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‫العين‬‫جامعة‬
‫الطبية‬‫التقنيات‬‫كلية‬
Lecture 13
MSc anesthesia technologist
‫االول‬ ‫الفصل‬
‫المحاضرة‬
( ‫عشر‬ ‫الثالثة‬
١٣
)
‫نظري‬
‫العين‬ ‫جامعة‬ / ‫الرابعة‬ ‫المرحلة‬ /‫التخدير‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫مادة‬
2023-2022
Majid.Mutar@alayen.edu.iq
Negative versus positive pressure ventilation ‫اإليجابي‬ ‫بالضغط‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫السلبي‬ ‫بالضغط‬ ‫التهوية‬
Ventilators can be either negative pressure or positive pressure
generators. ‫اإليجابي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السلبي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مولدات‬ ‫من‬ ‫إما‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬
.
• Negative pressure ventilator reduces intrathoracic pressure so that it
becomes sub-atmospheric. ‫السلبي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬
.‫الجوي‬ ‫الغالف‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫الصدر‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يقلل‬
• Gas flows into the lungs down this pressure gradient and therefore
these ventilators mimic normal respiratory physiology.
.‫الطبيعي‬ ‫التنفسي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫فسيولوجيا‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫تحاكي‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ، ‫الضغط‬ ‫في‬ ‫التدرج‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫أسفل‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫يتدفق‬
• Positive pressure ventilators drive gas into the lungs by creating a
pressure within a breathing system that is above atmospheric pressure.
‫تعمل‬
‫اإليجابي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراوح‬
‫التنفس‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫خلق‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫على‬
‫الجوي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫من‬ ‫أعلى‬
▪ The first commercially successful negative pressure ventilator, the ‘iron lung’, was developed in the late 1920s.
‫للضغط‬ ‫تنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫أول‬
‫السلبي‬
، ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫تجار‬ ‫ناجح‬
"‫الحديدية‬ ‫"الرئة‬
‫القرن‬ ‫عشرينيات‬ ‫أواخر‬ ‫في‬ ‫تطويره‬ ‫تم‬ ،
.‫الماضي‬
▪ It was an air-tight cylindrical drum with a port so that the head and neck could remain free. ‫أسطوانة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫كانت‬
.ً‫ا‬‫حر‬ ‫والرقبة‬ ‫الرأس‬ ‫يظل‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫منفذ‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اإلغالق‬ ‫محكمة‬ ‫أسطوانية‬
▪ Powerful pumps intermittently generated a negative pressure by drawing air out of the sealed chamber. The
intermittent negative pressure leads to chest wall expansion and air being drawn into the patient’s lungs. ‫تولد‬
‫بشكل‬ ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫سلب‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ط‬‫ضغ‬ ‫القوية‬ ‫المضخات‬
‫ت‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المتقطع‬ ‫السلبي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يؤدي‬ .‫المغلقة‬ ‫الغرفة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫سحب‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫متقطع‬
‫وسحب‬ ‫الصدر‬ ‫جدار‬ ‫مدد‬
.‫المريض‬ ‫رئتي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الهواء‬
▪ The iron lung was popular in the management of respiratory failure secondary to poliomyelitis, but it is rarely
used in modern practice. ‫لشلل‬ ‫الثانوي‬ ‫التنفسي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫فشل‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫في‬ ‫شائعة‬ ‫الحديدية‬ ‫الرئة‬ ‫كانت‬
‫في‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ما‬ ً‫ا‬‫نادر‬ ‫ولكنها‬ ، ‫األطفال‬
.‫الحديثة‬ ‫الممارسة‬
▪ PPV is now the mainstay of mechanical ventilation, and from here on in, the term ‘ventilation’ refers to PPV, which
can be delivered to the patient through, for example, an endotracheal tube or ‘non-invasively’ via a tight-fitting
face mask. ‫يعتبر‬PPV ‫اآلن‬
‫الدعامة‬
‫األساسية‬
‫للتهوية‬
‫الميكانيكية‬
،
‫ومن‬
‫هنا‬
‫ًا‬‫د‬‫فصاع‬
،
‫يشير‬
‫مصطلح‬
``
‫التهوية‬
''
‫إلى‬
▪ PPV ، ‫والذي‬
‫يمكن‬
‫توصيله‬
‫إلى‬
‫المريض‬
،
‫على‬
‫سبيل‬
‫المثال‬
،
‫من‬
‫خالل‬
‫أنبوب‬
‫داخل‬
‫القصبة‬
‫الهوائية‬
‫أو‬
``
‫غير‬
‫جراحي‬
''
‫عبر‬
‫أنبوب‬
‫محكم‬
.
‫قناع‬
‫الوجه‬
‫المناسب‬
.
The two most fundamental variables in ventilation are: :‫هما‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫في‬ ‫أساسيين‬ ‫متغيرين‬ ‫أهم‬
Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) and Tidal volume (ml per
breath). ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫وحجم‬ )‫الدقيقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫مرات‬ ‫(عدد‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬
.)‫نفس‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫(مل‬
➢The produce of the respiratory rate and tidal volume is the minute Volume, defined as
the total volume delivered to the lungs in one minute. ‫هو‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫وحجم‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫ناتج‬
‫يتم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫بأنه‬ ‫ف‬ّ‫عر‬ُ‫ي‬ ‫والذي‬ ، ‫الدقيق‬ ‫الحجم‬
.‫واحدة‬ ‫دقيقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫توصيله‬
➢The main differences between modes of ventilation are therefore how the respiratory rate is
determined and how the desired tidal volume is delivered. ‫في‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫االختالفات‬ ‫تتمثل‬
‫وك‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫كيفية‬
.‫المطلوب‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫يفية‬
The respiratory rate may be set by either the::‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫إما‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫يمكن‬
❖ventilator (mandatory breaths) or the
❖patient (triggered breaths).‫أو‬ )‫اإللزامية‬ ‫(األنفاس‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬
.)‫أنفاس‬ ‫(تحفيز‬ ‫مريض‬
These triggering options help define control, support and
spontaneous breathing modes of ventilation: ‫في‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫التحفيز‬ ‫خيارات‬ ‫تساعد‬
‫التلقائي‬ ‫والتنفس‬ ‫والدعم‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫أوضاع‬ ‫تحديد‬
:‫للتهوية‬
Control mode: the ventilator delivers a mandatory breath and
does all the work of breathing :‫التحكم‬ ‫وضع‬
‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يوفر‬
‫التنفس‬ ‫أعمال‬ ‫بجميع‬ ‫ويقوم‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫إلزام‬ ‫ا‬ً‫س‬‫نف‬
Support mode: the patient triggers the ventilator to deliver a
breath; although some respiratory effort is made by the
patient, the ventilator does most of the work :‫الدعم‬ ‫وضع‬
‫يقوم‬
‫المريض‬ ‫أن‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫على‬ ‫؛‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫إلعطاء‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫بتشغيل