2. Admin matters
Tutorials start this week
Study first two maps in Study Guide (pp.
41-42) for test during tutorials (esp. main
cities, states, rivers and mountains)
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3. 1. Lincoln’s 10% Plan (1863)
Debate reunion during war
Fearing guerrilla war, Lincoln favoured:
lenient, swift process
pardons for most
rejoin once 10% swear loyalty
Radical Republicans (Congress) wanted:
longer, harsher process to transform South
secession make South “unorganized
territories”
deny vote & citizenship to leaders
Lincoln vetoed 1864 Wade-Davis Bill
4. 2. 13th
Amendment and
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Many petition govn.
Lincoln and Congress cooperate on 13th
:
abolish slavery
Agree on Bureau:
help/protect ex-slaves & whites
First US govn. aid to individuals
Tremendous southern enmity for North
6. 3. Meanings of Freedom
Ex-slaves celebrate freedom
Cautious because of white hostility/power
Most work for former masters, but:
relocate homes
try to control labor
Efforts to
reunite families
avoid white interference
some all-black settlements
7. 4. Desire for
Land and Education
For ex-slaves, land = independence
Sherman set aside some land
Johnson return land to planters
government sell some land (SC and GA):
lots too big for ex-slaves to afford
Ex-slaves devote time and money to
education
Bureau and northerners help start 4000+
schools
11. 6. Sharecropping
Lack of land plus white refusal to rent:
push freed people to sharecropping
ex-slaves provide labour
split crop with land owner
Freedmen’s debt kept rising
ex-slave’s share not enough to repay loans
cotton prices decline (late 1800s)
1877: 1/3 of South’s farms worked by
sharecroppers
13. 7. Andrew Johnson
Champion small farmers, not typical
Southerner
Reject secession, but adamant on:
limited government
states’ rights
white supremacy
Control Reconstruction at first
14. 8. Johnson’s Leniency
and Pardons (1865)
Initially bar wealthy planters from politics
But planters control state conventions
Johnson accept
Pardon planters and restore land:
Seek support for 1866 elections
Want to block more radical change
Declare Reconstruction over (Dec.)
Many former rebels elected to Congress
15. 9. Black Codes
North upset by planter control and
defiance:
Anger grow when southern governments
revise (not repeal) slave laws:
many restrictions on ex-slaves
To North, South unrepentant
Congress:
refuse to recognize southern governments
challenge Johnson’s leniency > committee
16. 10. Congressional
Reconstruction Plan
Despite divisions, Congress assert
authority to shape Reconstruction
Northern Democrats back Johnson
Conservative Republicans favor action:
but not extensive activism of Radicals
Radicals (a minority) want to:
help ex-slaves (vote/land)
democratize South
Moderate Republicans in between
17. 11. Congress v. Johnson (1866)
Moderates and conservatives ally with
Radicals because:
Johnson refuses to compromise
anti-black violence (Memphis, New Orleans)
Congress drafted bill to:
continue Bureau
pass first civil rights act
Johnson veto, Congress override
Draft new amendment
19. 12. The 14th
Amendment
(Ratified, 1868)
Citizenship to all
“Due process of law”
“Equal protection of laws”
Bar Confederate leaders from state &
federal office (punishment)
Encourage (not require) vote for black
men (North disagree):
for full representation in House, must let
black men vote (if not, less representation)
ignore women
20. 13. Johnson (1866);
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Tour North to argue against 14th
Amend.
Northerners reject him:
re-elect moderates and radicals
Election victory of Republicans (1866) =
mandate to continue Reconstruction
1867 Act replace “Johnson governments”
South under military supervision (Map):
black men can vote for new state govn’s
Confederate leaders not allowed to vote
South must accept 14th
amendm.
1868-70: South re-admitted to Union
23. 14. Land Redistribution;
Constitutional Crisis
To Radicals, land for ex-slaves vital and
just
North reject redistributing planter land:
limit ex-slave independence (work for whites)
Congress pass laws to limit Johnson’s
interference:
restrict power over army
Tenure of Office Act (to protect Stanton)
24. 15. Johnson’s Impeachment;
1868 Election
Johnson: uses vetoes; removes military
officers who support Congress
For first time, try to remove president for
“high crimes”/abuses of power
Most vote to remove J, but missed 2/3
majority by 1 vote; J remained in office
Genl. Grant (Rep.) won election
Democrats’ campaign racist
26. 16. President Grant;
15th
Amendment (1869–70)
Vacillated with South:
some efforts to stop white violence
demobilization left few troops
Radicals push 15th
amendment to protect
black male suffrage
But did not guarantee right to vote
North wanted ability to deny vote
Northerners thought Reconstruction
completed
27. 17. White Resistance;
Black Voters and Republicans
Whites, esp. planters, resist:
refuse to let slaves go
block blacks from getting land
violence
Black communities celebrate suffrage
Help create Republican party in South
South’s Republicans combine:
northerners who move south
native whites, esp. small farmers
freedmen
29. 18. Triumph of
Republican Governments
State constitutions (1868–70) more
democratic with reforms
Rep., incl. some blacks, win state office
Lenient to ex-Confederates:
realize whites = majority
planters own best land
not disfranchise planters or take their land
30. 19. Republican Policies
Promote industry with loans, tax
exemptions
Little help for impoverished farmers
Public schools established, but not
integrated
No land distribution (not supported by
Congress)
Blacks domination = myth
32. 20. Carpetbaggers, Scalawags,
Corruption
Southerners criticize migrants from North
Ignore: most migrants want to help South
Discredit southern white Republicans:
Most = small-scale farmers pursuing
class interests, not racial equality
Both parties engage in corruption, but
Republicans tarred with it
33. 21. Ku Klux Klan
(started 1866)
Rapid spread of terrorist organization
Deathblow to Reconstruction in South:
attack Rep. leaders (white & black)
harassment, beatings, rape, arson, murder
Planters organize KKK units:
regain power thru Democratic control
35. 22. Retreat from Reconstruction
North lose interest (1870s)
More interest in suppressing rebellion
than helping blacks
Democrats:
“redeem” southern governments from black
“domination” thru KKK violence
Congress pass KKK laws; little enforced
Northerners reject:
US government protect civil rights (a state
matter?)
