PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.

1. Jyotsna Chauhan
Division of Veterinary Public Health
&
Bhoj R singh
Division of Epidemiology
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
in India
Epidemiology and Control

2. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
French name for “disastrous disease of small ruminants”.
An acute or sub acute viral disease of goats and sheep
By morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae.
Ovine Rinderpest
Goat Plague
Plague of Small Ruminants
Kata

3. History
1. 1942 - First reported in Ivory Coast in West Africa
(Gargadennec & Lalanne, and subsequently in sub-
Saharan Africa (Senegal, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria),
the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East and the Indian
subcontinent (Shaila et al., 1996)
2. 1962 – PPRV first isolated in sheep cell culture
3. 1986 - First confirmed outbreak in India in sheep in village
Arasur in Villapuram district of Tamil Nadu (Shaila et al.,
1989).
4. First reported in North India from HP (1996).
5. Both the field strains were adapted in VERO cell and
attenuated vaccines have been developed

4. Can affect some wild ungulates, but there is very limited information on species
susceptibility and the occurrence of disease
Two severe outbreaks
1.Dorcas gazelles (Gazella dorcas)
2.Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni) in Saudi Arabia
in 2002.
Affected Buffalo in India in 1995.
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) infected experimentally.
Captive Nubian ibex, Laristan sheep and gemsbok wild ruminants may be important in
the epidemiology of this disease but exact role is unknown.
Though Sheep and Goat are
the main host but?
Species affected :-
 Sheep & Goat – primarily
 Cattle & Buffalo
 Wild ungulates ( Gazelles, White tailed deer )

5. Symptomology
Acute, contagious viral disease of small ruminants
Mucopurulent nasal & ocular discharge Necrotising & Erosive stomatitis
Enteritis Pneumonia
Signs
(Khan et al., 2007)
1. The severity of disease depends on Animal’s immunity to PPRV and animal
breed/ strain.
2. Peracute cases can be seen when PPR first occurs in naïve populations of sheep
or goats. In this form, the clinical signs are generally limited to high fever, severe
depression and death
3. In acute cases: Initial signs include a sudden high fever, inappetence, marked
depression and somnolence.
4. Serous nasal and ocular discharges appear soon after the onset of disease.
Matting is common around the eyes and the nose may become obstructed.
5. Within a few days of the onset of fever, the gums become hyperaemic, and small,
gray, necrotic foci, covering shallow erosions, begin to appear in the mouth.
Lesions are most common on the lips and gums, but they can also be found on
the dental pad, palate, cheeks and their papillae, and tongue.
6. In severe cases, the mouth may be completely covered in thick cheesy material.
7. The oral lesions are painful, and animals may resist opening their mouths

6. 1. Necrotic lesions in nasal cavity, vulva and vagina.
2. Most animals develop profuse diarrhoea- blood-stained, and
sometimes contain shreds of tissue.
3. Rapid respiration is common, and dyspnoea, coughing and other signs
of pneumonia may be seen.
4. Abortion.
5. Sub-acute disease lasts for 10-15 days with variable signs including
respiratory signs.
6. Deer may show disease similar to sheep and goats, but subclinical
infections have also been reported.
7. PPR is highly contagious when it first occurs in a naïve population.
8. Periodic outbreaks may also be seen in endemic regions.
9. The morbidity and mortality rates can reach 100%, particularly in naïve
herds but lower in endemic areas, as low as 20%.
10.High case fatality rates have been reported when PPRV affects exotic
ungulates.
11.In an outbreak among buffalo in India, the case fatality rate was 96%.
12.In captive gazelles, the morbidity rate was 51% and the case fatality
rate was 100%.
13.In a countrywide outbreak among camels in Ethiopia morbidity was ˃
90% and mortality ranged between 5% to 70%.
More Lesions

7. Mode of Transmission
Direct contact
Respiratory route
Oral route
Conjunctival
Cattle can be infected with PPRV but is unable to transmit the
disease to another host (Khan et al., 2008)

