This is a power-point presentation prepared for the students who are studying SYSTEM ENGINEERING in Fourth Semester (CBCS) of the branches of colleges affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal (M.P.). In this presentation, topics of the first unit in the syllabus are covered. I hope it will be helpful to the students.
1. by
Dr. S.S. Thakur
Professor, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering,
Gyan Ganga College of Technology, Jabalpur
1SYSTEM ENGINEERING---DR.S.S. THAKUR
3. What is a System?
A frequently used definition of a system is “ a set of
interrelated components working together toward
some common objective”.
It is an integrated composite of people, products and
processes that provide a capability to satisfy a stated
need or objective.
It is a collection of different elements that interact to
produce results that are not obtainable by the
elements alone.
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4. What is a System?
A system can be NATURAL or ENGINEERED.
Example of a natural system is our solar system.
Engineered systems are designed and built to satisfy
human needs.(example wireless telephone network, power
generation plants and our highways)
From a functional viewpoint systems have inputs, processes
and outputs.
Feedback is a mechanism to compare goals and outputs.
Systems have boundaries.
Everything outside the boundary of a system is part of
another system
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5. What is a System?
Engineered system can be non-complex or complex.
A non-complex engineered system is a system which
does not involve many disciplines of engineering. For
example a washing machine, refrigerator, dishwasher,
and a vacuum cleaner.
A complex engineered system involves many
engineering disciplines. For example Weather satellite
system and Air Traffic control system.
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6. What is a System?
ELEMENTS OF A SYSTEM
OUTPUT
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7. What is System Engineering?
A logical sequence of activities and decisions
transforming an operational need into a description of
system performance parameters and a preferred
system configuration (MIL-STD-499A, Engineering
Management 1974)
An interdisciplinary approach encompassing the
entire technical effort to evolve into and verify an
integrated and life cycle balanced set of system people,
products and process solutions that satisfy customer
needs. (EIA 632 Standard , System Engineering, Dec.
1994)
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8. What is System Engineering?
An interdisciplinary, collaborative approach to derive,
evolve and verify a life cycle balanced system solution
which satisfies customer expectations and meets
public acceptability.(IEEE P1220, Standard for
application and management of the System
Engineering Process, Sept 1994)
The function of systems engineering is to guide the
engineering of complex systems .
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9. What is System Engineering?
Systems Engineering- Bridging the gap from user needs to system developers
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10. Systems Engineering and
Traditional Engineering Disciplines
Systems engineering differs from mechanical, electrical,
and other engineering disciplines in several important
ways
Systems engineering is focused on the system as a whole
It is focused on its total operation.
It looks at the system from the outside, that is, at its
interactions with other systems and the environment, as
well as from the inside.
While the primary purpose of systems engineering is to
guide, this does not mean that systems engineers do not
themselves play a key role in system design.
Systems engineering bridges the traditional engineering
disciplines.
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11. Systems Engineering and Project
Management
The engineering of a new complex system usually begins with an
exploratory stage in which a new system concept is evolved to
meet a recognized need
The magnitude and complexity of the effort to engineer a new
system requires a dedicated team to lead and coordinate its
execution.
Such an enterprise is called a “ project ” and is directed by a
project manager aided by a staff.
Systems engineering is an inherent part of project management
— the part that is concerned with guiding the engineering effort
itself
Also concerns with setting its objectives, guiding its execution,
evaluating its results, and prescribing necessary corrective
actions to keep it on course.
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12. References
Alexander Kossiakoff, William N Sweet, “System
Engineering Principles and Practice”, Wiley India,
Chapter-1 (Page numbers 3-5).
S.L. Gadhave, “Systems Engineering”, Technical
Publications, Chapter-1 (Page numbers 1-2 to 1-6)
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14. Origin of System Engineering
No particular date can be associated with the origins of systems
engineering.
The Bible records that Noah’s Ark was built to a system
specification.
Systems engineering principles have been practiced at some level
while building of the pyramids in Egypt.
The recognition of systems engineering as a distinct activity is
often associate with the effects of World War II, and especially
the 1950s and 1960s.
There was a rise in advancement in technology after World War –
II in order to gain a military advantage for one side or the other.
The development of high - performance aircraft, military radar,
the proximity fuse, the German V1 and V2 missiles, and
especially the atomic bomb required revolutionary advances in
the application of energy, materials, and information.
