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2010 Sprint
Developer Conference
Rodney Nelson / Manager - Product Platforms
Mike McMullen / Product Manager - LBS
Sean Barbeau / University of South Florida
Oct. 26 - 28
Oct. 26
CASanta Clara,
- 28
© 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted,
confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.2
Agenda
Location Service Enablers - Partners
Network Location APIs
Smart Phone applications
GpsOneXTRA
Android Device Based Location
Location in Femptocells
Benchmarking GPS Accuracy
Location Updates in Android Apps
Battery-Life Best Practices
Open-source LBS Tools and Data
© 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted,
confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.3
Location Enabler Partners
Sprint has partnered with leading companies to allow
developers to more easily utilize network based location
Network Based GPS/Location
© 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted,
confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.4
Location Enablers
Enhance your cloud application with location
Web
Application
Service
Enabler
Sprint
Location GW
opt-in/out
Location Enablers may also have access to other Sprint
Service Framework APIs – SMS, MMS, Status, Device
Info, etc.
© 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted,
confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.5
Location Interface
getALocation – AAI (Advanced Application Interface)
• Available now via the Sprint Services Framework
• Web Services API (SOAP) version of MLP (Mobile
Location Protocol)
• Allows both CDMA and iDEN devices to be located
> CDMA = Sprint / Virgin / Boost
– Including 4G Handsets (EVO, EPIC)
> iDEN = Nextel / Boost
• Provides Velocity and Heading Information
• Migration is easy
> Use same Digital Certificate as BMF Parlay X API
> Uses same opt-in/out methods as BMF Parlay X API
Network Based Location API
© 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted,
confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.6
4G Mobile Broadband Location
getLocation (Parlay X 3.0)
• Available now via the Sprint Services Framework
• For use with 4G/3G mobile broadband devices
• Cell based location only
> Wimax Cell Tower location when in 4G mode
> CDMA Cell Sector location when in 3G mode
Network Based Location API
© 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted,
confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.7
Enhanced Location – “V3”
Enhanced Capabilities for Smart phones
What is “V3?”
• Server Requested Location of Sprint Devices
• Sprint has partnered with Location Labs to provide
Network APIs
© 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted,
confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.8
Enhanced Location – “V3”
Why “V3?”
• Enhanced Network Based Location Capabilities
> Location Labs “Sparkle” Technology
> Roaming Areas Supported
> Geo-fencing Support
> Location Streaming / Bread-crumbing
> Wi-Fi location improves indoor results
• 2011 Integration with new Smart phones
Enhanced Capabilities for Smart phones
2010 Sprint
Developer Conference
Mike McMullen
Sprint – Product Manager
Oct. 26
CASanta Clara,
- 28
10
Last Known Network Location
Per Call Measurement Data (PCMD)
Provided though the Sprint Services Framework
• Location Recorded with
each network connection
• On the order of AFLT quality
• Network initiated location
• Very Low Latency
• Partnering with AirSage
Fast, Inexpensive Network Location
11
Smart Phones & Connection Cards
PDE access is limited because we have no SW control
Legacy Device Use MS-Based Location
• GPS Quality Location
• PDE is accessed every few hours
• Device launched in the last year …
> Maintain initial or pre-fix fix until GPS is available
> The Pre-Fix is a terrestrial quality fix
> Uncertainty will give an indication of the quality
Coming Devices will use gpsOneXTRA
• Also Android 2.2 upgrades
• GPS Quality Location
• No Indoor Capability
Device Based GPS or “Outdoor” Location Only
12
gpsOneXTRA
All new Smart Devices and later, Connection Cards will
take advantage of this predictive ephemeris technology
• No PDE Access
• Ephemeris download good for up to 7 days
• Accuracy Degrades over time
> Sprint will update every 48 hours
• If Device has strong signal it will go into an Autonomous
mode with no degraded accuracy
• Each download is approximately 38.5 Kbytes
• Autonomous GPS functionality when out of coverage