8. 1. Close contact.
2. Inhalation is thought to be an important route of spread.
3. PPRV is shed in nasal and ocular secretions, saliva, urine and
feces.
4. Probably through milk of affected animals.
5. Animals are not expected to become long-term carriers. However,
recent studies reported that viral antigens were shed in the faeces
of clinically recovered goats for at least 11 to 12 weeks of recovery.
6. PPRV is relatively fragile in the environment thus long distance
aerosol transmission is unlikely; in cool temperatures and in the dark
(devoid of sunlight) Virus are shown to spread for approximately 10
meters.
7. Fomites such as water, feed troughs and bedding can probably
transmit PPRV for a short time, but do not remain infectious for long
periods.
Transmission of PPR

9. (Pronab et al., 2002)
Four Lineages of Virus
• East Africa
• Arabia
• Southern
India
• Middle East
• Asia
• India
• West Africa• West Africa
Lineage
1
Lineage
2
Lineage
3
Lineage
4

10. Characteristic features of PPR virus
Survive at 60° C for 60
minutes
Stable at pH 4 - 10
Can be killed by alcohols,
ethers, detergents
Long survival time in
chilled & frozen tissue
1. Virus is very similar to Rinderpest
virus, which is inactivated by
ultraviolet light and desiccation
within four days.
2. Normally survives for very short
periods in carcasses.
3. Temperatures above 70°C, as well
as pH less than 5.6 or greater than
9.6, inactivate PPRV.
4. PPRV survives for a long time in
refrigerated meat and for
5. Several months in salted or frozen
meat.

11. EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Notifiable disease
 Endemic in Africa, Turkey, Middle East and the Indian sub-continent
(Banyard et al., 2010)
 Economic losses due to PPR have been estimated to be 1,800 million
INR annually in India
(Singh et al., 2009)
 The reported seroprevalence of PPRV in India :-
Goats and sheep - 43.56 % (Balamurugan et al., 2011)
Cattle and buffalos – 4.58% (Balamurugan et al., 2012)
 Solitary report of PPR in Indian Buffalo in Tamil Nadu
(Govindarajan et al., 1997)

12. Mortality and Case Fatality Rate
More severe in goats than sheep
CFR in Goats : 55-85%
CFR in Sheep : < 10%
Highly fatal in young animals
High mortality rates :- 90–100% in naive populations
20% in endemic areas
(Roeder & Obi, 1999)
Recovered animals have lifetime immunity
No carrier state reported.
In mixed populations, the serological prevalence rate is higher in
sheep than in goats
(Singh et al., 2009)

13. Epidemiological
determinants
Host Agent Environment
Species
Breed
Age
Immune status
Intercurrent
infection
PPRV lineage Stress
Stocking density
Nomadism

14. Steps in PPR geographical
distribution

15. (Albina et al., 2013)
Map showing the present PPRVdistribution

16. Over all Global PPR situation
2015
(OIE WAHIS & FAO EMPRES)

17. INTRODUCTION OF PPR VACCINE
&
Spread of Disease
Year Outbreaks Diseased
animals
Animal vaccinated
1998-1999 5 85 Work initiated and
vaccine developed1999-2000 6 699
2000-2001 15 1,242
2001-2002 0 0
2002-2003 148 7,293 196,218
2003-2004 70 1,620 859,346
2004-2005 184 4,370 1,612,692
2005-2006 169 3,448 3,480,409
2006-2007 27 683 4,621,871

18. Trend of reduction of PPR outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh (a), Karnataka (b) and whole of India
(c) from 2005-2012 based on reports from Gov. of India to OIE. (Singh & Bandyopadhyay, 2015)

19. In early years of Vaccinations:
Trends of outbreaks following PPR
immunization changed
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
numberofoutbreaks
2002 2003 2005
year
PPR outbreaks yearwise
Series1

