SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 54
Descargar para leer sin conexión
ETHNOMEDICINE: MERITS OF
USING HERBAL MEDICINES
Introduction
 Ethno + Botany
 Ethno from ethnology – Study of culture
 Botany- Study of plant
 Study of relationship that exist between people and plants
 Basic aim is to document, describe and explain complex relationshipps between
cultures and uses of plants
In 19th century Leopold Glueck published work on traditional
medicinal uses of plants by rural people in Bosnia, which is considered to
be the first modern ethnobotanical work.
The term Ethnobotany was coined by American Botanist John Harshburger in
1896 in an attempt to study native plants used by primitive and aboriginal people.
Medicinal Plant: Definition
 According to WHO: any plant which contains substances that can be
used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for
chemopharmaceutical semi-synthesis (Antibiotics).
 This definition distinguishes between the already known medicinal
plants whose therapeutic properties or characters are precursors of
certain molecules which have been established scientifically, with that
of other plants used in traditional medicine which are regarded as
medicinal, but have not yet been subjected to a thorough scientific
study.
Herbal
Product –
Health benefit
Cardio
Protection
Hepato
Protection
Nephro
Protection
Anti-Cancer
Alzheimer’s
disease
Anti Diabetic Quercetin: Onion
Curcumin: Turmeric
Sulforaphane: Brocolli
Resveratrol: Grapes
Azadirachtin:
Neem
Silibinin: Silybum marianum
1. Curcumin role on Anticancer1
Curcumin — a yellow pigment found primarily in turmeric (a flowering plant of the
ginger family best known as a spice used in curry) — is a polyphenols with anti-
inflammatory properties and the ability to increase the amount of antioxidants that the
body produces.
 Supplementation with curcumin reliably reduces markers of inflammation and
increases the levels of endogenous antioxidants in the body.
 Research suggests that curcumin can help to cure inflammatory conditions,
Cancer (colon cancer) metabolic syndrome, arthritis, anxiety, and hyperlipidemia.
2. Azadirachtin role on Anti-diabetics2
 Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a medicinal plant, used
in Ayurveda for treating various diseases, one of which is
diabetes mellitus. It is known to possess
antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial,
antidiabetic and diverse pharmacological properties.
In the study carried out by Kar et al 95% alcoholic
extract of neem leaf in the dose of 250 mg/kg twice daily
orally for one week reduced blood sugar level by 55%
and urine sugar by 100% (p<0.05) in alloxan induced
diabetes in rats.
 Azadirachtin a triterpenoid is responsible for this
propery.
3. Quercetin role on Hepatoprotection3
 Quercetin is a flavonoid found in fruit and vegetables. It has a wide range of benefits, which
people can get by including a variety of fruit and vegetables in their diet.
 Quercetin is a pigment in many plants, fruits, and vegetables.
 Quercetin has powerful antioxidant properties and help protect against certain health
conditions, including Liver, kidney, heart disease.
 Foods and drinks that contain Quercetin include:
 onions
 peppers
 buckwheat
 capers
 Brassica vegetables (cabbages).
4. Sulforaphane role on Nephroprotection4
 It is dietary isothiocyanate
 Synthesized from precursor found in
cruciferous vegetables – genus Brassica
 Such as cauliflower, broccoli,
cabbage, brussel spourts other Genera
Radish.
 Chemotherapeutic properties – Anti-
cancer & Anti- angiogenic in various
organ.
 Free radicals scavenging properties
from Liver, Kidney, Heart etc.,
 Daily consumption of broccoli
(2.17g dry wt).
5. Silibinin role on Alzheimer diseases5
 Silibinin (flavonoid) has antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic effects and reduces
cognitive impairment in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
 Silymarin and its major constituent, Silibinin, are extracts from the medicinal
plant Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and have traditionally been used for the treatment
of Alzheimer diseases.
 Silibinin (INN), also known as silybin (both from Silybum, the generic name of
the plant from which it is extracted), is the major active constituent of silymarin, a
standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture
of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silychristin, silidianin, and others.
6. Resveratrol role on Cardio protection6
Resveratrol is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin
produced by several plants in response to injury or when the plant is under attack
by pathogens, such as bacteria or fungi.
Sources of resveratrol in food include the skin of grapes, blueberries,
raspberries, mulberries, and peanuts.
Resveratrol has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to protect
you against diseases like CVD, cancer etc.,
 Resveratrol supplements are possibly safe when taken by mouth in doses up
to 1500 mg daily for up to 3 months.
A brief History
 Prehistoric times
 Plants, including many now used as culinary herbs and spices, have been used as
medicines from prehistoric times.
 Spices have been used partly to counter food spoilage bacteria, especially in hot
climates and especially in meat dishes which spoil more readily. Angiosperms
(flowering plants) were the original source of most plant medicines.
 Human settlements are often surrounded by weeds useful as medicines, such as
nettle, dandelion and chickweed.
 A mushroom was found in the personal effects of Ötzi the Iceman, whose body
was frozen in the Ötztal Alps for more than 5,000 years. The mushroom was
probably used to treat whipworm.
 In ancient Sumeria, hundreds of medicinal plants including myrrh and opium are
listed on clay tablets. The ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus lists over 800 plant
medicines such as aloe, cannabis, castor bean, garlic, juniper, and mandrake.
 Medevial Ages
 In the Early Middle Ages, Benedictine monasteries preserved medical
knowledge in Europe, translating and copying classical texts and
maintaining herb gardens. Hildegard of Bingen wrote Causae et Curae
("Causes and Cures") on medicine.
 In the Islamic Golden Age, scholars translated many classical Greek texts
including Dioscorides into Arabic, adding their own commentaries
Herbalism flourished in the Islamic world, particularly in Baghdad and in
Al-Andalus.
 Among many works on medicinal plants, Abulcasis (936–1013) of Cordoba
wrote The Book of Simples, and Ibn al-Baitar (1197–1248) recorded
hundreds of medicinal herbs. Avicenna included many plants in his 1025 The
Canon of Medicine.
 Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Ibn Zuhr, Peter of Spain, and John of St. Amand wrote
further pharmacopoeias.
 Modern period
 The Early Modern period saw the flourishing of illustrated herbals across Europe,
starting with the 1526 Grete Herball. John Gerard wrote his famous The Herball or
General History of Plants in 1597, based on Rembert Dodoens, and Nicholas Culpeper
published his The English Physician Enlarged.
 Many new plant medicines arrived in Europe as products of Early Modern
exploration and the resulting Columbian Exchange, in which livestock, crops and
technologies were transferred between the Old World and the Americas in the 15th and
16th centuries.
 Medicinal herbs arriving in the Americas included garlic, ginger, and turmeric; coffee,
tobacco and coca travelled in the other direction In Mexico, the sixteenth century
Badianus Manuscript described medicinal plants available in Central America.
 Popular Cultures
 India and China have been on the forefront when one refers to the history of
herbal drugs. The traditional systems of medicines viz. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani,
Western Herbal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine and Homeopathy have
roots in medicinal herbs. Herbal medicines have been produced by a number of
renowned researchers and due to its accessibility to traditions it is still practiced
even by lay practitioners.
 Ayurveda, the ancient healing system flourished in India in the Vedic era. The
classical texts of Ayurveda: Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita were
written around 1000 B.C. The Ayurvedic Materia Medica includes 600 medicinal
plants along with therapeutics. Herbs like turmeric, fenugreek, ginger, garlic
and holy basil are integral parts of Ayurvedic formulations. The formulations
incorporate a single herb or more than two herbs (polyherbal formulations).
 The history of traditional Chinese medicine is renowned and the herbal system,
is very well preserved. It originated about 3000 years ago and is a popular
science in western countries. Traditional Chinese medicine favors the use of
medicinal herbs in their natural form rather than by extraction.
ethnomedicines.pptx
ethnomedicines.pptx
ethnomedicines.pptx
Why isn’t the herbs as medicines so popular
 Two medicinal plants of the same species may look similar, yet be substantially
different in the levels of active constituents that they contain.
 Botanical medicines made from plants that differ markedly in their chemical
constituents cannot produce the same therapeutic effects.
 Since the practitioner or consumer will be unable to assess the difference, they
cannot compensate for it. The consequence will be inconsistent clinical results.
So How do we make it popular?
Standardization
 The standardized herbal extract is a preparation, which contains a
certain fixed proportion of the active constituent.
 Standardized extracts retain the chemical complexity typical of the
natural plant, but offer the added advantage of guaranteed levels of
certain key constituents.
 A constituent of a medicinal herb, which is used for quality control
and assurance of the herbal product, is known as marker compound.
 Extracts subjected to rigorous quality controls during all phases of
the growing, harvesting and manufacturing processes.
Clinical advantages:
 High quality extracts with consistent activity.
 Consistent activity allows for more accurate prescribing.
 Consistent activity allows for consistent clinical results.
 Extensive quality control ensures the quality and safety of standardized extracts.
Need of Quality control:
It ensures:
 That the correct botanical species is used.
 That only high quality raw materials are used.