• Application can request refresh of assistance data
> LocationProvider.sendExtraCommand()
Device Based A-GPS Solution
13
Android Location
GPS Provider
• Legacy Devices
– MS-Based with pre-fix capability
• New devices use gpsOneXTRA
– Starting with LG LS670 launching 31 October
Network Provider
• Google / OEM prerogative
– Sprint Cell Tower Location
– Google WiFi Location
– Google Network Data
GPS and Network Capabilities
14
Cell Tower to Cell Sector conversion
Sprint broadcast CLM (Course Location Message)
• Current Broadcast
> Longitude / Latitude of the cell tower
• Next year’s Broadcast
> Longitude / Latitude the Cell Sector Centroid
• Accessible on Android and Blackberry devices
More accurate and always available
12.56 Square Miles 3.14 Square Miles
2 Miles
1 Mile
A = π R2
15
Carrier Network is Import for CLM
Some Carriers broadcast are suspect
•Latitude / Longitude all zeros
•A group all the same
•Reversed Polarity
Sprint maintains accurate CLM on Cell Tower Broadcast
•Sample Code
TelephonyManager tm = (TelephonyManager)
this.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
if(tm.getNetworkOperatorName().equalsIgnoreCase("SPRINT"))
{
//you are on the Sprint network
}
16
Femto Cell Location
Same as CLM from the tower only more accurate
• User Network Provider/CLM (Course Location
Message/Cell Tower Broadcast)
• 50 meters accurate
• Femto Cells NID 501, 502 and 503
• Sample Code
Available on Device Based and Network Based Location
TelephonyManager tm = (TelephonyManager)
getSystemService(Service.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
// Call below requires permission ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION
CellLocation cl = tm.getCellLocation();
// check to see if the instance is CDMA
if (cl instanceof CdmaCellLocation) {
// yes – proceed to read CDMA specific values
CdmaCellLocation cdmaCl = (CdmaCellLocation) cl;
int baseStationId = cdmaCl.getBaseStationId();
int nid = cdmaCl.getNetworkId();
int sid = cdmaCl.getSystemId();
2010 Sprint
Developer Conference
Sean J. Barbeau
Research Associate
University of South Florida
Oct. 26
CASanta Clara,
- 28
University of South Florida
Research
• Improve efficiency of location-based services through intelligent
software
• Create innovative location-aware applications
Education
• Train future workforce in mobile information systems software
development through:
> Research assistantships
> Classroom education
Commercialization
• Indentify commercial partners
• License relevant technology
• Ongoing partnership for research and career track for students
18
Location-Aware Information Systems Lab
University of South Florida
• First navigation app for public
transportation using GPS-enabled
mobile phones
• Alert user when to get off the bus with
audio, visual, and tactile prompts
> “Get Ready…”
> “Pull Cord Now!”
• Target simplicity, with cognitively disabled
in mind
• Successful field testing at five Florida
transit agencies
19
Working with Industry for Real-world Solutions
Dajuta has partnered with USF to launch the
“Travel Assistance Device (TAD)”
GPS Data Characteristics Can Vary
20
Two major influences
1. Mobile Device Hardware & Software
> GPS hardware sensitivity
> Antenna quality and device integration
> Assisted vs. Unassisted GPS
> MS-based vs. gpsOneXTRA
> Firmware/software filters
2. Environment
> Indoor / Outdoor
> “Urban Canyons”
> Building materials
> Shielding by enclosure (e.g., purse, car)
Benchmarking GPS accuracy is useful
21
Environment: Indoor, 2nd floor, on desk near window, Tampa, Fl
Samsung Moment HTC EVO 4G172 meters
95th percentile: 550m
68th percentile: 398m
50th percentile: 335m
Categorize devices for similar LBS app performance
172 meters
22
29.7 meters HTC EVO 4GHTC Hero
Environment: Indoor, 2nd floor, on desk near window
29.7 meters
Android LocationListener
23
Allows app to request position updates
LocationListener has three primary settings:
• “provider” – positioning technology (e.g. GPS, NETWORK)
• “minTime” – requested time (milliseconds) between location updates
• “minDistance” – requested distance (m) that triggers updates
Behavior of devices can vary
• Phone may not always follow given “minTime” between updates
> If phone can’t get a GPS fix, it may not update for a long period of
time
> Some platforms ignore “minTime” setting and frequently update
even if “minTime” is a large value
– Can have a significant impact on battery life!