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15. Origin of System Engineering
These systems were complex, combining multiple technical
disciplines, and their development posed engineering
challenges.
The compressed development time schedules necessitated a
level of organization and efficiency that required new
approaches in program planning, technical coordination, and
engineering management.
Systems engineering, as we know it today, developed to meet
these challenges.
During the Cold War of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s,
military requirements continued to drive the growth of
technology in jet propulsion, control systems, and materials.
Another development, that of solid - state electronics, has had
perhaps a more profound effect on technological growth.
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16. Origin of System Engineering
The still evolving “information age”, in which computing,
networks, and communications are extending the power
and reach of systems far beyond their previous limits.
The relation of modern systems engineering to its origins
can be best understood in terms of three basic factors
Advancing Technology, which provide opportunities for
increasing system capabilities, but introduces development
risks that require systems engineering management.
Competition, whose various forms require seeking superior
(and more advanced) system solutions through the use of
system - level trade - offs among alternative approaches.
Specialization, which requires the partitioning of the system
into building blocks corresponding to specific product types
that can be designed and built by specialists, and strict
management of their interfaces and interactions.
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17. References
Alexander Kossiakoff, William N Sweet, “System
Engineering Principles and Practice, Wiley India,
Chapter-1 (Page numbers 5-10)
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19. General Examples
A refrigerator, microwave oven, dishwasher, vacuum
cleaner, and radio all perform a number of useful
operations in a systematic manner.
However, these appliances involve only one or two
engineering disciplines, and their design is based on
well - established technology.
Thus, they fail the criterion of being complex
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20. Characteristics required
The characteristics of a system whose development,
test and application require the practice of systems
engineering are that the system
is an engineered product and hence satisfies a specified
need
consists of diverse components that have intricate
relationships with one another and hence is
multidisciplinary and relatively complex
uses advanced technology in ways that are central to the
performance of its primary functions and hence involves
development risk and often a relatively high cost.
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21. Examples of Complex Engineered
Systems
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22. Examples of Complex Engineered
Systems
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23. Example: A modern automobile
It can be considered as a lower limit to more complex
vehicular systems.
It is made up of a large number of diverse components
requiring the combination of several different
disciplines.
To operate properly, the components must work
together accurately and efficiently.
Should maintain very close control of engine
emissions, which requires sophisticated sensors and
computer - controlled mechanisms for injecting fuel
and air.
Antilock brakes are another example of a finely tuned
automatic automobile subsystem.
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24. Example: A modern automobile
Advanced materials and computer technology are used
to an increasing degree in passenger protection, cruise
control, automated navigation and autonomous
driving and parking.
The stringent requirements on cost, reliability,
performance, comfort, safety, and a dozen other
parameters present a number of substantive systems
engineering problems.
Thus it fits the criteria discussed previously.
An automobile is also an example of a large class of
systems that require active interaction (control) by a
human operator.
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25. References
Alexander Kossiakoff, William N Sweet, “System
Engineering Principles and Practice, Wiley India,
Chapter-1 (Page numbers 10-12).
SYSTEM ENGINEERING---DR.S.S. THAKUR 25
27. Characteristics commonly found in
successful systems engineers.
They
1. enjoy learning new things and solving problems,
2. like challenges,
3. are skeptical of unproven assertions,
4. are open - minded to new ideas,
5. have a solid background in science and engineering,
6. have demonstrated technical achievement in a specialty
area,
7. are knowledgeable in several engineering areas,
8. pick up new ideas and information quickly, and
9. have good interpersonal and communication skills.
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28. System Engineer career development model
In addition to the already discussed attributes a system
engineer must have four more qualities
one should seek assignments to problems and tasks that are
very challenging and are likely to expand technical domain
knowledge and creativity
Whatever the work assignment, understanding the context of
the work and understanding the big picture is also essential.
Systems engineers are expected to manage many activities at
the same time, have broad perspectives and able to go deeply
into many subjects at once.(multiplexing)
the systems engineer should not be scared of complex
problems since this is the expected work environment.
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29. System Engineer career development model
Systems engineering (SE) career elements derived from quality work experiences.
(a)
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30. System Engineer career development model
Components of employer development of systems engineers.