 That no other plant material has been used.
 That the plant material is not contaminated with pesticides, heavy metals,
or other noxious agents, that the final extract complies with international
limits for microbial content and that the final product is of a consistent
high standard preparation.
Markets and Marketing Issues
 Larger number of people seeking remedies and health approaches free of the side-
effects caused by synthesized chemicals
 In Germany and France which together represent 39% of the $14 billion global retail
market, herbal remedies known as phytotherapeutics are well established, and the
quality criteria applied to regulation and manufacturing are comparable to those for
chemical drugs.
 The principal primary market for these raw materials is to industries that
manufacture: Essential oils, Liquid extracts and tinctures, Herbal teas, Concentrated
soft extracts (for further industrial application), Concentrated dry extracts (for further
industrial application), Plant-derived pure pharmaceutical drugs.
 Their dietary herbal supplement market is estimated at US$4 billion and
has been growing at 6–8% per annum.
 The market share of herbal products made in developing countries
remains comparatively low.
 Scientific knowledge of the products produced in the developing countries,
and of their systems of traditional medicine, is limited and this also
restricts the market for their herbal products.
Medicinal plant analysis: HPLC
 By way of comparing HPLC ‘fingerprints’ with reference standards, plant
material and botanical extracts can be identified unequivocally. However,
HPLC also provides detailed information about the composition of the
sample.
 HPLC is therefore widely used in the quality control of standardized
botanical extracts, to ensure the presence of key constituents in specified
amounts (qualitative and quantitative analysis).
 Pharmacokinetic studies are an integrated part of the development program of
a new drug. They are intended to define the time course of drug and major
metabolite concentrations in plasma and other biological fluids in order to
obtain information on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
 Bioavailability: the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the
circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect.
 When there are safety concerns pharmacokinetic data are useful to provide
safety margins. If there is a constituent with known therapeutic activity and a
narrow therapeutic range, pharmacokinetic data will be required.
Reverse pharmacology
Reverse pharmacology, is defined as the science of integrating documented clinical
experiences and experiential observations into leads, through transdisciplinary
exploratory studies, and further developing these into drug candidates through
robust preclinical and clinical research.
Reverse Pharmacology
 Conventional Pharmacology
 Reverse Pharmacology
Scope
The scope of reverse pharmacology is to understand the mechanisms of action at
multiple levels of biological organization and to optimize safety, efficacy and
acceptability of the leads in natural products, based on the relevant science.
Dimensions
 Experiential documentation: Pharmacoepidemiology-standardized formulation
with HPLC pattern standardized formulation with HPLC pattern.
 Exploratory human/animal studies exploratory human/animal studies—
Relevant models of activity relevant models of activity— Human dose
determination human dose determination.
 Experimental programs - Levels of biological organization. - Rapid drug
development path. - Leads: Comb. Leads: Combinatorial Chemistry & high-
throughput pharmacologic screening HTPS.
Examples
 Mucuna pruriens (Velvet beans) for Parkinson’s disease.
 Constituents are: L-dopa, apart from other phytochemical substances.
 The seed powder of the leguminous plant, Mucuna pruriens were being used in
traditional Ayurvedic Indian medicine for diseases including parkinsonism.
 The studies on the constituents of Mucana pruriens revealed that L-DOPA itself
mediates neurotrophic factor release by the brain and CNS. Thus, L-DOPA is a
lead molecule towards development of drugs for Parkinsons disease.
Zingiber officinale (Ginger): for nausea/vomiting
 Modern-day uses for ginger in Eastern medicine include the use of the herb to treat nausea
(including motion sickness and morning sickness of pregnancy).
 The main components of ginger are the aromatic essential oils, antioxidants, and the pungent
oleo-resin. These aromatic or pungent compounds have been identified as the
phenylalkylketones, known as gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone.
 The anti-emetic effects of ginger are due to Zingerone’s (a diterpenoid) local effect on the
vagal receptors in the stomach.
Reverse pharmacology and Ayurveda
 Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) has recently
adopted the golden triangle approach for some new indications of old drugs, as well
as for Ayurveda.
 The golden triangle approach is a combination of Dravyagunavignyan, systems
biology, and reverse pharmacology for the discovery of potent and cost-effective
remedies.
 In Ayurveda, drugs have been classified based on action of the drug is widely
accepted.
 In modern medicine, drugs have been classified according to pharmacological
actions (molecular targets to which drug binds).
 Medicinal plants like Ashwagandha, Brahami, Tulsi, Guggul, Kutki, Kalmegha,
Gokshura and Shatavari have been targeted for their application in modern
science. Active constituents of the plants have been identified and highly purified
extracts are being marketed.
 The reverse approach in pharmacology has been quite successfully applied
in the past. The drawback was the long time frame from the observational
therapeutics to a new drug.
 For example, Rauwolfi a serpentina (sarpagandha) was convincingly
demonstrated to be anti-hypertensive by Sen and Bose in 1931.
 However, a drug reserprine, emerged only after 20 year of work by Vakil,
Bein, Muller and Schlitter.
 This occurred because the path of reverse pharmacology was quite
discontinuous.
 The paradigm of reverse pharmacology is actually a rediscovery of the
path, which founded modern pharmacology.
Ethnopharmacology
 Ethnopharmacology is the scientific study correlating ethnic groups, their health, and
how it relates to their physical habits and methodology in creating and using
medicines.
 Example: isolation of quinine from Cinchona.
Ethnopharmacology and Traditional Medicine
 Numerous drugs have entered the international pharmacopoeia via the study of
ethnopharmacology and traditional medicine.
 Traditional medical traditions can offer a more holistic approach to drug design and
myriad possible targets for scientific analysis.
 Powerful new technologies such as automated separation techniques, high-throughput
screening and combinatorial chemistry are revolutionizing drug discovery.
 Traditional knowledge can serve as a powerful search engine, which will greatly facilitate
and rediscover intentional, focused and safe natural product drug discovery.
 Good botanical practices which can improve the quality control procedures of
monitoring impurities, heavy metals and other toxins in the raw material can make
ethnopharmacology research more meaningful.
 Drug discovery in the current scenario has become unproductive to the point where
the economic future of the industry is questionable. The research and development
thrust in the pharmaceutical sector needs to focus on development of new drugs,
innovative processes for known drugs and development of plant-based drugs through
investigation of leads from the traditional systems of medicine.
 Traditional medicine can provide novel inputs into the drug development process.
However, bioprospecting—the search for economically valuable natural resources—
by pharmaceutical companies, or on their behalf, has not been conspicuously
successful in recent years.
These include:
 Ethnopharmacological field work which involves: interviewing healers; interpreting traditional
terminologies into their modern counterparts; examining patients who are consuming herbal
