COMPLETE DETAIL, TYPES AND STAGES OF CANCER

3.  Penile cancer is a disease in which malignant
(cancer) cells form in the tissue of the penis.
 It is most often diagnosed in men over the age of 50.
 Penile cancer is rare in most developed nations,
where the rate is less than 1 per 100,000 men per
year.

4. 1) SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
2) BASAL CELL PENILE
CARCINOMA
3) MELANOMA
4) SARCOMA

5.  95% of penile cancer is epidermoid, or squamous
cell carcinoma.
 When cancer begins in squamous cells, it is called
non melanoma skin cancer and it can develop
anywhere on the penis; most develop on or under the
foreskin.
 When found the early stage, epidermoid carcinoma
can usually be cured.

6.  Under the squamous cell in the lower epidermis are
round cells known as basal cells.
 These are occasionally become cancerous. This is
called non-melanoma skin cancer.
 Less than 2% of penile cancer are basal cell
carcinoma.

7.  The deepest layer of epidermis contains scattered
cells called melanocytes, which produce the melanin
that gives the skin color.
 Melanoma starts in melenocytes, and it is the most
serious of the skin cancer type.
 The cancer occassionally occur on the surface of the
penis.
 About 2% or penile cancer are melenoma.

8.  About 1% or penile cancer are sarcoma.
 This is the cancer that develop in the tissues that
support and connect the body such as blood vessels,
smooth muscles and fat.

9. STAGE CHANGES
0 Abdomen cells are found on the surface of the skin of
the penis.
These abdomen cells may become cancer and spread
into nearby normal tissues.
I Cancer has formed and spread to connective tissue just
under the skin of penis.
II Cancer has spread to: connective tissue just under the
skin of the penis to one lymph node in the groin; or
erectile tissue.
III Cancer has spread to: connective tissue of the penis to
more than one lymph node on one or both sides or
urethra & prostate.
IV Cancer has spread to: tissue near the penis and lymph
node to the anywhere or near the penile area.

10.  Exact cause of penile cancer is unknown
 Less common in men who have had all or part or their
foreskin removed soon after birth
 Virus such as HPV (human papillomavirus) and HIV
 Drugs such as psoralen combined with UV rays
 Being age 60 or old
 Phimosis
 Poor personal hygiene
 Having many sexual partners
 Using tobacco products

11.  Genital lesions on the penis
 Painless sore in penis
 Penis pain
 Changes in the color if penis
 Skin thickening on the penis
 Foul odor discharge beneath the foreskin
 Blood coming from the tip of penis or under foreskin
 Unexplained pain in the tip of the penis
 Irregular or growing bluish- brown flat lesions
 reddish., velvety rash beneath the foreskin
 Small crusty bumps beneath the foreskin
 Swollen groin lymph nodes

12.  History taking
 Physical examination
 Biopsy
 Fine needle aspiration
 Sentinel lymph node biopsy
 Inguinal lymph node biopsy
 X-Ray
 CT scan
 MRI
 PET ( positron emission tomography) scan

13. 1) SURGERY
2) RADIOTHERAPY
3) CHEMOTHERAPY
4) BIOLOGICAL
THERAPY
5)
PHOTODYNAMIC
THERAPY

14. 1 MOHS
MICROSURGERY
A procedure in which the tumor is cut from
the skin in thin layer.
2 LASER SURGERY A surgical procedure that uses the laser beam
as a knife to make bloodless cuts in tissue to
remove a surface lesion.
3 CRYOSURGERY It uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and kill cells.
The skin will later blister and slough off.
4 CIRCUMCISION It involves an operation to remove the
foreskin from the penis, along with some
surrounding area.

15. 5 WIDE LOCAL
EXCISION
Surgery to remove only the cancer and some
normal tissues around it. If the cancer has
spread over a wider area, patient will need to
have an operation known as awide local
excetion.
6 ELECTRODESSI
CATION AND
CURETTAGE
Remove the cancer by scrapping the tumor with
a curette and applying an electric current to the
area to kill cancer cells.
7 AMPUTATION
OF THE PENIS
Surgery to remove part or the entire penis. If
part of penis removed, it is a partial penectomy.
If the entire penis is removed, it is a total
penectomy.

16.  Radiotherapy treats cancer using high energy rays to
destroy cancer cells, while doing as little harm as
possible to healthy cells.
 It also used to treat affected lymph nodes in the groin
to help reduce the risk of the cancer spreading.
 It may also give to treat symptoms, such as pain, if
the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, like
the bones.

17.  Chemotherapy is the use of anti-cancer drugs to
destroy cancer cells.
 It sometimes may used to treat very small, early
cancers.
 It may be used along with surgery or radiotherapy.
 Bleomycin, cisplatin, or methotrexate or together is
usually used for treating penile cancer.

18.  Biological therapy is a treatment that uses the
patient’s immune system to fight cancer.
 Substance made by the body or made in the
laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the
body’s natural defense against cancer.
 Topical biological therapy may be used to treat stage
0 penile cancer.

19.  It uses laser, or other light sources combined with a
light sensitive drug (photosensitizing agent), to
destroy abnormal cells.
 A photosensitizing cream is applied to the affected
area usually 3-6 hours before the light treatment.
 The light treatment is then given for a specific
period of time which varies depending on the light
source.