Renewable Energy Sources and Working

1. RENEWABLE
ENERGY
Said Salim Palayi
AEE, Electrical Division, KSEB
Limited, Manjeri, Kerala,
India
sspalayi@yahoo.com

2. Energy Sources
 Fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas are all of limited
amounts. Cant be replaced.
 Nuclear fuels -limited amounts of uranium
for nuclear fission reactors but
reprocessing of fuel possible.
 Renewable Energy Sources- They are
being replaced / generated at the same
rate that they are being utilised. -
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3. Renewable Energy Sources
 Hydro power
 Wind Energy
 Solar energy
 Tidal ,Waves and Sea currents
 Geothermal Energy
 Biomass & Bio-fuels
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4. Global Energy - Future Target
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5. Renewable Energy
Commercialization
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 From the end of 2004, worldwide
renewable energy capacity grew at rates
of 10–60% annually for many technologies.
 grid-connected PV increased the fastest of
all renewables technologies, with a 60%
annual average growth rate.
 scientists have advanced a plan to power
100% of the world's energy with wind,
hydroelectric, and solar power by the year
2030

6. Hydro Electricity Generation
 Hydroelectricity is the term referring to
electricity generated by hydropower; the
production of electrical power through
the use of the gravitational force of falling
or flowing water.
Mainly two types:-
 Storage type.
 Run-off- The river system
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7. Storage type
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8. Working of Storage type Hydro
Station
 Potential energy in the retained water is
transferred into kinetic energy by water
flowing through the pipes with high speed.
The force and high pressure in the water turns
a series of shafts in a generator. Spinning
shafts in the generator charges coils and
magnets to create electricity, which is
regulated by a transformer. This is then
transported cables to homes and factories.
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9. Run- off River Scheme
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10. Working of Run-off- River
System
In ROR systems, running water is diverted from a
river and guided down a channel, or penstock,
which leads to a generating house. Here, the
force of the moving water spins a turbine, which
then drives a generator. Used water is fed back
into the main river further downstream. The
difference between run-of-river and large,
conventional storage hydro, is the absence of a
dam and reservoir. Run-of-river relies on
coursing rivers to generate electricity, as
opposed to stored water.
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11. Categories
 Sizes of Hydroelectric Power Plants
Facilities range in size from large power
plants that supply many consumers with
electricity to small and micro plants that
individuals operate for their own energy
needs or to sell power to utilities.
 Large (Above 10 MW)
 Small (Below 10 MW)
 Micro (up to 100 kW of power)
 Pico (Under 5 kW)
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12. Wind Electricity
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Wind power is converted to Electrical power by
use of wind turbines.
A wind farm consist of several individual wind
turbines which are connected to the electric
power transmission network.

13. Wind
Turbine System
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Wind turbines (HAWT) have
the main rotor shaft and
electrical generator at the
top of tower.
The blades rotate at 10 to 22
revolutions per minute.
Most have a gearbox, which
turns the slow rotation of the
blades into a quicker rotation
that is more suitable to drive
an electrical generator.

14. Inside wind turbine
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15. Offshore generation
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Average wind
speed is 1.9 times
more than onshore.
Technical expertise
exists from oil rig
experience.

16. Solar Energy Systems
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from
the sun harnessed using a range of ever-
evolving technologies such as Solar
Heating, Photovoltaics, Solar Thermal
Energy.
2 Types
1. Solar Thermal Generation (Concentrated
Solar Power System)
2. Solar Photo Voltaic Electricity
Generation.
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17. Concentrated Solar Power
Systems (CSP)
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18. CSP
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19. Solar Thermal Generation
Working
 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems
use lenses or mirrors to focus a large
area of sunlight into a small beam.
 Solar radiation heats up the thermo-oil
that flows trough the receiver to a
temperature of 400° Celsius so that a
downstream heat exchanger is able to
generate steam. The steam is used
inside the turbine that rotates the
generator.
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20. Solar PV Systems
 A photovoltaic system typically includes
an array of solar panels, an inverter, a
battery and sometimes a solar tracker.
Classifications -
 Off grid system
 On grid System
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21. Solar Cell
 A solar cell (also
called a photovoltaic
cell) is an electrical
device that converts
the energy of light
directly into electricity
by the photovoltaic
effect.
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22. Solar Panel
A solar panel is an assembly
of photovoltaic cells.
The solar panel can be used
as a component of a larger
photovoltaic system to
generate and supply
electricity in commercial and
residential applications.
Output ranges from 100 to
320 watts
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23. Off Grid System
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Off Grid system works as a stand alone system. Does Not
connected to Grid.