remedies; and identifying the disease for which an herbal remedy is used.
 Interpretation of signs and symptoms mentioned in ancient texts and suggesting the proper use of
old traditional remedies in the light of modern medicine.
 Clinical studies on herbs and their interaction with modern medicines.
 Advising pharmacologists to carry out laboratory studies on herbs that have been observed
during field studies.
 Work in collaboration with local healers to strengthen the traditional system of medicine in a
community
Advantages
 Antiviral Herbal medicinal products have been used as a source of putative candidate
drugs in many diseases. However, in case of viral diseases, the development of antivirals
from natural sources is less explored, probably because within the virus there are few
specific targets where the small molecules can interact to inhibit or kill the virus.
 The currently available antiherpes drugs are nucleoside analogs that did not cure the
lifelong or recurrent infections and the use of these drugs often leads to the development
of viral resistance coupled with the problem of side effects, recurrence and viral latency.
 However a wide array of herbal products, used by diverse medicinal systems throughout
the world, showed a high level of antiherpes virus activities and many of them have
complementary and overlapping mechanisms of action, either by inhibiting viral
replication, or by viral genome synthesis.
Story of Aspirin:
 Many believe that willow is the natural source of aspirin. However, willow species contain
only a low quantity of the prodrug salicin which is metabolized during absorption into
various salicylate derivatives.
 If calculated as salicylic acid, the daily salicin dose is insufficient to produce analgesia.
Salicylic acid concentrations following an analgesic dose of aspirin are an order of
magnitude higher.
 Flavonoids and polyphenols contribute to the potent willow bark analgesic and anti-
inflammatory effect. The multi-component active principle of willow bark provides a
broader mechanism of action than aspirin and is devoid of serious adverse events.
 In contrast to synthetic aspirin, willow bark does not damage the gastrointestinal mucosa.
An extract dose with 240 mg salicin had no major impact on blood clotting. In patients
with known aspirin allergy willow bark products are contraindicated.
OH
HO
O CH3
OH
Acetyl Salicylic acid
(Aspirin)
Recent developments
 Artemisia and Artemisia-based products for COVID-19 management:
current state and future perspective
 Artemisia-based products have demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological
ability including antiviral properties. Besides its antiviral activity, Artemisia
annua have shown to contain appreciable amounts of minerals such as zinc,
gallium and selenium among others.
 Artemisia species are an excellent source of essential oils such as pinene, thujyl
alcohol, cadinene, phellandrene, thujone, etc. and have been reported to achieve
remarkable success for several biological activities including, analgesic, anti-
coccidial, anti-diabetic, antifungal, antiviral, anti-herpes virus, and lots more.7
 Artemisia spp. had earlier been reported to consist of essential phytochemicals
that contribute to its inhibitory role against viruses.8
 A. annua, a highly effecacious species demonstrated its ability to inhibit SARS-
CoV-2 penetration and replication.9
 Wormwood (Artemisia annua) inhibits the growth of the virus and could be an
additional therapeutic against COVID-19.
New Approaches towards improving
Pharmaceutical properties of medicinal plants
 Genetic engineering of a secondary metabolic pathway aims to either increase or decrease the
quantity of a certain compound or group of compounds i.e., secondary metabolite pathway
manipulation based on the application of systems biology approaches (integrated metabolomics,
proteomics and transcriptomics).
 Metabolic engineering is not only widely applied in industrial fermentation for strain
improvement and metabolite overproduction but has also found many applications in functional
genomics, biological research (signal transduction), and medical research (such as drug
discovery and gene therapy).
Metabolite Pathway Engineering in Plants
 To aid in development and defense against stress, plants synthesize hundreds of thousands of
compounds, many of which are produced through species-specific and complex biosynthetic
pathways.
 Shikimic acid pathway, non-mevalonate (MEP) pathway and mevalonate (MVA) pathway lead
to diverse classes of compounds, which include the terpenoids, monoterpene indole alkaloids,
isoquinoline alkaloids, flavonoids and anthocyanins.
Wilson et al. (2014) Current Opinion in Biotechnology
ethnomedicines.pptx
 Secondary metabolites are synthesized in small quantities in plants.
 Although some valuable plant natural products with simple structures are easily chemically
synthesized (e.g., aspirin and ephedrine), many have complex structures with multiple
chiral centers, making chemical synthesis both difficult and commercially infeasible.
 These compounds are often produced through the exploitation of native biological
pathways using natural harvest (e.g., codeine, morphine and dietary food compounds),
semi-synthesis (e.g. paclitaxel), heterologous production where a specific protein is
introduced in cell which it doesn’t prepare (e.g. vanilla) or plant cell culture techniques.
Why We need Metabolite pathway engineering in Plants?
 Metabolic engineering for increasing natural product yield can be approached using two primary
strategies, depending upon the desired outcome.
 For food crops, increasing the production of an entire class of compounds is often beneficial, leading to
enhanced ability of a plant to adapt to the environment or increasing the overall nutritional value of a food
product.
 On the other hand, it is often necessary to target specific compounds within a biosynthetic pathway,
allowing for increased yield of a single product for medicinal or nutraceutical applications. By upregulating
or silencing of specific pathway genes, cooperative or competing pathway genes, or transcription factors, as
well as introduction of heterologous genes to allow for production of non-native compounds
Metabolite pathway engineering approaches
ethnomedicines.pptx
ethnomedicines.pptx
Conclusion
 Revitalization of the natural products is bringing newer challenges with
respect to quality control and standardization along with cost effectiveness.
 The renewed interest in the development of natural products requires the
confluence of the modern techniques and harmonization of regulations related
to their research and development between various fields of science.
References
 1. Jadid, M. F. S., Jafari-Gharabaghlou, D., Bahrami, M. K., Bonabi, E., & Zarghami, N. (2023), Journal
of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 104167.
 2. Ezin, V., & Chabi, I. B. (2023). In Antidiabetic Plants for Drug Discovery (pp. 1-22), Apple Academic
Press.
 3. Fawzy, M. A., Nasr, G., Ali, F. E., & Fathy, M. (2023), Life Sciences, 314, 121343.
 4. Thangapandiyan, S., Ramesh, M., Miltonprabu, S., Hema, T., Jothi, G. B., & Nandhini, V.
(2019), Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 12247-12263.
 5. Liu, P., Wang, C., Chen, W., Kang, Y., Liu, W., Qiu, Z., ... & Ikejima, T. (2023), Phytomedicine, 109,
154594.
 6. Li, D., Song, C., Zhang, J., & Zhao, X. (2023). Resveratrol alleviated 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity by
attenuating GPX4 dependent ferroptosis, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 112, 109241.
 7. Kumar S, Kumari R (2018), J. Complement. Med. Alt. Healthcare 7:555723.; Martínez MJA, Del Olmo
LMB, Ticona LA, Benito PB (2012), Studies in natural products chemistry, vol 37. Elsevier, Amstredam,
pp 43–65.
 8. Bora KS, Sharma A (2010), J. Ethnopharmacol. 129:403–409.
 9. Joshua Iseoluwa Orege et. al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-021-00576-5.
 10. Todd Runestad, 2021, www.naturalproductsinsider.com/print/85265.
ethnomedicines.pptx