Don’t make time assumptions based on number of updates
• E.g., I’ve set minTime = 4 sec., I’ve gotten 5 updates, so 20 seconds
have passed
• Instead, check the system and/or location timestamps
Android LocationListener
24
“minTime” behavior for GPS
Setting “minTime”, “minDistance” = 0 provides updates as
frequently as possible
On some Android devices, extensive background tracking
may require registering/canceling LocationListener, or
filtering data from API, to achieve desired behavior
Device Obeys “minTime”? Requires extra code
Motorola i1 Yes No
HTC Hero Yes* Optional*
HTC EVO 4G Yes* Optional*
Samsung Moment Yes* Optional*
Samsung Epic 4G Yes* Optional*
* Has unexpected behavior – see next slide
Android LocationListener
• Samsung Epic/Moment, HTC Hero/EVO update every
second for ~9-11 GPS fixes, then sleep for “minTime”
Ex. Using “minTime = 60 seconds”:
25
“minTime” behavior for GPS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 12 23 34 45 56 67 78 89 100 111 122 133 144 155 166 177 188 199 210 221 232
GPS Fix ID
TimeBetweenFixes(seconds)
Android LocationListener
26
Useful Apps for Development and Testing
“MyTracks”:
• Open-source Android GPS tracking app with many features
> Can record GPS and export to GPX, KML, CSV, TCX
> See how LBS features are implemented in code
> http://code.google.com/p/mytracks/
“OldTracks”:
• Implements a “Mock” LocationProvider by loading GPX file
> Your app registers for LocationListener updates (i.e., GPX
file) played back by “OldTracks” provider
> http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~acr31/android
List of available
LocationProviders
on device
Use GPS Sparingly to Save Battery Life
27
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
4 15 30 60 150 300
BatteryLife(hours)
Interval Between GPS Fixes (sec)
Impact of Interval Between GPS Fixes on Battery Life
Sanyo Pro 200
Sprint CDMA
EV-DO Rev. A
network
Pseudo-code for “GPS Auto-Sleep”
if (Moving){
-Decrease LocationListener “minTime”
} else{
if(Stopped for a reasonable amount of time){
-Increase LocationListener “minTime”
}
}
• Useful for background tracking applications
• Determining whether you’re moving or not can be difficult
• Alternate approach for Android v2.2 and higher:
> Use “PASSIVE” LocationProvider (instead of “GPS”)
– Only updates your app if another app or service requests a
location
– “Scavenges” locations off other apps
– But, no guaranteed updates
28
GPS Outliers Prevent Efficient “Sleep”
29
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1
22
43
64
85
106
127
148
169
190
211
232
253
274
295
316
337
358
379
400
421
442
463
484
505
526
547
568
589
610
631
652
673
694
715
736
757
778
799
820
841
862
883
904
925
946
967
988
1009
1030
TimeBetweenAdjacentGPSFixes(s)
GPS Auto-Sleep Transitions - “Awake” to “Asleep”
“Asleep”
“Awake”
Incorrect
Activity!
30
It is Possible to Remove GPS Outliers
•Beware – you will get outliers, more common on first
few fixes as number of satellites in view changes
•The Kalman Filter functions in a recursive fashion that
works well online with real-time GPS data
•Open-source Kalman Filters on the web:
•http://tinyurl.com/27c86v3
•http://tinyurl.com/33ydrxm
Modified
Kalman
Filter
-82.5
-82.45
-82.4
-82.35
-82.3
1
15
29
43
57
71
85
99
113
127
141
155
169
183
197
211
Noisy Data
-82.5
-82.45
-82.4
-82.35
-82.3
1
15
29
43
57
71
85
99
113
127
141
155
169
183
197
211
Less Noisy Data
Outliers No Outliers!
31
Lightweight RESTful web services are preferred to XML-
based SOAP implementations
POST /busstoparrival/busstopws.asmx HTTP/1.1
Host: 73.205.128.123
Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: length
SOAPAction: "http://tempuri.org/GetNextNVehicleArrivals"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
<soap:Body>
<GetNextNVehicleArrivals xmlns="http://tempuri.org/">
<n>int</n>
<RouteID>int</RouteID>
<DirectionCodeID>int</DirectionCodeID>
<BusStopID>int</BusStopID>
<TripID_External>string</TripID_External>
</GetNextNVehicleArrivals>
</soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope>
SOAP Request via HTTP
GET /busstoparrival/busstopws.asmx/GetNextNVehicleArrivals?
n=string&RouteID=string&DirectionCodeID=string
&BusStopID=string&
TripID_External=string HTTP/1.1 Host: 73.205.128.123
RESTful HTTP Request
•3.7 times more characters
using SOAP!