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32. References
Alexander Kossiakoff, William N Sweet, “System
Engineering Principles and Practice”, Wiley India
Chapter-1 (Page numbers 18-21)
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34. Perspectives of Systems Engineering
A perspective that leads to maturity of thinking includes
concepts of systems thinking, systems engineering, and
engineering systems
System Thinking is an approach
for understanding the environment, process, and policies of a
systems problem requires one to use systems thinking.
examining the domain and scope of the problem and defines
it in quantitative terms.
looking at the parameters that help define the problem and
then, through research and surveys, develops observations
about the environment in which the problem exists.
for finally generating options that could address the problem.
appropriate for use in secondary schools so that young
students get knowledge of the “ big picture ” as they learn
fundamental science and engineering skills.
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35. Perspectives of Systems Engineering
Systems Engineering approach
focuses on the products and solutions of a problem, with the
intent to develop or build a system to address the problem.
tends to be more technical
seeks from potential future users and developers of the
solution system
what are the top level needs, requirements, and concepts of
operations
for developing design specifications before conducting a
functional and physical design.
production, and testing of a system solution for the problem.
gives attention to the subsystem interfaces and the need for
viable and tangible results.
is reliable for product development which is evident in many
commercial and military sectors.
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36. Perspectives of Systems Engineering
Engineering Systems approach
tackles some of society’s grandest challenges with
significant global impact
investigates ways in which engineering systems behave
and interact with one another including social,
economic, and environmental factors.
covers engineering, social science, and management
processes without the implied rigidity of systems
engineering.
is applied where critical infrastructure, health care,
energy, environment, information security, and other
global issues are areas of attention.
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38. References
Alexander Kossiakoff, William N Sweet, “System
Engineering Principles and Practice”, Wiley India
Chapter-2 (Page numbers 32-34)
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40. Systems Engineering Domains
With a broad view of system development, it can be seen
that the traditional approach to systems now covers a
growing domain breadth.
Much like a Rubik’s Cube, the domain faces are now
completely integrated into the systems engineer ’ s
perspective of the “ big (but complex) picture.”
The systems domain faces shown in the Figure include not
only the engineering, technical, and management domains
but also social, political/legal, and human domains.
Interesting domains are those that involve scale, such as
nano and micro-systems, or systems that operate (often
autonomously) in extreme environments, such as deep
undersea or outer space.
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42. References
Alexander Kossiakoff, William N Sweet, “System
Engineering Principles and Practice”, Wiley India
Chapter-2 (Page numbers 34-35)
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44. Systems Engineering Fields
System engineering bridges the traditional
engineering disciplines like electrical, mechanical,
aerodynamic, and civil engineering among others
It should be expected that engineering specialists look
at systems engineering with a perspective more
strongly from their engineering discipline.
Systems engineering is a guide to design of systems
often exercised in the context of a project or program
Thus functional, project, and senior managers will
consider the management elements of planning and
control to be key aspects of system development.
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45. Systems Engineering Fields
Quality management, human resource
management, and financial management play an
important role in system development.
Operation Research provides qualitative analysis of
alternatives and optimal decisions.
Modeling and simulation provides a cost - effective
examination of systems options to meet the
requirements and needs of the users.
Professionals also have to focus on the structures and
architectures related to a system.
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47. References
Alexander Kossiakoff, William N Sweet, “System
Engineering Principles and Practice”, Wiley India
Chapter-2 (Page numbers 35-36)
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49. System Engineering Approaches
For depicting the sequence of processes and methodologies
used in the execution of the design, development,
integration, and testing of a system.
Early graphics were linear in the process flow with
sequences of steps that are often iterative to show the
logical means to achieve consistency and viability.
Small variations are shown in the waterfall charts that
provide added means to illustrate interfaces and broader
interactions.
Many of the steps that are repeated and dependent on each
other lead to the spiral or loop conceptual diagrams.
The popular systems engineering “ V ” diagram provides a
view of life cycle development with explicit relationships
shown between requirements and systems definition and
the developed and validated product.
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51. System Engineering Approaches
A broader perspective shown in Figure 2.7 provides a
full life cycle view and includes the management
activities in each phase of development.
This perspective illustrates the close relationship
between management planning and control and the
systems engineering process.