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Applied traditional knowledge of medicinal plants
Applied traditional knowledge of medicinal plantsApplied traditional knowledge of medicinal plants
Applied traditional knowledge of medicinal plantsShah Ummar
 
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.ShekhAlisha
 
Ethnobotanical study
Ethnobotanical studyEthnobotanical study
Ethnobotanical studySadiaRafique9
 
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacologyEthnobotany and ethnopharmacology
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacologyChetna Kaushik
 
Botanical survey of india
Botanical survey of indiaBotanical survey of india
Botanical survey of indiaShivani Yadav
 
History of Medicinal Plants
History of Medicinal Plants History of Medicinal Plants
History of Medicinal Plants Preethi Senthil
 
Sidda system of medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas coll...
Sidda system of medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas coll...Sidda system of medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas coll...
Sidda system of medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas coll...Srinivas college of pharmacy, Mangalore
 
medicinal plants
medicinal plantsmedicinal plants
medicinal plantsRAHANA NK
 
Medicinal planr diversity of india
Medicinal planr diversity of indiaMedicinal planr diversity of india
Medicinal planr diversity of indiakeshav pai
 
019 traditional medicine
019 traditional medicine019 traditional medicine
019 traditional medicineMohammed Muneer
 
Unani medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas college of pha...
Unani medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas college of pha...Unani medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas college of pha...
Unani medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas college of pha...Srinivas college of pharmacy, Mangalore
 
Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...
Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...
Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...Ujjwal Mandal
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Applied traditional knowledge of medicinal plants
Applied traditional knowledge of medicinal plantsApplied traditional knowledge of medicinal plants
Applied traditional knowledge of medicinal plants
 
Folk medicine
Folk medicineFolk medicine
Folk medicine
 
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.
 
Siddha system of medicine
Siddha system of medicineSiddha system of medicine
Siddha system of medicine
 
Siddha medicine system
Siddha medicine systemSiddha medicine system
Siddha medicine system
 
Ethnopharmacology
EthnopharmacologyEthnopharmacology
Ethnopharmacology
 
Ethnobotanical study
Ethnobotanical studyEthnobotanical study
Ethnobotanical study
 
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacologyEthnobotany and ethnopharmacology
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology
 
Botanical survey of india
Botanical survey of indiaBotanical survey of india
Botanical survey of india
 
History of Medicinal Plants
History of Medicinal Plants History of Medicinal Plants
History of Medicinal Plants
 
Plant as a source of drugs
Plant as a source of drugsPlant as a source of drugs
Plant as a source of drugs
 
Ethnobotany
EthnobotanyEthnobotany
Ethnobotany
 
Bacopa monnieri
Bacopa monnieriBacopa monnieri
Bacopa monnieri
 
Sidda system of medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas coll...
Sidda system of medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas coll...Sidda system of medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas coll...
Sidda system of medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas coll...
 
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICATION
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICATIONUNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICATION
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICATION
 
medicinal plants
medicinal plantsmedicinal plants
medicinal plants
 
Medicinal planr diversity of india
Medicinal planr diversity of indiaMedicinal planr diversity of india
Medicinal planr diversity of india
 
019 traditional medicine
019 traditional medicine019 traditional medicine
019 traditional medicine
 
Unani medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas college of pha...
Unani medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas college of pha...Unani medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas college of pha...
Unani medicine, By Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and HOD, Srinivas college of pha...
 
Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...
Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...
Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...
 