•Plus, many mobile platforms
don’t natively support SOAP
• Java ME
• Android
•If you have a choice, use
RESTful web services
Accessing Web Services from Phones
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
4 15 30 60
BatteryLife(hours)
Interval Between Wireless Transmissions (s)
JAX-RPC HTTP-POST
REST-ful Web Services Save Energy
32 32
Motorola i580 - iDEN network
Impact of JAX-RPC and HTTP-Post Operations on Device Battery Life
http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/javatutorial.html
33
Creating your own remote procedure
calls (RPC)?
Consider going really light-weight with Protocol Buffers
•Are 3 to 10 times smaller, 20 to 100 times faster than XML
•You implement a simple .proto file:
message Person {
required string name = 1;
required int32 id = 2;
optional string email = 3;
enum PhoneType { MOBILE = 0; HOME = 1; WORK = 2;}
}
•Java library handles serializing data into binary format
for transmission, de-serializing when receiving data
If you don’t need 100% delivery,
consider User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
34
Impact of Transmission Protocols on Battery Life
UDP does not provide handshake with server for packet
“reliability”, but occasional loss of location data may be
reasonable (< 3% fixes lost in tests)
Receiving is cheaper than Transmitting
If you’re exchanging information with a server, try to push
it to the device, rather than have the device pull it
35
Device Transmitting vs. Receiving
Receive
Motorola i877 Java ME using UDP
Transmit
Critical Point Algorithm
36 36
All GPS Points Critical Points Only
Try to send only necessary data from a device to a server
Completely open-source
trip planning solution
• From map tiling to
routing software
• in Java/Javascript
Uses OpenStreetMap data
• Wikipedia for
geographic
information
• Free data
Can be integrated with
device location to
create new products
37
opentripplanner.org
OpenStreetMap
http://www.openstreetmap.org/
Questions?
Sean J. Barbeau, M.S. Comp.Sci.
Research Associate
Center for Urban Transportation Research
University of South Florida
813.974.7208
barbeau@cutr.usf.edu
USF Location-Aware Information Systems Lab
http://www.locationaware.usf.edu/
38
© 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted,
confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.
Thank You!
Learn more at
http://developer.sprint.com
39

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2010 Sprint Developers Conference - Best Practices in Location Based Services

  • 1. 2010 Sprint Developer Conference Rodney Nelson / Manager - Product Platforms Mike McMullen / Product Manager - LBS Sean Barbeau / University of South Florida Oct. 26 - 28 Oct. 26 CASanta Clara, - 28
  • 2. © 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted, confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.2 Agenda Location Service Enablers - Partners Network Location APIs Smart Phone applications GpsOneXTRA Android Device Based Location Location in Femptocells Benchmarking GPS Accuracy Location Updates in Android Apps Battery-Life Best Practices Open-source LBS Tools and Data
  • 3. © 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted, confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.3 Location Enabler Partners Sprint has partnered with leading companies to allow developers to more easily utilize network based location Network Based GPS/Location
  • 4. © 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted, confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.4 Location Enablers Enhance your cloud application with location Web Application Service Enabler Sprint Location GW opt-in/out Location Enablers may also have access to other Sprint Service Framework APIs – SMS, MMS, Status, Device Info, etc.
  • 5. © 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted, confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.5 Location Interface getALocation – AAI (Advanced Application Interface) • Available now via the Sprint Services Framework • Web Services API (SOAP) version of MLP (Mobile Location Protocol) • Allows both CDMA and iDEN devices to be located > CDMA = Sprint / Virgin / Boost – Including 4G Handsets (EVO, EPIC) > iDEN = Nextel / Boost • Provides Velocity and Heading Information • Migration is easy > Use same Digital Certificate as BMF Parlay X API > Uses same opt-in/out methods as BMF Parlay X API Network Based Location API
  • 6. © 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted, confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.6 4G Mobile Broadband Location getLocation (Parlay X 3.0) • Available now via the Sprint Services Framework • For use with 4G/3G mobile broadband devices • Cell based location only > Wimax Cell Tower location when in 4G mode > CDMA Cell Sector location when in 3G mode Network Based Location API