20. Alignment Report of PPR Virus outbreaks and Vaccine strain
AT CGCCT CGCAGGCT GGGGACGAAAGAACCGCXAGAGGGACT GGGCCT CGACAGGCGCAGGT CT CCT T CCT CCAGCACAAMajority
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80sungri 96.seq
. . . . . . . . A. . . A. . . . . . . - - . . C. . . . . . T - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 72AR 87.seq
. . . . . . . . A. . . A. . . . . . . T . . . C. . . . . . T T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . 80DQ176753.1 PPRV TNLK 04 2.seq
. . . . . . . . A. . . A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80DQ176754.1 PPRV TNVero 04 3.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80DQ176755.1 PPRV Ind TNSw ab 04 3.seq
. . . . . . . . A. . . A. . . . . . . T . . . C. . . . . . T T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . 80DQ176756.1 PPRV Ind TNLK 04 3.seq
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . A. . . . . . - . . . . . . . 29EF641263.1 PPRV Ind Mukthesw ar 07 Cattl
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80FJ750559.1 PPRV Revati UP05.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80FJ750560.1 PPRV Bhopal 03.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80GU014574.1 PPRV Revati UP 06.seq
AACAGGAGAGGGAGAGT CGT CCGCACCAGCGACCAGAGAAGGGGT CAAGGCT GCGAT CCCAAACGGAT CT GAAGAGAGGGMajority
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160sungri 96.seq
. . . . . A- - - . . . . . . . . . . C. T A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA. . . . . A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . G. . C. . . . GA. . . . 149AR 87.seq
. . . . . AT . . . . . . . . . . . . C. T A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA. . . . . A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . G. . C. . . . GA. . . . 160DQ176753.1 PPRV TNLK 04 2.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . G. . . . . . . . . . G. . . . . . . . 160DQ176754.1 PPRV TNVero 04 3.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . G. . . . . . . . . . G. . . . . . . . 160DQ176755.1 PPRV Ind TNSw ab 04 3.seq
. . . . . AT . . . . . . . . . . . . C. T A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA. . . . . A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . G. . C. . . . GA. . . . 160DQ176756.1 PPRV Ind TNLK 04 3.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109EF641263.1 PPRV Ind Mukthesw ar 07 Cattl
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160FJ750559.1 PPRV Revati UP05.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160FJ750560.1 PPRV Bhopal 03.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160GU014574.1 PPRV Revati UP 06.seq
ACAGAAAGCAAACACGCCCAGGAAGGCCCAXXXXXXXXXXXMajority
170 180 190 200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190sungri 96.seq
. . . C. . . . . G. . . . . . . T . . . . . . A. . . . . GAGGAGAAACT 190AR 87.seq
. . . C. . . . . G. . . . . . . T . . . . . . A. . . . . 190DQ176753.1 PPRV TNLK 04 2.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. . . A. . . . . T . . 190DQ176754.1 PPRV TNVero 04 3.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. . . A. . . . . T . . 190DQ176755.1 PPRV Ind TNSw ab 04 3.seq
. . . C. . . . . G. . . . . . . T . . . . . . A. . . . . 190DQ176756.1 PPRV Ind TNLK 04 3.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139EF641263.1 PPRV Ind Mukthesw ar 07 Cattl
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190FJ750559.1 PPRV Revati UP05.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190FJ750560.1 PPRV Bhopal 03.seq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190GU014574.1 PPRV Revati UP 06.seq
Decoration 'Decoration #1': Hide (as '.') residues that match the Consensus exactly.

21. Alignment Report of PPR Virus outbreaks and Vaccine strain
PercentIdentity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 88.3 86.8 94.7 95.8 86.8 98.6 99.5 99.5 99.5 1 sungri96.seq
2 13.2 100.0 87.2 86.0 100.0 85.7 88.8 88.8 88.8 2 AR87.seq
3 15.0 0.0 86.3 85.3 100.0 84.9 87.4 87.4 87.4 3 DQ176753.1 PPRVTNLK 042.seq
4 5.5 14.6 15.6 98.9 86.3 93.5 95.3 95.3 95.3 4 DQ176754.1 PPRVTNVero04 3.seq
5 4.4 16.1 17.1 1.1 85.3 93.5 96.3 96.3 96.3 5 DQ176755.1 PPRVIndTNSwab04 3.seq
6 15.0 0.0 0.0 15.6 17.1 84.9 87.4 87.4 87.4 6 DQ176756.1 PPRVIndTNLK 043.seq
7 1.5 16.5 17.6 6.8 6.8 17.6 97.8 97.8 97.8 7 EF641263.1 PPRVInd Muktheswar07 Cattl
8 0.5 12.5 14.3 5.0 3.8 14.3 2.2 100.0 100.0 8 FJ750559.1 PPRVRevati UP05.seq
9 0.5 12.5 14.3 5.0 3.8 14.3 2.2 0.0 100.0 9 FJ750560.1 PPRVBhopal 03.seq
10 0.5 12.5 14.3 5.0 3.8 14.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 10 GU014574.1 PPRVRevati UP 06.seq
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