Similar a ethnomedicines.pptx

PHYTOMEDICINE - By Dr. Devanshi Goel.pptx
PHYTOMEDICINE - By Dr. Devanshi Goel.pptxPHYTOMEDICINE - By Dr. Devanshi Goel.pptx
PHYTOMEDICINE - By Dr. Devanshi Goel.pptxDoctor Devanshi Goel
 
Complementary & alternative medicine
Complementary & alternative medicineComplementary & alternative medicine
Complementary & alternative medicinechotfot
 
Medicinal plants By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of...
Medicinal plants   By Mr Allah Dad Khan  Visiting Professor the University of...Medicinal plants   By Mr Allah Dad Khan  Visiting Professor the University of...
Medicinal plants By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
 
Intro by pooja khanpara
Intro by pooja khanparaIntro by pooja khanpara
Intro by pooja khanparaPOOJA KHANPARA
 
Complementary and alternative medicine ppt
Complementary and alternative medicine pptComplementary and alternative medicine ppt
Complementary and alternative medicine pptSuny Bisshojit
 
Pharmacognosy introduction
Pharmacognosy introductionPharmacognosy introduction
Pharmacognosy introductionTaj Khan
 
Pharmacognosy def.his.scope.develpmnt
Pharmacognosy def.his.scope.develpmntPharmacognosy def.his.scope.develpmnt
Pharmacognosy def.his.scope.develpmntZuli Shingala
 
Phytomedicine Lecture I.pptx for Biomedical students
Phytomedicine Lecture I.pptx for Biomedical studentsPhytomedicine Lecture I.pptx for Biomedical students
Phytomedicine Lecture I.pptx for Biomedical studentsGebreAyanaw
 
Arid And Semi Arid zone Mediinal Plants A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...
Arid And Semi Arid zone Mediinal Plants  A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...Arid And Semi Arid zone Mediinal Plants  A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...
Arid And Semi Arid zone Mediinal Plants A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
 
chapter one introduction of pharmacognosy.pptx
chapter one introduction of pharmacognosy.pptxchapter one introduction of pharmacognosy.pptx
chapter one introduction of pharmacognosy.pptxdaakirmaxamed
 
Arid zone medicinal plants A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri...
Arid zone medicinal plants A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri...Arid zone medicinal plants A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri...
Arid zone medicinal plants A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
 
History, future & scope of pharmacognosy.
History, future & scope of pharmacognosy.History, future & scope of pharmacognosy.
History, future & scope of pharmacognosy.ssuserbc083e
 
Chapter 01- HIT 116 Pharmacology
Chapter 01- HIT 116 PharmacologyChapter 01- HIT 116 Pharmacology
Chapter 01- HIT 116 Pharmacologycscully007
 
Unit i a) introduction to pharmacognosy-converted
Unit i a) introduction to pharmacognosy-convertedUnit i a) introduction to pharmacognosy-converted
Unit i a) introduction to pharmacognosy-convertedVishal Thorat
 

Similar a ethnomedicines.pptx (20)

PHYTOMEDICINE - By Dr. Devanshi Goel.pptx
PHYTOMEDICINE - By Dr. Devanshi Goel.pptxPHYTOMEDICINE - By Dr. Devanshi Goel.pptx
PHYTOMEDICINE - By Dr. Devanshi Goel.pptx
 
Complementary & alternative medicine
Complementary & alternative medicineComplementary & alternative medicine
Complementary & alternative medicine
 
Medicinal plants By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of...
Medicinal plants   By Mr Allah Dad Khan  Visiting Professor the University of...Medicinal plants   By Mr Allah Dad Khan  Visiting Professor the University of...
Medicinal plants By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of...
 
MEDICINAL plants .ppt
MEDICINAL plants .pptMEDICINAL plants .ppt
MEDICINAL plants .ppt
 
Intro by pooja khanpara
Intro by pooja khanparaIntro by pooja khanpara
Intro by pooja khanpara
 
Complementary and alternative medicine ppt
Complementary and alternative medicine pptComplementary and alternative medicine ppt
Complementary and alternative medicine ppt
 
Phytotherapy 1 2020
Phytotherapy 1 2020Phytotherapy 1 2020
Phytotherapy 1 2020
 
Pharmacognosy introduction
Pharmacognosy introductionPharmacognosy introduction
Pharmacognosy introduction
 
Pharmacognosy def.his.scope.develpmnt
Pharmacognosy def.his.scope.develpmntPharmacognosy def.his.scope.develpmnt
Pharmacognosy def.his.scope.develpmnt
 
Ethnopharmacology
EthnopharmacologyEthnopharmacology
Ethnopharmacology
 
Phytomedicine Lecture I.pptx for Biomedical students
Phytomedicine Lecture I.pptx for Biomedical studentsPhytomedicine Lecture I.pptx for Biomedical students
Phytomedicine Lecture I.pptx for Biomedical students
 
Arid And Semi Arid zone Mediinal Plants A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...
Arid And Semi Arid zone Mediinal Plants  A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...Arid And Semi Arid zone Mediinal Plants  A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...
Arid And Semi Arid zone Mediinal Plants A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...
 
chapter one introduction of pharmacognosy.pptx
chapter one introduction of pharmacognosy.pptxchapter one introduction of pharmacognosy.pptx
chapter one introduction of pharmacognosy.pptx
 
Arid zone medicinal plants A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri...
Arid zone medicinal plants A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri...Arid zone medicinal plants A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri...
Arid zone medicinal plants A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri...
 
HARSHAL RANA.pptx
HARSHAL RANA.pptxHARSHAL RANA.pptx
HARSHAL RANA.pptx
 
Herbal Medicines
Herbal MedicinesHerbal Medicines
Herbal Medicines
 
Pharm
PharmPharm
Pharm
 
History, future & scope of pharmacognosy.
History, future & scope of pharmacognosy.History, future & scope of pharmacognosy.
History, future & scope of pharmacognosy.
 
Chapter 01- HIT 116 Pharmacology
Chapter 01- HIT 116 PharmacologyChapter 01- HIT 116 Pharmacology
Chapter 01- HIT 116 Pharmacology
 
Unit i a) introduction to pharmacognosy-converted
Unit i a) introduction to pharmacognosy-convertedUnit i a) introduction to pharmacognosy-converted
Unit i a) introduction to pharmacognosy-converted
 

Último

5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 

Último (20)