  • 7. © 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted, confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.7 Enhanced Location – “V3” Enhanced Capabilities for Smart phones What is “V3?” • Server Requested Location of Sprint Devices • Sprint has partnered with Location Labs to provide Network APIs
  • 8. © 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted, confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization.8 Enhanced Location – “V3” Why “V3?” • Enhanced Network Based Location Capabilities > Location Labs “Sparkle” Technology > Roaming Areas Supported > Geo-fencing Support > Location Streaming / Bread-crumbing > Wi-Fi location improves indoor results • 2011 Integration with new Smart phones Enhanced Capabilities for Smart phones
  • 9. 2010 Sprint Developer Conference Mike McMullen Sprint – Product Manager Oct. 26 CASanta Clara, - 28
  • 10. 10 Last Known Network Location Per Call Measurement Data (PCMD) Provided though the Sprint Services Framework • Location Recorded with each network connection • On the order of AFLT quality • Network initiated location • Very Low Latency • Partnering with AirSage Fast, Inexpensive Network Location
  • 11. 11 Smart Phones & Connection Cards PDE access is limited because we have no SW control Legacy Device Use MS-Based Location • GPS Quality Location • PDE is accessed every few hours • Device launched in the last year … > Maintain initial or pre-fix fix until GPS is available > The Pre-Fix is a terrestrial quality fix > Uncertainty will give an indication of the quality Coming Devices will use gpsOneXTRA • Also Android 2.2 upgrades • GPS Quality Location • No Indoor Capability Device Based GPS or “Outdoor” Location Only
  • 12. 12 gpsOneXTRA All new Smart Devices and later, Connection Cards will take advantage of this predictive ephemeris technology • No PDE Access • Ephemeris download good for up to 7 days • Accuracy Degrades over time > Sprint will update every 48 hours • If Device has strong signal it will go into an Autonomous mode with no degraded accuracy • Each download is approximately 38.5 Kbytes • Autonomous GPS functionality when out of coverage • Application can request refresh of assistance data > LocationProvider.sendExtraCommand() Device Based A-GPS Solution
  • 13. 13 Android Location GPS Provider • Legacy Devices – MS-Based with pre-fix capability • New devices use gpsOneXTRA – Starting with LG LS670 launching 31 October Network Provider • Google / OEM prerogative – Sprint Cell Tower Location – Google WiFi Location – Google Network Data GPS and Network Capabilities
  • 14. 14 Cell Tower to Cell Sector conversion Sprint broadcast CLM (Course Location Message) • Current Broadcast > Longitude / Latitude of the cell tower • Next year’s Broadcast > Longitude / Latitude the Cell Sector Centroid • Accessible on Android and Blackberry devices More accurate and always available 12.56 Square Miles 3.14 Square Miles 2 Miles 1 Mile A = π R2
  • 15. 15 Carrier Network is Import for CLM Some Carriers broadcast are suspect •Latitude / Longitude all zeros •A group all the same •Reversed Polarity Sprint maintains accurate CLM on Cell Tower Broadcast •Sample Code TelephonyManager tm = (TelephonyManager) this.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE); if(tm.getNetworkOperatorName().equalsIgnoreCase("SPRINT")) { //you are on the Sprint network }
  • 16. 16 Femto Cell Location Same as CLM from the tower only more accurate • User Network Provider/CLM (Course Location Message/Cell Tower Broadcast) • 50 meters accurate • Femto Cells NID 501, 502 and 503 • Sample Code Available on Device Based and Network Based Location TelephonyManager tm = (TelephonyManager) getSystemService(Service.TELEPHONY_SERVICE); // Call below requires permission ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION CellLocation cl = tm.getCellLocation(); // check to see if the instance is CDMA if (cl instanceof CdmaCellLocation) { // yes – proceed to read CDMA specific values CdmaCellLocation cdmaCl = (CdmaCellLocation) cl; int baseStationId = cdmaCl.getBaseStationId(); int nid = cdmaCl.getNetworkId(); int sid = cdmaCl.getSystemId();
  • 17. 2010 Sprint Developer Conference Sean J. Barbeau Research Associate University of South Florida Oct. 26 CASanta Clara, - 28
  • 18. University of South Florida Research • Improve efficiency of location-based services through intelligent software • Create innovative location-aware applications Education • Train future workforce in mobile information systems software development through: > Research assistantships > Classroom education Commercialization • Indentify commercial partners • License relevant technology • Ongoing partnership for research and career track for students 18 Location-Aware Information Systems Lab