24. On Grid System
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Always connected to the grid. Exports surplus generation to grid
and imports when solar generation is not sufficient to meet load.

25. Benefits
 Residences and businesses that have a
grid-tied electrical system can sell surplus
energy to the utility grid.
 Electricity delivered to the grid can be
compensated by "Net metering", is where
the entity that owns the renewable energy
power source receives compensation
from the utility for its net outflow of power.
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26. Grid Tie
Inverter
(Grid Interactive
Inverter)
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27. Grid Tie Inverter -Working
 GTIs are often used to convert DC power
produced by renewable energy sources into
the AC with phase matching to the utility
supply
 During a period of overproduction from the
generating source, power is routed into the
power grid, thereby being sold to the local
power company.
 During insufficient power production, it allows
for power to be purchased from the power
company
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28. 1.Phase Matching
Step:1
Sense the phase
Step:2
Produce phase matched AC
Step:3
Rinse &Repeat
2.Anti-Islanding
A grid Tie inverter disconnects in the event
of power failure to protect the Utility
employees.
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29. Future of Solar Energy
A University of Texas at Arlington
physics professor has helped create a
hybrid nanomaterial that can be used to
convert light and thermal energy into
electrical current, surpassing earlier
methods that used either light or thermal
energy, but not both.
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30. TIDAL / WAVE ENERGY
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31. Tidal Barrage
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32. Tidal Power
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33. Generation Principle
 When the sea level rises and the tide begins
to come in, the temporary increase in tidal
power is channelled into a large basin
behind the dam called tidal barrage,
holding a large amount of potential energy.
 With the receding tide, this energy is then
converted into mechanical energy as the
water is released through large turbines that
create electrical power though the use of
generators.
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34. Marine Current Power
Generation
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35. Possibilities
.
 Marine currents are more predictable
than wind and solar power.
 Marine currents are more power full than
wind
 Experimental stage, commercial
production not started
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36. Wave Energy Generation
The Pelamis machine
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38. Pelamis machine
The Pelamis machine consists of a series of
semi-submerged cylindrical sections linked by
hinged joints. As waves pass along the length
of the machine, the sections move relative to
one another.
The wave-induced motion of the sections is
resisted by hydraulic cylinders which pump
high pressure oil through hydraulic motors via
smoothing hydraulic accumulators . The
hydraulic motors drive electrical generators to
produce electricity.
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39. Hybrid System
 A hybrid energy system usually consists of
two or more renewable energy sources
used together to provide increased
system efficiency as well as greater
balance in energy supply.
 Hybrid energy systems oftentimes yield
greater economic and environmental
returns than wind, solar, geothermal or
stand-alone systems by themselves.
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40. Photovoltaic Wind Hybrid
Systems
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41. PV Wind Hybrid System
Advantages
 This would create more output from the
wind turbine during the winter, whereas
during the summer, the solar panels would
produce their peak output.
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42. Geo Thermal Energy
 Closer to the earth surface, the rocks layers
are hot enough to keep water and air spaces
there at a temperature of about 50-60
degrees F (10-16 degrees C). Geothermal
technology takes advantage of the hot close-
to-earth-surface temperatures to generate
power.
In places with hotter 'close-to-earth-surface'
temperatures, deep wells can be drilled and
cold water pumped down. The water runs
through fractures in the rocks and is heated
up. It returns to the surface as hot water and
steam, where its energy can be used to drive
turbines and electricity generators.
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43. Geothermal System
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44. Renewable Energy
Potential of Kerala
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45. Wind Power Potential
 Kerala had the potential to generate
nearly 2,000 mw of wind energy at three
spots--Ramakkalmedu, Kanjikode and
Attappadi in Palakkad district.
 Kerala was at present generating only 22
mw of wind power,