5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 

ethnomedicines.pptx

  • 2. Introduction  Ethno + Botany  Ethno from ethnology – Study of culture  Botany- Study of plant  Study of relationship that exist between people and plants  Basic aim is to document, describe and explain complex relationshipps between cultures and uses of plants In 19th century Leopold Glueck published work on traditional medicinal uses of plants by rural people in Bosnia, which is considered to be the first modern ethnobotanical work. The term Ethnobotany was coined by American Botanist John Harshburger in 1896 in an attempt to study native plants used by primitive and aboriginal people.
  • 3. Medicinal Plant: Definition  According to WHO: any plant which contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for chemopharmaceutical semi-synthesis (Antibiotics).  This definition distinguishes between the already known medicinal plants whose therapeutic properties or characters are precursors of certain molecules which have been established scientifically, with that of other plants used in traditional medicine which are regarded as medicinal, but have not yet been subjected to a thorough scientific study.
  • 4. Herbal Product – Health benefit Cardio Protection Hepato Protection Nephro Protection Anti-Cancer Alzheimer’s disease Anti Diabetic Quercetin: Onion Curcumin: Turmeric Sulforaphane: Brocolli Resveratrol: Grapes Azadirachtin: Neem Silibinin: Silybum marianum
  • 5. 1. Curcumin role on Anticancer1 Curcumin — a yellow pigment found primarily in turmeric (a flowering plant of the ginger family best known as a spice used in curry) — is a polyphenols with anti- inflammatory properties and the ability to increase the amount of antioxidants that the body produces.  Supplementation with curcumin reliably reduces markers of inflammation and increases the levels of endogenous antioxidants in the body.  Research suggests that curcumin can help to cure inflammatory conditions, Cancer (colon cancer) metabolic syndrome, arthritis, anxiety, and hyperlipidemia.
  • 6. 2. Azadirachtin role on Anti-diabetics2  Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a medicinal plant, used in Ayurveda for treating various diseases, one of which is diabetes mellitus. It is known to possess antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and diverse pharmacological properties. In the study carried out by Kar et al 95% alcoholic extract of neem leaf in the dose of 250 mg/kg twice daily orally for one week reduced blood sugar level by 55% and urine sugar by 100% (p<0.05) in alloxan induced diabetes in rats.  Azadirachtin a triterpenoid is responsible for this propery.
  • 7. 3. Quercetin role on Hepatoprotection3  Quercetin is a flavonoid found in fruit and vegetables. It has a wide range of benefits, which people can get by including a variety of fruit and vegetables in their diet.  Quercetin is a pigment in many plants, fruits, and vegetables.  Quercetin has powerful antioxidant properties and help protect against certain health conditions, including Liver, kidney, heart disease.  Foods and drinks that contain Quercetin include:  onions  peppers  buckwheat  capers  Brassica vegetables (cabbages).
  • 8. 4. Sulforaphane role on Nephroprotection4  It is dietary isothiocyanate  Synthesized from precursor found in cruciferous vegetables – genus Brassica  Such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, brussel spourts other Genera Radish.  Chemotherapeutic properties – Anti- cancer & Anti- angiogenic in various organ.  Free radicals scavenging properties from Liver, Kidney, Heart etc.,  Daily consumption of broccoli (2.17g dry wt).
  • 9. 5. Silibinin role on Alzheimer diseases5  Silibinin (flavonoid) has antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic effects and reduces cognitive impairment in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD).  Silymarin and its major constituent, Silibinin, are extracts from the medicinal plant Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and have traditionally been used for the treatment of Alzheimer diseases.  Silibinin (INN), also known as silybin (both from Silybum, the generic name of the plant from which it is extracted), is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silychristin, silidianin, and others.
  • 10. 6. Resveratrol role on Cardio protection6 Resveratrol is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or when the plant is under attack by pathogens, such as bacteria or fungi. Sources of resveratrol in food include the skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries, mulberries, and peanuts. Resveratrol has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to protect you against diseases like CVD, cancer etc.,  Resveratrol supplements are possibly safe when taken by mouth in doses up to 1500 mg daily for up to 3 months.
  • 11. A brief History  Prehistoric times  Plants, including many now used as culinary herbs and spices, have been used as medicines from prehistoric times.  Spices have been used partly to counter food spoilage bacteria, especially in hot climates and especially in meat dishes which spoil more readily. Angiosperms (flowering plants) were the original source of most plant medicines.  Human settlements are often surrounded by weeds useful as medicines, such as nettle, dandelion and chickweed.  A mushroom was found in the personal effects of Ötzi the Iceman, whose body was frozen in the Ötztal Alps for more than 5,000 years. The mushroom was probably used to treat whipworm.  In ancient Sumeria, hundreds of medicinal plants including myrrh and opium are listed on clay tablets. The ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus lists over 800 plant medicines such as aloe, cannabis, castor bean, garlic, juniper, and mandrake.
  • 12.  Medevial Ages  In the Early Middle Ages, Benedictine monasteries preserved medical knowledge in Europe, translating and copying classical texts and maintaining herb gardens. Hildegard of Bingen wrote Causae et Curae ("Causes and Cures") on medicine.  In the Islamic Golden Age, scholars translated many classical Greek texts including Dioscorides into Arabic, adding their own commentaries Herbalism flourished in the Islamic world, particularly in Baghdad and in Al-Andalus.  Among many works on medicinal plants, Abulcasis (936–1013) of Cordoba wrote The Book of Simples, and Ibn al-Baitar (1197–1248) recorded hundreds of medicinal herbs. Avicenna included many plants in his 1025 The Canon of Medicine.  Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Ibn Zuhr, Peter of Spain, and John of St. Amand wrote further pharmacopoeias.
  • 13.  Modern period  The Early Modern period saw the flourishing of illustrated herbals across Europe, starting with the 1526 Grete Herball. John Gerard wrote his famous The Herball or General History of Plants in 1597, based on Rembert Dodoens, and Nicholas Culpeper published his The English Physician Enlarged.  Many new plant medicines arrived in Europe as products of Early Modern exploration and the resulting Columbian Exchange, in which livestock, crops and technologies were transferred between the Old World and the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.  Medicinal herbs arriving in the Americas included garlic, ginger, and turmeric; coffee, tobacco and coca travelled in the other direction In Mexico, the sixteenth century Badianus Manuscript described medicinal plants available in Central America.
  • 14.  Popular Cultures  India and China have been on the forefront when one refers to the history of herbal drugs. The traditional systems of medicines viz. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Western Herbal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine and Homeopathy have roots in medicinal herbs. Herbal medicines have been produced by a number of renowned researchers and due to its accessibility to traditions it is still practiced even by lay practitioners.  Ayurveda, the ancient healing system flourished in India in the Vedic era. The classical texts of Ayurveda: Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita were written around 1000 B.C. The Ayurvedic Materia Medica includes 600 medicinal plants along with therapeutics. Herbs like turmeric, fenugreek, ginger, garlic and holy basil are integral parts of Ayurvedic formulations. The formulations incorporate a single herb or more than two herbs (polyherbal formulations).  The history of traditional Chinese medicine is renowned and the herbal system, is very well preserved. It originated about 3000 years ago and is a popular science in western countries. Traditional Chinese medicine favors the use of medicinal herbs in their natural form rather than by extraction.
