
5. Nitrite:-
Nitrite is an intermediate in the oxidation of ammonium to nitrate. An elevated ambient
nitrite concentration is a potential problem for freshwater fish since nitrite is actively taken up
across the gills in competition with chloride. Nitrite is a well-known toxicant for fish as well
as a disrupter of multiple physiological functions including ion regulatory, respiratory,
cardiovascular, endocrine and excretory processes.
6. pH:-
Toxicity levels for un-ionized ammonia depend on the individual species; however, levels
below 0.02 ppm are considered safe. Dangerously high ammonia concentrations are usually
limited to water recirculation system or hauling tanks where water is continually recycled and
in pond culture after phytoplankton die-offs. However, the intermediate form of ammonia--
nitrite--has been known to occur at toxic levels (brown-blood disease) in fish ponds.
7. Total alkalinity:-
Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids without an increase in pH. This
parameter is a measure of the bases, bicarbonates (HCO3-), carbonates (CO3--) and, in rare
instances, hydroxide (OH-). Total alkalinity is the sum of the carbonate and bicarbonate
alkalinities. Some waters may contain only bicarbonate alkalinity and no carbonate alkalinity.
The carbonate buffering system is important to the fish farmer regardless of the
production method used. In pond production, where photosynthesis is the primary natural
source of oxygen, carbonates and bicarbonates are storage area for surplus carbon dioxide.
By storing carbon dioxide in the buffering system, it is never a limiting factor that could
reduce photosynthesis, and in turn, reduce oxygen production. Also, by storing carbon
dioxide, the buffering system prevents wide daily pH fluctuations.

46
Daily Dairy
Hands on training was started after orientation and group formation on 14 july 2017 .our
group was allocated to join training at Fresh Water Aquaculture Research Unit ,Directorate
of Research,MPUAT(Udaipur ) under Dr. V.P.Saini sir.
Following work was done during the training period:------
14 July 2017:------
1.We reported to Udaipur fish seed farm at 10a.m. Then we meet Dr.V.P.Saini sir and
Dr.M.L.Ojha sir . we gave our introduction to them .After that Saini sir discussed about
Udaipur freshwater fish farm and he gave some details about chinese circular hatchery and
upcoming schedule to students.
2.At 11 a.m. we went Tekri pond to observed it and from 3 p.m. we did seed packaging
.Quantity of seed was 5,50,000 spawn .
3.Netting was done at 4:30 p.m. and then at 5p.m. sir inject injection to catla and rohu
brooder fish.At 12 a.m. fishes started mating.
15 July 2017:-------
1. We observed spawn at 7a.m. in chinese circular hatchery and after it we observed
some fertilized and unfertilized eggs too.
16 July 2017:-------
We observe spawn in hatchling pool of catla and rohu of 3 days with size of 4-5mm .
Development of hatching were observed; on the day 17 july. After absorption of yolk sac,
the spawn harvested and packed in polythene bags for transportation to nathdawara pond.
(Total 1,50,000 spawn.)
1.Water quantity:- 3 liter
2.kunka size(measuring cup) :- 55ml = 25000
3. Ratio of water :O2 - 3: 1
The brooders were injected with ovatide/ova prime at 5:30 Netting was done in brood stock
pond and mature brooders of indian major carps(catla and Rohu) were collected from the
pond and transported to the farm hatchery. The weight of female and male brooders of
Rohu were 14.5 and 13.5 kg and Catla female and male 9 kg and 5 kg respectively at
5:30p.m.
Doses:----- @ F=0.4 ml/kg ,M=0.3 ml/kg.