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46. Solar Energy Potential
 Kerala has a total wasteland area of
2445.63km2. Electric energy could be
developed in that area is 1093.68 MU/day.
Annual electrical energy generated in that
area is about 3,99,195 MU.
 By considering the 4% of wastelands(73.36
km2) annual electricity generated is about
15,967 MU. This shows that the electricity
generated would be at least 1.12 times
higher than the present demand (14226.1
MU).
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47. Hydel Generation potential of
kerala State
 Kerala is abundant with natural waterfalls
and streams.
 Kerala has a potential for 4333 MW
 So far only 1835 MW (40% ) of the hydro
potential of the State has been tapped.
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48. Is Costly Investment in RE justified ???
 The Answer is in this letter written by a Native
American chief to the president of United States
who want to convert The tribal land.
Chief Seattle's Letter to the President of the United States,
1852
"The President in Washington sends word that he wishes to
buy our land. But how can you buy or sell the sky? The land?
The idea is strange to us. If we do not own the freshness of
the air and the sparkle of the water, how can you sell them?
Every part of this earth is sacred to my people. Every shining
pine needle, every humming insect. All are holy in the
memory and experience of my people
.
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49. We know the sap which courses through the trees
as we know the blood that courses through our
veins. We are part of the earth and it is part of us.
The perfumed flowers are our sisters. The bear, the
deer, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The
rocky crests, the juices in the meadow, the body
heat of a pony, and man, all belong to the same
family.
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50. The shining water that moves in the streams and rivers is
not just water, but the blood of our ancestors. If we sell
you our land, you must remember that it is sacred. Each
ghostly reflection in the clear waters of the lakes tells of
events and memories in the life of my people. The waters
murmur in the voice of my father's father. The rivers are
our brothers. They quench our thirst. They carry our
canoes and feed our children. So you must give to the
river the kindness you would give any brother.
If we sell you our land, remember that the air is precious
to us, that the air shares its spirit with all the life it supports.
The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also
receives his last sigh. The wind also gives our children the
spirit of life. So if we sell you our land, you must keep it
apart and sacred, as a place where man can go to taste
the wind that is sweetened by the meadow Flowers.
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51. Will you teach your children what we have taught our children? That the
earth is our Mother? What befalls the earth befalls all the sons of the earth.
This we know: The earth does not belong to man, man belongs to the
earth. All things are connected like the blood that unites us all. Man did
not weave the web of life; he is merely a strand of it. Whatever he does to
the web, he does to himself.
One thing we know: Our God is your God. The earth is precious to him
and to harm the earth is to heap contempt on its Creator. Your destiny is a
mystery to us. What will happen when the buffalo are all slaughtered? The
wild horses tamed? What will happen when the secret corners of the forest
are heavy with the scent of many men and the view of the ripe hills is
blotted by talking wires? Where will the thicket be? Gone! Where will the
eagle be? Gone! And what is it to say goodbye to the swift pony and the
hunt? The end of living and the beginning of survival.
When the last red man has vanished with his wilderness and his memory is
only the shadow of a cloud moving across the prairie, will these shores
and forests still be here? Will there be any of the spirit of my people left?
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52.  We love this earth as a newborn loves its mother's heartbeat. So
if we sell you our land, love it as we have loved it. Care for it as
we have cared for it. Hold in your mind the memory of the land
as it is when you receive it. Preserve the land for all children
and love it, as God loves us all.
As we are a part of the land, you too are part of the land. This
earth is precious to us. It is also precious to you. One thing we
know: There is only one God. No man, be he Red Man or White
Man, can be apart. We are all brothers."
Chief Seattle
"Native American isn't blood. It is what is in the heart. The love
for the land, the respect for it, those who inhabit it, and the
respect and acknowledgement of the spirits and elders. That is
what it is to be Indian."
White Feather, Navajo Medicine Man
"We are all one Tribe,
the Human Tribe... "
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53. When We will
have this great
Chief’s
Wisdom ?????
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54. Thank you
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