  • 19. University of South Florida • First navigation app for public transportation using GPS-enabled mobile phones • Alert user when to get off the bus with audio, visual, and tactile prompts > “Get Ready…” > “Pull Cord Now!” • Target simplicity, with cognitively disabled in mind • Successful field testing at five Florida transit agencies 19 Working with Industry for Real-world Solutions Dajuta has partnered with USF to launch the “Travel Assistance Device (TAD)”
  • 20. GPS Data Characteristics Can Vary 20 Two major influences 1. Mobile Device Hardware & Software > GPS hardware sensitivity > Antenna quality and device integration > Assisted vs. Unassisted GPS > MS-based vs. gpsOneXTRA > Firmware/software filters 2. Environment > Indoor / Outdoor > “Urban Canyons” > Building materials > Shielding by enclosure (e.g., purse, car)
  • 21. Benchmarking GPS accuracy is useful 21 Environment: Indoor, 2nd floor, on desk near window, Tampa, Fl Samsung Moment HTC EVO 4G172 meters 95th percentile: 550m 68th percentile: 398m 50th percentile: 335m Categorize devices for similar LBS app performance 172 meters
  • 22. 22 29.7 meters HTC EVO 4GHTC Hero Environment: Indoor, 2nd floor, on desk near window 29.7 meters
  • 23. Android LocationListener 23 Allows app to request position updates LocationListener has three primary settings: • “provider” – positioning technology (e.g. GPS, NETWORK) • “minTime” – requested time (milliseconds) between location updates • “minDistance” – requested distance (m) that triggers updates Behavior of devices can vary • Phone may not always follow given “minTime” between updates > If phone can’t get a GPS fix, it may not update for a long period of time > Some platforms ignore “minTime” setting and frequently update even if “minTime” is a large value – Can have a significant impact on battery life! Don’t make time assumptions based on number of updates • E.g., I’ve set minTime = 4 sec., I’ve gotten 5 updates, so 20 seconds have passed • Instead, check the system and/or location timestamps
  • 24. Android LocationListener 24 “minTime” behavior for GPS Setting “minTime”, “minDistance” = 0 provides updates as frequently as possible On some Android devices, extensive background tracking may require registering/canceling LocationListener, or filtering data from API, to achieve desired behavior Device Obeys “minTime”? Requires extra code Motorola i1 Yes No HTC Hero Yes* Optional* HTC EVO 4G Yes* Optional* Samsung Moment Yes* Optional* Samsung Epic 4G Yes* Optional* * Has unexpected behavior – see next slide
  • 25. Android LocationListener • Samsung Epic/Moment, HTC Hero/EVO update every second for ~9-11 GPS fixes, then sleep for “minTime” Ex. Using “minTime = 60 seconds”: 25 “minTime” behavior for GPS 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 12 23 34 45 56 67 78 89 100 111 122 133 144 155 166 177 188 199 210 221 232 GPS Fix ID TimeBetweenFixes(seconds)
  • 26. Android LocationListener 26 Useful Apps for Development and Testing “MyTracks”: • Open-source Android GPS tracking app with many features > Can record GPS and export to GPX, KML, CSV, TCX > See how LBS features are implemented in code > http://code.google.com/p/mytracks/ “OldTracks”: • Implements a “Mock” LocationProvider by loading GPX file > Your app registers for LocationListener updates (i.e., GPX file) played back by “OldTracks” provider > http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~acr31/android List of available LocationProviders on device
  • 27. Use GPS Sparingly to Save Battery Life 27 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 4 15 30 60 150 300 BatteryLife(hours) Interval Between GPS Fixes (sec) Impact of Interval Between GPS Fixes on Battery Life Sanyo Pro 200 Sprint CDMA EV-DO Rev. A network
  • 28. Pseudo-code for “GPS Auto-Sleep” if (Moving){ -Decrease LocationListener “minTime” } else{ if(Stopped for a reasonable amount of time){ -Increase LocationListener “minTime” } } • Useful for background tracking applications • Determining whether you’re moving or not can be difficult • Alternate approach for Android v2.2 and higher: > Use “PASSIVE” LocationProvider (instead of “GPS”) – Only updates your app if another app or service requests a location – “Scavenges” locations off other apps – But, no guaranteed updates 28
  • 29. GPS Outliers Prevent Efficient “Sleep” 29 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1 22 43 64 85 106 127 148 169 190 211 232 253 274 295 316 337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 526 547 568 589 610 631 652 673 694 715 736 757 778 799 820 841 862 883 904 925 946 967 988 1009 1030 TimeBetweenAdjacentGPSFixes(s) GPS Auto-Sleep Transitions - “Awake” to “Asleep” “Asleep” “Awake” Incorrect Activity!