22. Recovered animals have lifetime immunity and no carrier
state reported.
1. Prior to the development of the PPR vaccine the RP
vaccine was used for PPR.
2. In the RP Eradication programme too the RP vaccine
was used for small animals (only in intensive rearing
areas) and thus there was herd immunity in the animals
for the PPR in sheep and Goats and PPR outbreaks
were not reported in the country
3. With the introduction of the PPR vaccine in field trial
and later intensive immunization , there was surge in
the outbreaks of PPR in country
Is spread of PPR outbreaks an
outcome of wrong Policies?

23. PPR outbreak in Sheep & Goat at
I.V.R.I. Izzatnagar 1994
(Kumar et al., 1999)
Percentage%

24. 33
9.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Goat Sheep
Morbidity rate (%)
9.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
Goat Sheep
Case fatality rate (%)
Percentage%
( Nanda et al., 1996)
Isolation of PPR Virus from Northern
India - 1996
(96/291) (8/85)
CFR%
Species
Species

25. PPR among Gaddi sheep & goat in
Himachal Pradesh- 1996
82.89
64.61
57.91
53.4
26.66
17.08
63.37
41.26
29.49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Flock 1 Flock 2 Flock 3
Morbidity rate
Mortality rate
Case fatality rate
(Joshi et al., 1996)
Rate
(N= 208) (N= 390) (N= 480)

26. Occurrence of PPR in Andhra Pradesh
1995-97
Period Outbreaks
(N)
Sera sample Tissue sample
Number Positive Number Positive
1995 2 7 4 --- ---
1996 14 91 72 --- ---
1997 60 93 61 45 43
(Rao et al., 1998)

27. Occurrence of PPR in small ruminants
in Uttar Pradesh-1998
(Shankar et al., 1998)
Rate
District
0
10
20
30
40
50
Etawah
Mathura
19.3
29.3
48.9
40.5
Attack rate
Case fatality rate

28. PPR outbreak in goats – CIRG
Makhdoom (UP) 2000
Rate
(Kumar et al., 2001)
(4/45)
(1/45)
(20/30)
(3/30)

29. Animal
affected
Adult Young ones
Flock size Affected Died Flock size Affected Died
Goat 501 286 161 426 420 317
Sheep 100 25 8 32 28 25
Occurrence of PPR in Punjab-2002
(Dhand et al., 2002)

30. Prevalence of antibodies to PPRV in
sheep and goat in India 1998-2003
State Sheep serum Goat serum
Jammu & Kashmir 11/27 (40.7%) 8/21 (38.1%)
Himachal Pradesh 15/97 (15.5%) 34/84 (40.5%)
Uttarakhand 12/44 (27.3%) 128/630 (20.3%)
Uttar Pradesh 87/244 (35.7%) 252/1017 (24.8%)
Chhattisgarh ------- 45/102 (44.1%)
Maharashtra 216/428 (50.4%) 388/536 (72.4%)
Andhra Pradesh 114/278 (41.1%) 20/56 (35.7%)
(Singh et al., 2004)

31. Prevalence of PPRV in small
ruminants in India 1998-2003
(Singh et al., 2004)

32. Temporal distribution of PPR in
Andhra Pradesh 1998-2004Proportionofoutbreak
(Rajasekhar, 2005)
Month

33. PPR among sheep & goat
in Tamil Nadu 2006
Age wise mortality in Sheep & Goat
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Lambs/Kids Young Adult
5.13
49.48
7.88
15.56
26.79
5.32
Sheep
Goat
(Soundararajan et al., 2006)
Percentage%

34. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
9
23
35
14
28
No. of Outbreaks
Status of PPR outbreak in
Maharashtra 2001-06
Surveillance Report (2007), Western Regional Disease Investigation Section, Pune, Maharashtra
No.ofoutbreaks
Year

35. 30
55.33
27.8 42.76
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Delhi Haryana
Sheep
Goat
Prevalence%
Prevalence of PPR antibodies
in Sheep & Goat in Delhi &
Haryana- 2006
(Singh et al., 2006)
(3/10)
(52/187)
(192/347)
(65/152)