  • 18. Why isn’t the herbs as medicines so popular  Two medicinal plants of the same species may look similar, yet be substantially different in the levels of active constituents that they contain.  Botanical medicines made from plants that differ markedly in their chemical constituents cannot produce the same therapeutic effects.  Since the practitioner or consumer will be unable to assess the difference, they cannot compensate for it. The consequence will be inconsistent clinical results. So How do we make it popular?
  • 19. Standardization  The standardized herbal extract is a preparation, which contains a certain fixed proportion of the active constituent.  Standardized extracts retain the chemical complexity typical of the natural plant, but offer the added advantage of guaranteed levels of certain key constituents.  A constituent of a medicinal herb, which is used for quality control and assurance of the herbal product, is known as marker compound.  Extracts subjected to rigorous quality controls during all phases of the growing, harvesting and manufacturing processes.
  • 20. Clinical advantages:  High quality extracts with consistent activity.  Consistent activity allows for more accurate prescribing.  Consistent activity allows for consistent clinical results.  Extensive quality control ensures the quality and safety of standardized extracts.
  • 21. Need of Quality control: It ensures:  That the correct botanical species is used.  That only high quality raw materials are used.   That no other plant material has been used.  That the plant material is not contaminated with pesticides, heavy metals, or other noxious agents, that the final extract complies with international limits for microbial content and that the final product is of a consistent high standard preparation.
  • 22. Markets and Marketing Issues  Larger number of people seeking remedies and health approaches free of the side- effects caused by synthesized chemicals  In Germany and France which together represent 39% of the $14 billion global retail market, herbal remedies known as phytotherapeutics are well established, and the quality criteria applied to regulation and manufacturing are comparable to those for chemical drugs.  The principal primary market for these raw materials is to industries that manufacture: Essential oils, Liquid extracts and tinctures, Herbal teas, Concentrated soft extracts (for further industrial application), Concentrated dry extracts (for further industrial application), Plant-derived pure pharmaceutical drugs.
  • 23.  Their dietary herbal supplement market is estimated at US$4 billion and has been growing at 6–8% per annum.  The market share of herbal products made in developing countries remains comparatively low.  Scientific knowledge of the products produced in the developing countries, and of their systems of traditional medicine, is limited and this also restricts the market for their herbal products.
  • 24. Medicinal plant analysis: HPLC  By way of comparing HPLC ‘fingerprints’ with reference standards, plant material and botanical extracts can be identified unequivocally. However, HPLC also provides detailed information about the composition of the sample.  HPLC is therefore widely used in the quality control of standardized botanical extracts, to ensure the presence of key constituents in specified amounts (qualitative and quantitative analysis).
  • 25.  Pharmacokinetic studies are an integrated part of the development program of a new drug. They are intended to define the time course of drug and major metabolite concentrations in plasma and other biological fluids in order to obtain information on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.  Bioavailability: the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect.  When there are safety concerns pharmacokinetic data are useful to provide safety margins. If there is a constituent with known therapeutic activity and a narrow therapeutic range, pharmacokinetic data will be required.
  • 26. Reverse pharmacology Reverse pharmacology, is defined as the science of integrating documented clinical experiences and experiential observations into leads, through transdisciplinary exploratory studies, and further developing these into drug candidates through robust preclinical and clinical research.
  • 27. Reverse Pharmacology  Conventional Pharmacology  Reverse Pharmacology
  • 28. Scope The scope of reverse pharmacology is to understand the mechanisms of action at multiple levels of biological organization and to optimize safety, efficacy and acceptability of the leads in natural products, based on the relevant science.
  • 29. Dimensions  Experiential documentation: Pharmacoepidemiology-standardized formulation with HPLC pattern standardized formulation with HPLC pattern.  Exploratory human/animal studies exploratory human/animal studies— Relevant models of activity relevant models of activity— Human dose determination human dose determination.  Experimental programs - Levels of biological organization. - Rapid drug development path. - Leads: Comb. Leads: Combinatorial Chemistry & high- throughput pharmacologic screening HTPS.
  • 30. Examples  Mucuna pruriens (Velvet beans) for Parkinson’s disease.  Constituents are: L-dopa, apart from other phytochemical substances.  The seed powder of the leguminous plant, Mucuna pruriens were being used in traditional Ayurvedic Indian medicine for diseases including parkinsonism.  The studies on the constituents of Mucana pruriens revealed that L-DOPA itself mediates neurotrophic factor release by the brain and CNS. Thus, L-DOPA is a lead molecule towards development of drugs for Parkinsons disease.
  • 31. Zingiber officinale (Ginger): for nausea/vomiting  Modern-day uses for ginger in Eastern medicine include the use of the herb to treat nausea (including motion sickness and morning sickness of pregnancy).  The main components of ginger are the aromatic essential oils, antioxidants, and the pungent oleo-resin. These aromatic or pungent compounds have been identified as the phenylalkylketones, known as gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone.  The anti-emetic effects of ginger are due to Zingerone’s (a diterpenoid) local effect on the vagal receptors in the stomach.
  • 32. Reverse pharmacology and Ayurveda  Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) has recently adopted the golden triangle approach for some new indications of old drugs, as well as for Ayurveda.  The golden triangle approach is a combination of Dravyagunavignyan, systems biology, and reverse pharmacology for the discovery of potent and cost-effective remedies.
  • 33.  In Ayurveda, drugs have been classified based on action of the drug is widely accepted.  In modern medicine, drugs have been classified according to pharmacological actions (molecular targets to which drug binds).  Medicinal plants like Ashwagandha, Brahami, Tulsi, Guggul, Kutki, Kalmegha, Gokshura and Shatavari have been targeted for their application in modern science. Active constituents of the plants have been identified and highly purified extracts are being marketed.
  • 34.  The reverse approach in pharmacology has been quite successfully applied in the past. The drawback was the long time frame from the observational therapeutics to a new drug.  For example, Rauwolfi a serpentina (sarpagandha) was convincingly demonstrated to be anti-hypertensive by Sen and Bose in 1931.  However, a drug reserprine, emerged only after 20 year of work by Vakil, Bein, Muller and Schlitter.  This occurred because the path of reverse pharmacology was quite discontinuous.
  • 35.  The paradigm of reverse pharmacology is actually a rediscovery of the path, which founded modern pharmacology.
  • 36. Ethnopharmacology  Ethnopharmacology is the scientific study correlating ethnic groups, their health, and how it relates to their physical habits and methodology in creating and using medicines.  Example: isolation of quinine from Cinchona.
  • 37. Ethnopharmacology and Traditional Medicine  Numerous drugs have entered the international pharmacopoeia via the study of ethnopharmacology and traditional medicine.  Traditional medical traditions can offer a more holistic approach to drug design and myriad possible targets for scientific analysis.  Powerful new technologies such as automated separation techniques, high-throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry are revolutionizing drug discovery.  Traditional knowledge can serve as a powerful search engine, which will greatly facilitate and rediscover intentional, focused and safe natural product drug discovery.  Good botanical practices which can improve the quality control procedures of monitoring impurities, heavy metals and other toxins in the raw material can make ethnopharmacology research more meaningful.
