INTRODUCTION

Forests and
wildlife

FORESTS AND WILDLIFE

“If you cut down a forest, it doesn't matter how
many sawmills you have if there are no more trees.”

STAKEHOLDERS
When We Consider The Conservation Of Forest,
We Need To Look At The Stakeholders Who Are-
The People Who Live In Or Around Forest Are
Dependent On Forest Produce For Various Aspects
Of Their Life.
The Forest Department Of The Government Which
Owns The Land And Controls The Resources
From Forests.
The Industrialists-from Those Who Use ‘Tendu’
Leaves To Make Bidis To The Ones With Paper
Mills-who Use Various Forest Produce, But Are
Not Dependent On The Forest In Any One Area.

• The wild life and nature enthusiasts who want to
conserve nature in its pristine form.
• But each of these groups needs out of the forests.
• The local people need large quantities of firewood,
small timber and thatch,Bamboo is Used to make
slates for huts,baskets for collecting and storing
food materials.
• Implements for agriculture ,fishing and hunting
are largely made up of wood,also forest are sites
for fishing and hunting.In addition to people
gathering fruits,nuts and medicines from the
forests,their cattle also graze in forest areas or feed
on other fodder which is collected from forests.

• Water Is One Of Nature's Most Important
Gifts To Mankind.
• Water Is Essential To Life. It’s A Basic
Neccessity For All Forms Of Life.
• Rainfall In India
• The Studies Of ‘Rainfall Patterns’ Have
Revealed That Rains In India Are Largely
Dependent On The Monsoons.
• This Means Rain Falls In Only A Few Months
Of The Year Because Of Which Water
Availability Doesn’t Increase Much.

Mega-projects and their affects

• Over 400 Years Ago, Himachal Pradesh Had Started A Local System Of
Canal Irrigation Called Kulhs.
• Water In Streams Was Diverted To Channels By Which Villages Received
Water.
• All The Villages Managed These Kulhs By Common Agreement.
• These Kulhs Were Managed By 2-3 People Who Were Paid By Villagers.
• After The Kulhs Were Taken Over By Irrigation Department, Most Of
Them Became Defunct And There Was No Longer Friendly Sharing Of
Water As Before.

Large Dams Can Ensure The
Storage Of Adequate Water Not
Just For Irrigation , But Also For
Generating Electricity. Canal
Systems Leading From These Dams
Can Transfer Large Amounts Of
Water Great Distances. For
Example, The Indira Gandhi Canal
Has Brought Greenery To
Considerable Areas Of Rajasthan.

Criticisms About Large Dams Address Three Problems In
Particular :-
1.) Social Problems Because They Displace Large Number Of
Peasants And Tribal's Without Adequate Compensation Or
Rehabilitation.
2.) Economic Problems Because They Swallow Up Huge
Amounts Of Public Money Without The Generation Of
Proportionate Benefits.
3.) Environmental Problems Because They Contribute
Enormously To Deforestation And The Loss Of Biological
Diversity.

WATER HARVESTING
• Rainwater Harvesting Is The Accumulating And Storing Of
Rainwater For Reuse Before It Reaches The Aquifer. It Has Been
Used To Provide Drinking Water, Water For Livestock, Water For
Irrigation, As Well As Other Typical Uses. Rainwater Collected
From The Roofs Of Houses And Local Institutions Can Make An
Important Contribution To The Availability Of Drinking Water.
• As Rainwater May Be Contaminated Due To Pollutants Like
Microscopic Germs Etc., It Is Often Not Considered Suitable For
Drinking Without Treatment. However, There Are Many Examples
Of Rainwater Being Used For All Purposes — Including Drinking
— Following Suitable Treatment.

Coal :
Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral of
fossilized carbon" since the 13th century) is a combustible black or
brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in
layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. Coal is the largest
source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well
as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon
dioxide releases. Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage are
slightly more than those from petroleum and about double the
amount from natural gas Coal is extracted from the ground by
mining, either underground by shaft mining through the seams or in
open pits.

USES :
COAL AS FUEL
GASIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
REFINED COAL
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
COoKING COAL AND USE OF COKE

PETROLEUM
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring flammable liquid. Petroleum is
recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural
geology ,sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of
porosity and permeable structures). It is refined and separated, most easily by
boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol (or gasoline)
and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and
pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials,
and it is estimated that the world consumes about 88 million barrels each day.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:

http://www.onlinetest.radicesolutions.com/Solved_Problems/Biology/ManaNatural/ManaNatural1.html

1. Why are forest called “biodiversity hot spot”?
2. ”Coal and petroleum are converted forms of solar energy". is
this statement correct?
3. Write at least two ways by which people of ancient India
managed water resources?
4. What will happen if loss of biodiversity occurs?
5. what you can do as an individual to reduce consumption of
various nature resources and help in environment conservation?
6. What will be the effect of increase in the amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere on the average temperature of the earth.
7. What are the two major benefits of dams?
8. What are kulhs?
9. What are fossil fuels. Give two examples of fossil fuels.
10. What is the importance of water harvesting
11. What is meant by sustainable management?
12. What is a dam? Write two main advantages and two ill effects
of constructing a big dam