1. water efficiency

2. Issues
*Over-emphasis on water supply management
The water management system in Malaysia employs and depends heavily on
the water supply management approach to cater to demand. This approach is
unsustainable in the long run as water demand will eventually overtake water
supply.
*Institutional issues
Malaysia lacks a central agency to manage the overall aspects of water
resources management. Too many agencies have jurisdiction over different
aspects of water management, leading to sectional management of water and
conflicting or competing objectives.

3. *High rates of water wastage
Rates of water wastage in domestic, industrial and agricultural use are very
high and this is unsustainable in the long term. Compared to other
countries, Malaysia uses and wastes too much water.
*Changing weather patterns
Globally and locally, the climate and weather are changing and this is affecting
water resources. For example, the 1997/98 El Nino brought severe drought
resulting in water crises in many parts of Malaysia. Water planning in Malaysia
does not adequately take into account changes in weather patterns.
.Per Capita Water Withdrawal for Domestic Use in Southeast Asia, 2002 (cubic metre)

4. *High rates of Non-revenue Water (NRW)
Rates of NRW in Malaysia are much too high with the national average being
40%. This equals a loss of 40 litres out of every 100 litres of treated water.
*Privatization of the water sector
several water privatisation schemes have not produced desirable results.
*Destruction and degradation of water catchments
Many water catchments in the country have yet to be gazetted and protected.
*Legislation
Most legislation relating to water is outdated and needs to be reviewed in
today’s context.

5. *Water pollution
Water pollution is a serious problem in Malaysia and impacts negatively on the
sustainability of water resources.
*Inefficient agricultural water use
Agriculture uses about 68% of total water consumption in Malaysia but irrigation
efficiency is 50% at best in the larger irrigation schemes and less than 40% in
the smaller ones.

9. Rainwater Harvesting System in Buildings
(case study) Putra jaya

10.  Despite the non-mandatory requirement of the
national Rainwater Guidelines 1999, Putra jaya
Corporation has made an effort in encouraging
the developer to build the rainwater harvesting
system if it is found to be commercially viable in
the planning submission for buildings and
residential houses in Putra jaya. When the system
is installed in the new development in the
future, it will reduce the dependency over piped
water and may reduce the need for interstate
water transfer. This, together with the lake and
wetland, will ensure the sustainability of water
management in Putra jaya.

11.  [1] Keyes, A. M., M. Schmitt, and J. L. Hinkle. 2004. Critical Components of Conservation
 Programs that Get Results: A National Analysis. American Water Works Association, Water
 Conference Proceedings. (cited in Terrebonne, R.P., 2005. Residential Water Demand
 Management Programs: A Selected Review of the Literature. Water Policy Working Paper #
 2005-002.)
 [2] Butler, D. & Memon, F.A., 2006. Water Demand Management.
 [3] Laman Rasmi Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air. Kempen Kesedaran
 Penjimatan Air Kebangsaan. Accessible from
 http://www.kttha.gov.my/bm/template01.asp?contentid=237
 [4] Tay, T. K. (2008). Singapore’s Experience in Water Demand Management.
 [5] Koh, M., 2009. Personal correspondence Koh, M. (Sr. Manager Network Services, PUB) to
 Phong, G. (MNS Selangor Branch Chair).
 [6] Malaysian Water Association, 2008. Malaysia Water Industry Guide 2007.
 [7] Lee, P. O., 2005. Water Management Issues in Singapore. (Paper presented at Water in
 Mainland Southeast Asia 29 Nov – 2 Dec 2005, Siem Reap.)
 [8] Federal Dept. of Town and Country Planning, 2005. National Physical Plan.