36. Species Adult Kids/ Lambs
Total
animals
Morbidity
(%)
Mortality
(%)
CFR
(%)
Total
animals
Morbidity
(%)
Mortality
(%)
CFR(%)
Goat 225 14.7 4.4 30.3 208 56.7 49 86.4
Sheep 158 1.3 0.6 50.0 54 16.7 13.0 77.8
PPR outbreaks in sheep and goats in
Ludhiana Punjab - 2007
(Sharma et al., 2007)

37. PPR outbreaks in Karnataka,
April 1998 - March 2007
(Hegde et al., 2009)
5 6 15
0
148
70
184
169
27
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Outbreaks
Outbreaks
Noofoutbreaks
Year

38. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sheep Goat
52.99
51.47
13.5
8.53
Incidence Rate
Mortality Rate
PPR in sheep and goats: Pune,
Maharashtra-2009
(Thombarea & Sinha, 2009)
Rate
Species

39. Seroprevalence of PPR in sheep and
goats in India (2003-2009)
(Balamurugan et al., 2011)
Year Sheep Goat
Tested Positive Prevalence
(%)
Tested Positive Prevalence
(%)
2003-04 567 169 31.47 456 187 43.77
2004-05 253 112 47.35 484 166 36.40
2005-06 580 323 59.90 610 334 58.87
2006-07 292 114 41.61 630 276 46.85
2007-08 256 101 42.06 184 87 50.66
2008-09 249 82 34.90 323 189 63

40. Map showing the seroprevalence
of PPR from 2003 to 2009 by
state in India
(Balamurugan et al., 2011)
(a) Sheep (b) Goats

41. Isolation of PPRV from Bhopal 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Morbidity (%) Mortality (%) Case fatality
rate (%)
28.7
24.7
86
22
14
64
Bhadus, Bhopal (n=251
goats)
Joulkheda, Bhopal (n=198
goats & n= 30 sheep)
(Balamurugan et al., 2010)
Percentage%

42. PPR in Himachal Pradesh during
2003-2012
Year No. of
outbreaks
No. of deaths/
affected
2003-04 102 967/11018
2004-05 13 875/2885
2005-06 5 54/131
2006-07 10 509/3291
2007-08 7 777/4280
2010-11 4 167/968
2011-12 7 738/1461
(Disease surveillance report Himachal Pradesh)

43. PPR in goats in
Madhya Pradesh-2013
(Awase et al., 2013)
(Rate%)
13.1
5.1
5.2
1.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Indore Barwani
Incidence rate
Mortality rate
(58/442)
(23/442) (28/551)
(9/551)

44. Incidence of PPR in nomadic
sheep & goat of Jammu-2013
(Mahajan et al., 2013)

45. Detection of PPR virus antigen in
Sheep and goat in
Andhra Pradesh-2015
Prevalence of PPR virus antigen
in tissues
Prevalence of PPR virus antigen in
nasal swabs
Species
Sheep
Goat
Tissue
tested
39
18
Positivity
(%)
19
(48.7)
9 (50)
Species
Sheep
Goat
Swab
tested
72
66
Positivity
(%)
18 (25)
20
(30.3)
(Saritha et al., 2015)

46. Incidence of PPR in India 2009-14
(Annual Reports, DAHD)
165
184
300
197
122
82
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
No. Of Outbreaks
Year
No.ofoutbreaks

47. PPR disease outbreaks in different
states of India 2011- 2015
0
5
10
15
12
8
7
4
3
No of outbreaks
(Monthly Report, Deptt. Of Epidemiology)
No.ofoutbreaks

48. Distribution of PPR outbreaks in India
2005–2013
(Singh & Bandyopadhyay, 2015)

49. Year State Species
affected
Outbreak /
Seroprevalence
Reference
1998 Andhra Pradesh Sheep Morbidity- 30.56%
Mortality – 13.2%
CFR – 43.2%
Sreeramulu, 2000
1999 Dehradun &
Etawah
Sheep & Goat Mortality – 15-20% Singh et al., 1999
1999 West Bengal Sheep & Goat Morbidity- 18%
Mortality- 35.3%
Jana & Ghosh,
2002
1999 Himachal Pradesh Sheep & Goat
(n=5205)
Morbidity- 25.84%
Mortality – 3.43%
Katoch et al., 1999
Some PPR outbreaks in India