  • 30. 30 It is Possible to Remove GPS Outliers •Beware – you will get outliers, more common on first few fixes as number of satellites in view changes •The Kalman Filter functions in a recursive fashion that works well online with real-time GPS data •Open-source Kalman Filters on the web: •http://tinyurl.com/27c86v3 •http://tinyurl.com/33ydrxm Modified Kalman Filter -82.5 -82.45 -82.4 -82.35 -82.3 1 15 29 43 57 71 85 99 113 127 141 155 169 183 197 211 Noisy Data -82.5 -82.45 -82.4 -82.35 -82.3 1 15 29 43 57 71 85 99 113 127 141 155 169 183 197 211 Less Noisy Data Outliers No Outliers!
  • 31. 31 Lightweight RESTful web services are preferred to XML- based SOAP implementations POST /busstoparrival/busstopws.asmx HTTP/1.1 Host: 73.205.128.123 Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: length SOAPAction: "http://tempuri.org/GetNextNVehicleArrivals" <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <soap:Body> <GetNextNVehicleArrivals xmlns="http://tempuri.org/"> <n>int</n> <RouteID>int</RouteID> <DirectionCodeID>int</DirectionCodeID> <BusStopID>int</BusStopID> <TripID_External>string</TripID_External> </GetNextNVehicleArrivals> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope> SOAP Request via HTTP GET /busstoparrival/busstopws.asmx/GetNextNVehicleArrivals? n=string&RouteID=string&DirectionCodeID=string &BusStopID=string& TripID_External=string HTTP/1.1 Host: 73.205.128.123 RESTful HTTP Request •3.7 times more characters using SOAP! •Plus, many mobile platforms don’t natively support SOAP • Java ME • Android •If you have a choice, use RESTful web services Accessing Web Services from Phones
  • 32. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 4 15 30 60 BatteryLife(hours) Interval Between Wireless Transmissions (s) JAX-RPC HTTP-POST REST-ful Web Services Save Energy 32 32 Motorola i580 - iDEN network Impact of JAX-RPC and HTTP-Post Operations on Device Battery Life
  • 33. http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/javatutorial.html 33 Creating your own remote procedure calls (RPC)? Consider going really light-weight with Protocol Buffers •Are 3 to 10 times smaller, 20 to 100 times faster than XML •You implement a simple .proto file: message Person { required string name = 1; required int32 id = 2; optional string email = 3; enum PhoneType { MOBILE = 0; HOME = 1; WORK = 2;} } •Java library handles serializing data into binary format for transmission, de-serializing when receiving data
  • 34. If you don’t need 100% delivery, consider User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 34 Impact of Transmission Protocols on Battery Life UDP does not provide handshake with server for packet “reliability”, but occasional loss of location data may be reasonable (< 3% fixes lost in tests)
  • 35. Receiving is cheaper than Transmitting If you’re exchanging information with a server, try to push it to the device, rather than have the device pull it 35 Device Transmitting vs. Receiving Receive Motorola i877 Java ME using UDP Transmit
  • 36. Critical Point Algorithm 36 36 All GPS Points Critical Points Only Try to send only necessary data from a device to a server
  • 37. Completely open-source trip planning solution • From map tiling to routing software • in Java/Javascript Uses OpenStreetMap data • Wikipedia for geographic information • Free data Can be integrated with device location to create new products 37 opentripplanner.org OpenStreetMap http://www.openstreetmap.org/
  • 38. Questions? Sean J. Barbeau, M.S. Comp.Sci. Research Associate Center for Urban Transportation Research University of South Florida 813.974.7208 barbeau@cutr.usf.edu USF Location-Aware Information Systems Lab http://www.locationaware.usf.edu/ 38
  • 39. © 2010 Sprint. This information is subject to Sprint policies regarding use and is the property of Sprint and/or its relevant affiliates and may contain restricted, confidential or privileged materials intended for the sole use of the intended recipient. Any review, use, distribution or disclosure is prohibited without authorization. Thank You! Learn more at http://developer.sprint.com 39

Notas del editor

  1. Sprint has partnered with many industry leading Solution Enablers.  Along with having access to Sprint services directly, Solution Enablers provide many value added services to help a customer deliver an optimized solution that meets their needs. Some of these value added services include: Custom Development Capabilities (mobile, server) and ongoing development support, System Integration (abilty to integrate with existing back-end systems, Hosting/Monitoring of the solution, User privacy opt-in/opt-out management (being compliant with Sprint and Legal mandates), Customer Care support, and other Web Services and web 2.0 capabilities.