36. 23. Liberal Republican Revolt
Oppose continued action in South;
nominates a different candidate in 1872
Grant re-elected, but:
Reconstruction declines, little interference in
South, poor appointments
Amnesty Act, 1872:
pardon most ex-confederates
Corruption scandals weaken Republicans
Democrats take House (1874)
Increasingly North’s attention shifts from
South and Reconstruction
38. 24. Disputed Election of 1876;
Compromise of 1877
Tilden (Dem) win popular vote
Need 1 more electoral vote
19 votes in dispute because of fraud
Voting by party, commission ruled in
favour of Hayes (Rep)
Democrats accept if South received:
federal aid
troop removal
Editor's Notes
Lincoln: we shall proceed ‘with malice towards none, with charity for all.’ – wanted to heal wounds of War. Radicals felt that this position would make a ‘mockery of democracy’
Re 13 th amendment: women especially organised petitions to govn; led to long and vigorous debates: property rights (can govn degree over this; is it sacrosanct?) & right of federal government to interfere in private affairs?
The Armed Slave, William Sprang, oil on canvas, ca. 1865. This remarkable painting depicts an African American veteran soldier, musket with fixed bayonet leaning against the wall, cigar in hand indicating a new life of safety and leisure, reading a book to demonstrate his embrace of education and freedom. The man ’ s visage leaves the impression of satisfaction and dignity.
Ex slave: “We is free – no more whipping & beatings”; search for family members (separated thru sales pre War due to expansion; and War). Wanted to avoid white interference in family life, e.g. through punishments.
African Americans of all ages eagerly pursued the opportunity to gain an education in freedom. This young woman in Mt. Meigs, Alabama, is helping her mother learn to read.
Churches became a center of African American life, both social and political, during and after Reconstruction. Churches large and small, like this one, Faith Memorial Church in Hagley Landing, South Carolina, became the first black-owned institutions for the postfreedom generation.
Sharecropping: use land and implements in exchange for part of harvest.
Combative and inflexible, President Andrew Johnson contributed greatly to the failure of his own Reconstruction program.
Johnson’s slogan: ‘The constitution as it IS, and the Union as it WAS’ (i.e. not more federal power) Was white supremacist: ‘Blacks have less capacity for govn than any other race of people’ Was not a planter himself, disliked their elitism.
Black codes entailed i.a.: carry passes; curfews; restrict occupations, limit to where blacks could live
J insisted that Reconstruction was over; was essentially racist (Act would favour ‘negro’ over ‘white race’.
The Memphis race riots during Reconstruction. Unarmed blacks are gunned down by well-armed whites in this scene, reinforced by a Congressional investigation. 40 Blacks died and 12 schools destroyed during this riot. In New Orleans 34 died and 200 wounded.
Map 16.1: The Reconstruction . This map shows the five military districts established when Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. As the dates within each state indicate, conservative Democratic forces quickly regained control of government in four southern states. So-called Radical Reconstruction was curtailed in most of the others as factions within the weakened Republican Party began to cooperate with conservative Democrats.
Thomas Waterman Wood, who had painted portraits of society figures in Nashville before the war, sensed the importance of Congress ’ s decision in 1867 to enfranchise the freedmen. This oil painting, one in a series on suffrage, emphasizes the significance of the ballot for the black voter.
Radical plan rejected because of ‘sanctity of private property’ & limited interference by federal govn. ToO Act: Senate must approve changes to cabinet.
Impeached by House; tried by Senate (technically for contravening the Tenure of office Act)
A Republican Party brass band in action during the 1868 election campaign in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Union regimental colors and soldiers ’ caps demonstrate the strong federal presence in the South at this pivotal moment in radical Reconstruction.
Note wording: “The rights of citizens of the US to vote shall not be denied … on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude’. I.e. it can be denied on OTHER grounds (e.g. gender; property qualification, education/literacy, nationality etc). Suffrage can be restricted.
Southern blacks attempting to vote are halted by White Leaguers in this engraving by J. H. Wares. The black man doffing his cap holds a “ Republican ticket ” but it will not get him to the ballot box, guarded by the election judge with a loaded pistol.
The Carpetbagger , American lithograph song sheet music cover, ca. 1869. Emanating from the heyday of anti-carpetbagger propaganda, the figure seems to be part Uncle Sam and part scheming scoundrel with his bag full of Yankee notions, both religious and secular.
Cartoon, depicting a freedman, John Campbell, vainly begging for mercy in Moore County, North Carolina, August 10, 1871. The image evokes the power, fear, and mystery of the Klan without actually showing its bloody deeds.
Map 16.2: Presidential Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 . In 1876, a combination of solid southern support and Democratic gains in the North gave Samuel Tilden the majority of popular votes, but Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed election in the electoral college, after a deal satisfied Democratic wishes for an end to Reconstruction.