47
The location was dry. All the injected brooders were released in breeding pool and breeding
pool is covered by net.Breeding process started at 12:30p.m.
18-21 July 2017:-----
1) We observed the eggs in hatching pool .fertilization percentage was 95% and
hatchling percentage – 90%
2) Then we went Tekari farm(earthen pond) at 10:30a.m. netting was done in earthen
pond and mature brooder of mrigal were collected from pond and transported to
the new farm hatchery .
3) The weight of female and male brooders were 46kg and 31kg respectively.The
brooders were injected with ovatide/ovaprim at 5:20p.m.
4) All the injected mrigal brooder were released in breeding pool and the breeding pool
was covered by net. Breeding started at 12:30p.m.
5) The eggs were examined for estimation of fertilization percentage which was
80%.The mrigal is harvested from hatchery and left into pond.
6) Development of the hatchling of catla and rohu species were observed on 20 July
after absorption of yolk sac.The spawn were harvested .
7) We also observed mrigal eggs in developing stage from fry to advance fry.
8) Seed packaging and transportation of catla and rohu were done,total 1.53 lakh
spawn were produced and sold.
9) We observed the fry of mrigal in breeding pool and then last pond no. 1 was cleaned
by removing unwanted plants and grass.
22-23 July 2017
1.We observed 3 days old eggs of mrigal,the eggs were collected in seed
collection tank than they were packed and transported to Pali district.Total
76,75,000 spawns were produced and sold.
2. Netting was done in brood stock pond and mature brooders of IMC (catla and
rohu) were collected from the pond and transported to the farm hatchery. The
weight of male and female of catla were 6.5 and 6.5 kg. respectively. Rohu male
were 13.5 kg and female 16.5 kg.we observed the eggs of rohu and catla on 13-
07-2017.They were transport from breeding pool to hatchling pool .
24 -27 July 2017:-----
1) Netting was done in brood stock pond no. 7.mature brooders of mrigal were
collected from pond and transported to the farm hatchery.
2) The aggregate weight of mrigal male and female were 33kg and 44 kg
respectively.The brooder were injected with ovaprime.
3) Rohu and mrigal of previous set were transferred in seed collection tank and
then breeding pool was cleaned with water by workers.

48
4) Netting was done for eradication of aquatic insects which effect fish
seed.then we observed egg of mrigal in breeding pool .
5) We observed eggs of catla and rohu too which were fully fertilized and
developed into fry.
6) Then the hapa tied to collect fry/seed of rohu+catla in seed collection tank.
7) 10 lakh seed were stocked of catla and rohu in pond no.5.In earthen pond
no.1 ; 3 lakh seed were stocked .
8) We observed that fry of mrigal developed into advance fry stage in hatchery.
9) Than we cleaned RCA pond and spreading organic fertilizer BUTOX in it.
28 – 30 July:-----
1) We observed that fry of mrigal were collected in seed collection tank and
then they were packed in polythene bags for transportation to PALI DAM.
2) Total 1.15lakh fry were produced .
3) Harmful aquatic insects were collected from earthen pond in which
“notonecta” was in maximum quantity.
4) Netting was done in brood stock pond no.8 and 9 to collect rohu and catla
fish and then catla and rohu brooder were released in seed collection
tank
5) The weight of catla male and female brooder were 40 kg and 54.5 kg and
rohu male and female were 23 kg and 33.5kg respectively.
6) Then brooders were inject3d with ovatide /ovaprim.
7) We observed the eggs of catla and rohu in breeding pool.
8) We cleaned the earthen pond no.3 by removing grass and unwanted
plants.
9) On 30 July we observed catla and rohu seed in breeding pool which
developed into fry.
10) Netting was done in pond no.6 to collect aquatic insects.
31 July 2017:-----
1) Seed were transferred in seed collection tank .then the seed were
packed in polythene bags and transported total 56,50,000 spawn
were produced,the rating was good.
2) Breeding pool is cleaned after removing seed for packaging and then
the brooder of catla and rohu were collected from pond no.8 by
netting and transported to farm hatchery.The weight of catla male
and female brooders were 27.5kg and 33kg respectively .
3) The brooder were injected with ovatide/ovaprim at 6 p.m. The
climate was dry.All the injected brooder were released in breeding
pool and the breeding pool was covered by net .
1 – 3 August 2017:-----