50. Year State Species
affected
Outbreak /
Seroprevalence
Reference
2000 Himachal Pradesh Sheep
Goat
Morbidity- 11.7%
Mortality – 4.1%
Morbidity – 30.3%
Mortality – 20.8%
Jithendran et
al., 2000
2001 Andhra Pradesh Sheep
(n= 505)
Morbidity – 16%
Mortality – 25%
Rao et al., 2001
2001 Gujarat Sheep
Goat
Buffaloes
Seroprevalence- 55.29%
Seroprevalence- 100%
Seroprevalence- 4.76%
Hinsu et al.,
2001
2001 IVRI Izzatnagar
U.P.
Sheep
Goat
Mortality – 44.4%
Mortality – 64.7%
Kumar et al.,
2001
Some PPR outbreaks in India

51. Year State Species
affected
Outbreak /
Seroprevalence
Reference
2005 Kerala Sheep
(n=166)
Goat
(n=536)
Seroprevalence- 45.78%
Seroprevalence – 0.93%
Sunilkumar et al.,
2005
2008 Chennai, Tamil
Nadu
Goat
( n=30)
Morbidity – 66.7 %
Mortality – 16.67 %
Narayanan et al.,
2008
2009 Maharashtra Goat Seroprevalence-
46.01%
Chavan et al.,
2009
2012 Rajasthan Goat Morbidity – 120
Mortality - 5
Tanwar, 2013
2012 Gujarat Camel Seroprevalence- 11.33% Chauhan et al.,
2012
2014 Gujarat
(2 outbreaks)
Sheep
(n=146)
Goat
(n=476)
Morbidity- 100%
Mortality – 73.68%
56.67%
Sharma et al.,
2015
Some PPR outbreaks in India

52. Through Clinical signs
Laboratory tests
Immunocapture ELISA (ICE) counter
immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) or agar gel
immunodiffusion (AGID)
CEIP and ICE can distinguish PPRV from Rinderpest virus but
the AGID test cannot differentiate these two viruses.
Viral nucleic acids can be detected with RT-PCR or with other
forms of PCR- multiplex RT-PCR and a RT-PCR-ELISA
Serological tests as virus neutralization and competitive ELISA
assays can distinguish PPR from Rinderpest
Complement fixation test has also been used.
Diagnosis

53. Diagnosis
Clinical Signs & Lesions
Post mortem findings

54. Differential Diagnosis
Differentiation between PPR and a few similar diseases
is important for instituting effective control
programme. Differentiate it from:
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
Rinderpest
CCPP in goats
Coccidiosis
Contagious Ecthyma
Helminthosis
Heart water

55. Treatment
 Early stages of disease – Hyper immune serum
 Supportive therapy :- Fluid therapy
Antibiotics to prevent secondary infection
 Lesions around eyes, nostrils & mouth should be cleaned
No specific treatment is recommended

56. Control
1. Not introducing flock from unknown sources. Combination of
quarantines, isolation and movement control is required.
2. Immediate isolation of affected goats from clinically healthy
goats.
3. Euthanasia of infected and exposed animals is important in
eradication. Carcasses are generally buried or burned.
4. Disinfection of infected area. PPRV can be inactivated by many
disinfectants including alkalis (sodium carbonate, sodium
hydroxide), halogens (sodium hypochlorite), phenolic
compounds, citric acid, alcohols and iodophores.
5. Kids & lambs vaccinated at 4-5 months age.
6. Ring vaccination and/or vaccination of high-risk populations can
also be helpful.
7. Vaccination susceptible wildlife and captive wild animals
such as gazelles.
PPR Control Programme (Gov. of India) - 2010

57. a. Sungri 96 : IVRI Mukteshwar (isolate of goat origin)
b. Arasur 87 : TNUVAS (isolate of sheep origin)
c. Coimbtore 97 : TNUVAS ( isolate of goat origin)
(Muthuchelvan et al., 2015)
Three live attenuated vaccines developed in India
Vaccine
Used for mass
vaccination

58. Conclusion
1. PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats.
2. Mainly young stocks are more affected.
3. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common
in October & March.
4. Though vaccination is the only method for control &
eradication, even the institutes those developed the
effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to
use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on
vaccination.
5. The other important reason for persistence of disease is
undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR
outbreaks.