  • 38.  Drug discovery in the current scenario has become unproductive to the point where the economic future of the industry is questionable. The research and development thrust in the pharmaceutical sector needs to focus on development of new drugs, innovative processes for known drugs and development of plant-based drugs through investigation of leads from the traditional systems of medicine.  Traditional medicine can provide novel inputs into the drug development process. However, bioprospecting—the search for economically valuable natural resources— by pharmaceutical companies, or on their behalf, has not been conspicuously successful in recent years.
  • 39. These include:  Ethnopharmacological field work which involves: interviewing healers; interpreting traditional terminologies into their modern counterparts; examining patients who are consuming herbal remedies; and identifying the disease for which an herbal remedy is used.  Interpretation of signs and symptoms mentioned in ancient texts and suggesting the proper use of old traditional remedies in the light of modern medicine.  Clinical studies on herbs and their interaction with modern medicines.  Advising pharmacologists to carry out laboratory studies on herbs that have been observed during field studies.  Work in collaboration with local healers to strengthen the traditional system of medicine in a community
  • 40. Advantages  Antiviral Herbal medicinal products have been used as a source of putative candidate drugs in many diseases. However, in case of viral diseases, the development of antivirals from natural sources is less explored, probably because within the virus there are few specific targets where the small molecules can interact to inhibit or kill the virus.  The currently available antiherpes drugs are nucleoside analogs that did not cure the lifelong or recurrent infections and the use of these drugs often leads to the development of viral resistance coupled with the problem of side effects, recurrence and viral latency.  However a wide array of herbal products, used by diverse medicinal systems throughout the world, showed a high level of antiherpes virus activities and many of them have complementary and overlapping mechanisms of action, either by inhibiting viral replication, or by viral genome synthesis.
  • 41. Story of Aspirin:  Many believe that willow is the natural source of aspirin. However, willow species contain only a low quantity of the prodrug salicin which is metabolized during absorption into various salicylate derivatives.  If calculated as salicylic acid, the daily salicin dose is insufficient to produce analgesia. Salicylic acid concentrations following an analgesic dose of aspirin are an order of magnitude higher.  Flavonoids and polyphenols contribute to the potent willow bark analgesic and anti- inflammatory effect. The multi-component active principle of willow bark provides a broader mechanism of action than aspirin and is devoid of serious adverse events.  In contrast to synthetic aspirin, willow bark does not damage the gastrointestinal mucosa. An extract dose with 240 mg salicin had no major impact on blood clotting. In patients with known aspirin allergy willow bark products are contraindicated. OH HO O CH3 OH Acetyl Salicylic acid (Aspirin)
  • 42. Recent developments  Artemisia and Artemisia-based products for COVID-19 management: current state and future perspective  Artemisia-based products have demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological ability including antiviral properties. Besides its antiviral activity, Artemisia annua have shown to contain appreciable amounts of minerals such as zinc, gallium and selenium among others.
  • 43.  Artemisia species are an excellent source of essential oils such as pinene, thujyl alcohol, cadinene, phellandrene, thujone, etc. and have been reported to achieve remarkable success for several biological activities including, analgesic, anti- coccidial, anti-diabetic, antifungal, antiviral, anti-herpes virus, and lots more.7  Artemisia spp. had earlier been reported to consist of essential phytochemicals that contribute to its inhibitory role against viruses.8  A. annua, a highly effecacious species demonstrated its ability to inhibit SARS- CoV-2 penetration and replication.9  Wormwood (Artemisia annua) inhibits the growth of the virus and could be an additional therapeutic against COVID-19.
  • 44. New Approaches towards improving Pharmaceutical properties of medicinal plants
  • 45.  Genetic engineering of a secondary metabolic pathway aims to either increase or decrease the quantity of a certain compound or group of compounds i.e., secondary metabolite pathway manipulation based on the application of systems biology approaches (integrated metabolomics, proteomics and transcriptomics).  Metabolic engineering is not only widely applied in industrial fermentation for strain improvement and metabolite overproduction but has also found many applications in functional genomics, biological research (signal transduction), and medical research (such as drug discovery and gene therapy). Metabolite Pathway Engineering in Plants
  • 46.  To aid in development and defense against stress, plants synthesize hundreds of thousands of compounds, many of which are produced through species-specific and complex biosynthetic pathways.  Shikimic acid pathway, non-mevalonate (MEP) pathway and mevalonate (MVA) pathway lead to diverse classes of compounds, which include the terpenoids, monoterpene indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Wilson et al. (2014) Current Opinion in Biotechnology
  • 48.  Secondary metabolites are synthesized in small quantities in plants.  Although some valuable plant natural products with simple structures are easily chemically synthesized (e.g., aspirin and ephedrine), many have complex structures with multiple chiral centers, making chemical synthesis both difficult and commercially infeasible.  These compounds are often produced through the exploitation of native biological pathways using natural harvest (e.g., codeine, morphine and dietary food compounds), semi-synthesis (e.g. paclitaxel), heterologous production where a specific protein is introduced in cell which it doesn’t prepare (e.g. vanilla) or plant cell culture techniques. Why We need Metabolite pathway engineering in Plants?
  • 49.  Metabolic engineering for increasing natural product yield can be approached using two primary strategies, depending upon the desired outcome.  For food crops, increasing the production of an entire class of compounds is often beneficial, leading to enhanced ability of a plant to adapt to the environment or increasing the overall nutritional value of a food product.  On the other hand, it is often necessary to target specific compounds within a biosynthetic pathway, allowing for increased yield of a single product for medicinal or nutraceutical applications. By upregulating or silencing of specific pathway genes, cooperative or competing pathway genes, or transcription factors, as well as introduction of heterologous genes to allow for production of non-native compounds Metabolite pathway engineering approaches
  • 52. Conclusion  Revitalization of the natural products is bringing newer challenges with respect to quality control and standardization along with cost effectiveness.  The renewed interest in the development of natural products requires the confluence of the modern techniques and harmonization of regulations related to their research and development between various fields of science.
  • 53. References  1. Jadid, M. F. S., Jafari-Gharabaghlou, D., Bahrami, M. K., Bonabi, E., & Zarghami, N. (2023), Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 104167.  2. Ezin, V., & Chabi, I. B. (2023). In Antidiabetic Plants for Drug Discovery (pp. 1-22), Apple Academic Press.  3. Fawzy, M. A., Nasr, G., Ali, F. E., & Fathy, M. (2023), Life Sciences, 314, 121343.  4. Thangapandiyan, S., Ramesh, M., Miltonprabu, S., Hema, T., Jothi, G. B., & Nandhini, V. (2019), Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 12247-12263.  5. Liu, P., Wang, C., Chen, W., Kang, Y., Liu, W., Qiu, Z., ... & Ikejima, T. (2023), Phytomedicine, 109, 154594.  6. Li, D., Song, C., Zhang, J., & Zhao, X. (2023). Resveratrol alleviated 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity by attenuating GPX4 dependent ferroptosis, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 112, 109241.  7. Kumar S, Kumari R (2018), J. Complement. Med. Alt. Healthcare 7:555723.; Martínez MJA, Del Olmo LMB, Ticona LA, Benito PB (2012), Studies in natural products chemistry, vol 37. Elsevier, Amstredam, pp 43–65.  8. Bora KS, Sharma A (2010), J. Ethnopharmacol. 129:403–409.  9. Joshua Iseoluwa Orege et. al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-021-00576-5.  10. Todd Runestad, 2021, www.naturalproductsinsider.com/print/85265.