49
1) Breeding operation was done,total weight of male and female brooder of
mrigal species was 13.5 kg and 14 kg respectively.
2) Only some mrigals were undergone breeding then eggs were transferred in
D-85 hatchery .
3) From old farm we collect Sarsi(Labeo gonius) and gold fish to check their
maturity status , 7 gold fish and 7 sarsi transferred from old farm to new
farm.
4) In hatchling pool ,we observed spawn of catla and rohu of 48 hrs.
5) We cleaned pond no.1 and 6 to remove dirt .Then fry collected from pond
no.2and put in tank to transferred RCA pond.(1.75 lakh)
6) Netting was done in earthen outside pond.we collected 5 lakh fry.
4 -10 August 2017:----
1)we observed D-85 hatchery which conceived mrigal eggs .Mostly eggs
attached with each other.
2) In breeding pool,we observed 4 days spawn.
3)Hapa tied in seed collection tank .Then polybags were filled with
water.Then we put seeds in polybags @25000 per kunka.
4)We did netting in pond no.3 to collect brooder fish for induced breeding of
catla and rohu.
5) Brooder fishes were injected by ovaprim by sir.Total male and female
brooder of catla was 16 kg and 12kg respectively.Brooder of rohu were 36.5
kg and 28.5kg(male and female).
11 August 2017:----
1) We observed Rohu female fishes in hatchling pool.In breeding pool we
observed eggs of catla and rohu.
2) Then we did netting in pond no.4 for thining of fry and regular checkup
status of fry. 7000-8000 fry was transferred in outside earthen kaccha
pond.
12 August 2017:----
We observed the fry of catla and rohu in breeding pool.
We did netting in outside kaccha pond to check size and survival rate of
seed.
13 August 2017:-----
Fry of catla and rohu were collected in seed collection tank for packaging
and transportation.
The water (3lit/bag) was filled by us.Then we stocked seed
@25,000/polybag.
After filling oxygen in polybags,these bags placed in truck for
transportation purposes.(Total polybags =135)

50
14 August 2017:----
Breeding pool was wash with KMnO4 for disinfection purposes .
We did netting in pond no.2 to collect IMC (rohu & mrigal) fish.
Then the fish were put in seed collection tank ,male & female separately .
Male & female were injected by ovaprim with 0.3&0.3 dosage.
Total weight of male & female brooders of rohu were 27.04 Kg & 31.05 Kg
.And the wt. of Mrigal ,Male & female were 2.0 & 2 Kg respectively.
15 AUG .2017:----
Brooders were collected from tekri pond. And then common carp & koi
carp were transferred in seed collection tank of new farm.
We observe the eggs of catla & rohu in breeding pool & also observe the
mrigal fish in hatching pool.
And then arranged the common carp set for breeding.
16 AUG.2017:----
We observed the common carp breeding. Then we learnt how to inject
intramuscular &intraperitoneal injection to fishes.
We took dead mahaseer for practise .
We take water sample from pond no.6 ;then we observe zooplankton
(cyclope,rotifer) under microscope.
17 AUG.2017 :----
We observed Common Carp egg attached on plastic strips in pond.
We collected the strips & transferred into D-85 hatchery .
Also we collected C.C .brooders.
18-19 AUG. 2017:----
Total 22 polybags were sold (7,50,000 fry of catla and rohu)
Netting was done in earthen pondno.1 and advance fry of mrigal were
collected and stocked in cemented pond no.4.
After that we did netting operation in pond no.1 where fry size checked
and again released in it.
20 – 21 August 2017:----
We observed that injection to sarsi fish was given by sir.Time of injection
was 11 a.m.
We observed that eggs of sarsi were hatched out and transferred in
hatchling pool ad sarsi fish were remain in breeding pool.