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53. References
Alexander Kossiakoff, William N Sweet, “System
Engineering Principles and Practice”, Wiley India
Chapter-2 (Page numbers 36-37)
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MIL-STD Military Standards
EIA-Electronic Industries Alliance
IEEE- Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Advancing Technology: Risks
The explosive growth of technology in the latter half of the twentieth century and into this century has been the single largest factor in the emergence of systems engineering as an essential ingredient in the engineering of complex systems. Advancing technology has not only greatly extended the capabilities of earlier systems, such as aircraft, telecommunications, and power plants, but has also created entirely new systems such as those based on jet propulsion, satellite communications and navigation, and a host of computer - based systems for manufacturing, finance, transportation, entertainment, health care, and other products and services. Modern technology has had a profound effect on the very approach to engineering. Traditionally, engineering applies known principles to practical ends. Innovation, however, produces new materials, devices, and processes, whose characteristics are not yet fully measured or understood. The application of these to the engineering of new systems thus increases the risk of encountering unexpected properties and effects that
might impact system performance and might require costly changes and program delays.
Competition: Trade - offs
Competitive pressures on the system development process occur at several different levels. In the case of defense systems, a primary drive comes from the increasing military capabilities of potential adversaries, which correspondingly decrease the effectiveness of systems designed to defeat them. Such pressures eventually force a development program to redress the military balance with a new and more capable system or a major upgrade of an existing one. In developing a commercial product, there are nearly always other companies that compete in the same market. In this case, the objective is to develop a new market or to obtain an increased market share by producing a superior product ahead of the competition, with an edge that will maintain a lead for a number of years. Securing the large sums of money needed to fund the development of a new complex system also involves competition on quite a different level. A phased approach is a beneficial option in order to over come the challenges faced in developing a new system. The results of each
phase of a major development must convince decision makers that the end objectives are highly likely to be attained within the projected cost and schedule.
Specialization: Interfaces
A complex system that performs a number of different functions must of necessity be configured in such a way that each major function is embodied in a separate component capable of being specified, developed, built, and tested as an individual entity. Such a subdivision takes advantage of the expertise of organizations specializing in particular types of products, and hence is capable of engineering and producing components of the highest quality at the lowest cost. In the end integrating these disparate parts into an efficient, smoothly operating system. Integration means that each building block fits perfectly with its neighbors and with the external environment with which it comes into contact. The “ fit ” must be not only physical but also functional.
A direct consequence of the subdivision of systems into their building blocks is the concept of modularity. Modularity is a measure of the degree of mutual independence of the individual system components. An essential goal of systems engineering is to achieve a high degree of modularity to make interfaces and interactions as simple as possible for efficient manufacture, system integration, test, operational maintenance,
reliability, and ease of in - service upgrading. The process of subdividing a system into modular building blocks is called “ functional allocation ” and is another basic tool of systems engineering.
Intricate--complicated
Stringent-firm, not flexible, strict; substantive-having a firm basis
Skeptical--not easily convinced; assertions—declarations, statements,opinions or beliefs
Proclivity--tendency
it can be seen from the figure that the experience can be achieved not only with challenging problems but also with experienced mentors and real, practical exercises. While using systems thinking to explore complex problem domains, staff should be encouraged to think creatively and out of the box. Often, technically trained people rigidly follow the same processes and tired ineffective solutions. Using lessons learned from past programs and case studies creates opportunities for improvements.
Interests, attributes, and training, along with an appropriate environment, provide the opportunity for individuals to mature into successful systems engineers. The combination of these factors is captured in the “ T ” model for systems engineer career development illustrated in Figure 1.4 . In the vertical, from bottom to top is the time progression in a professional ’ s career path. After completion of a technical undergraduate degree,
shown along the bottom of the chart, an individual generally enters professional life as a technical contributor to a larger effort.
The T is formed by snapshots during a professional ’ s career that illustrates in the horizontal part of the T the technical competencies at the time that were learned and used to meet the responsibilities assigned at that point in their career. After an initial experience in one or two technical domains as technical contributor, one progresses to increasing responsibilities in a team setting and eventually to leading small technical
groups. After eight or more years, the professional has acquired both sufficient technical depth and technical domain depth to be considered a systems engineer. Additional assignments lead to project and program systems engineering leadership and eventually to being the senior systems engineer for a major development program that exercises the full range of the technical competencies for the domain.
Experts in workforce development look for ways to encourage more secondary school and college students to pursue degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). With experience and additional knowledge, these students would mature into capable systems engineers. Developing a systems mindset — to “ think like a systems engineer ” — is a high priority at any stage of life.