51
The Eggs of common carp in D-85 hatchery were developed into fry .Then
netting was done in pond no.2 to collect sarsi(3 female + 1 male) and
common carp fish .
Then sorting was done in pond no.1 ,only common carp fish was remain
in pond no.1.
22 – 23 August 2017 :-----
Netting was done in Tekri pond.Then Tilapia and common carp collected
.After that we shifted common carp at new farm pond no.1 and tilapia in
breeding pool and then feed was given to them.
We gave lime and KMnO4 application in pond no.1 ,2, 3 and 4 for
decrease acidic level and disinfection purposes in pond.
24 – 25 August 2017:----
Sir told us about stripping method technique.
Then we did thinning in pond no.6,7,8.
Sarsi was used to did stripping method for breeding.(5 female)
26 - 27 August 2017 :---
We observed the eggs of sarsi in D-85 hatchery that were hatch out and
developed into fry .Dry method of stripping for breeding was applied for
breeding of Sarsi fish.
From pond no.1 common carp collected and released in hatchling pool.
28 – 31 August 2017:----
We did netting in pond no.1,2,3, and 4 to remove aquatic insects.
Feed given to common carp fish in breeding pool in morning time.
Sarsi released in pond no.1 after its breeding.
6 – 8 September 2017:----
We gave supplementary feed to tilapia fish in breeding pool.
We went to MANAS reservoir to release tilapia fish in cages.
We collected Tilapia from TAKERY fish farm for stocking in hatchling pool
of new farm.
9 – 10 September 2017:----
Common carp and tilapia collected from TAKERI fish farm then we
transport fry to DEVAS pond.(Total polybags = 48)
11 -13 September 2017:----
We reached CTAE pond for collection of fry.Then fry transported to new
farm pond no. 5 .
Then 70,000 fry sold to customer.

52
Packaging was done & 5,000 spawn were sold to fisherman.
14-18 September 2017:----
Netting was done in pond no.4 & 6; then fry collected and packed in
polybags for transportation. Total polybags were 84.
We did netting in pond no.3 & collected fry and advance fry After that
advanced fry transferred into the pond no.5. then sir sold fry .Total
polythene bags packed were 85.
19-20 September 2017 :----
We did netting in earthen pond no.1 .then we calculated fish seed
according to size of kunka.
21 – 22 September 2017:----
We reached CTAE pond for collection of advance fry of mrigal and
rohu.These advance fry further sold to customers. Total quantity of seed
were 35750
.(Total polybags = 65)
23 – 25 september 2017 :---
Thining was done is pond no.4 & 5 by workers. Development and size
checked.
Common Carp Seed Production
INTRODUCTION:-
Breeding of common carp was carried out by “Hapa breeding”. Where we use to allow
common carps brooders to breed in a rectangular hapa under the influence of synthetic
hormone Ovatide. In common carp breeding, one female and two male brooders are required
to form a set. The weight of the two male brooders and one female brooder should be equal
for ensuring total breeding and fertilization. The selected brooders have to be released in a
breeding hapaor a small tank, which will serve as a space for breeding and fertilization. Since
common carp eggs are adhesive, the breeding hapa/tank should be provided with sufficient
water plants, preferably water hyacinth.
LOCATION:-
Site selected for common carp breeding is the seed production unit of MPUAT, Udaipur.
Here we learned breeding technique of common carp.For incubation we used D-85 hatchery
model.

53
COLLECTION OF BROODER:-
For the breeding operation well maintain and mature brooders are collected from the old
farm. They are 1 to 3 year old. The male and female brooder is segregate seperatelly and
releases in breeding pool.
MAINTENANCE OF BROODER:-
We maintain the brood stock of common carp upto one week before breeding operation will
occure. They are fed two time daily with supplement feed.
SELECTION OF BROODERS:-
S.no. Character Male Female
1. Abdomen The abdomen is not bulging.
When the abdomen near the
vent region is pressed slightly,
milt oozes out easily.
The abdomen is soft and bulging.
When the female brooder is kept
ventrally upward the belly on both
the sides are swollen due to ripe
ovary. Eggs ooze out when slightly
pressed.
2. Pectoral fin They are also characterized by
the inside of pectoral fin are
rough to touch it.
The inside of pectoral fins are
smooth to touch.
3. Vent The vent is not pinkish and
with pointed. papillae.
The vent is pinkish and with
almost. rounded papillae.
PREPARATION OF HAPA FOR COMMON CARP BREEDING:-
A rectangular hapa were erected in a D-85 hatcheryof muslin cloth net.

54
BREEDING HAPA
1. Length – 2 m.
2. Width – 1.25m.
3. Height – 1 m
HORMONAL ADMINISTRATION:-
Several techniques of hormone administration have been developed for Cyprinids. But in the
seed production unit ,Udaipur ;hatchery brooders were stimulated by injecting synthetic
hormone i.e. Ovatide through syringe. Hormone is injected in intramuscularly (near to caudal
peduncle) of fish.

55
DOSE OF HORMONE:-
For female:- 0.2 ml/ kg of body weight.
For male:- 0.1ml/ kg of body weight.
After hormonal administration plastic strips were placed in breeding pool because of adhesive
nature of common carp eggs.
EGG COLLECTION:-
The egg of common carp is sticky in nature and they are attached plastic strips. The plastic
strips are collected after spawning of common carp and they are transfer to the jar where
incubation is occure.
INCUBATION OF EGG:-
The rate of development and duration of incubation depends on the temperature of water.
Lower temperature increases the incubation periods, whereas increase in temperature, to a
certain extent, reduces the incubation period. After spawning all brooder were take out from
breeding pool and released again into pond no.1and after some time released eggs attached
with strips, were transfer into D-85 hatchery . The incubation period for common carp is
about 2 days. The newly hatched larvae remain attached to plastic strips for 3-4 days till the
yolk sac is fully absorbed. In this days the hatchling is provided vigorous aeration. After 3-4
days they are stocked in nursery pond.
STOCKING OF SPAWN IN NURSARY POND:-
After incubation of eggs, approximately 80,000 of spawn were transfer into nursery pond for
further growth or rearing. After stocking of spawn we were done every day feeding with
supplementary feed also maintain water level.

56
REARING IN POND:-
The fry are reared in same nursery pond and they are feed with supplementary feed. The
water & soil quality parameter are checked on weekly basis and length & weight of the fish is
taken in every week.

57
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Alikunhi, K.H.,sukumran ,K.K .,parmeshwaram,S. and Banerjee, S. C. 1964 . preliminary
observations on commercials breeding of carps under controlled temp. in lab. CIFRI
Barrackpore (3).PP-19
 Chaudhuri, H. 1957.experiments on induced spawning of indian carps with pituitary
injections ,Indian J.Fish 7(1).pp-20-49
 Thomus,P.C.,Rath ,s.c.,Mohapatra ,K.D.2014. breeding & seed production of finfish and
shellfish,Daya publishing house New Delhi 110002.PP-1-39,41-77,81-89,98-105,113-118,177-
192.
 Rath ,R.K. 2011 . Freshwater aquaculture ,scientific publisher India , jodhpur.PP 23-39,89-
95,101-103,105-120.
 Ayyappan ,S.,Moza, U .,Gopalakrishna,a.,minakumari B . ,JENA ,J.K.,Pandey,A.K.,2011-
2013.Handbook of fisheries and aquaculture .
 Rogothaman,G.,Trivedy, K. R., AQUATIC ECOLOGY-a textbook,Agrobios (INDIA ),PP-195 199
 Chattopadhyay ,G.N.1998.Chemical analysis of fish pond soil and water,Daya publishing
house,Delhi-110035
 Dholakia,A. D 2009, Ornamental fish culture and aquarium management ,Daya Publishing
house,,Delhi-110035
 Reddy , A. K,et al. (1997).Culture of live food organism for fishes.Training manual ,
CIFE,Mumbai.
 Shivkumar, M. Seema Bala , C Rajanna , Naveenkumar, B.T.(2014).
Economics of seed rearing and farming of carps, International Journal of Fisheries And
Aquaculture Studies. 2(1): 42-45.
 http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/400276/handbook-on-fisheries-statics-
2014.25/11/2015.
 http://www.dahd.nic.in/dadh/writeReadData/pdf

Report on "Breeding and Seed Rearing Techniques of Indian Major Carp'' By Shivani Verma,Rajasthan, India

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Similar a Report on "Breeding and Seed Rearing Techniques of Indian Major Carp'' By Shivani Verma,Rajasthan, India

Similar a Report on "Breeding and Seed Rearing Techniques of Indian Major Carp'' By Shivani Verma,Rajasthan, India (20)

Último

Último (20)

Report on "Breeding and Seed Rearing Techniques of Indian Major Carp'' By Shivani Verma,Rajasthan, India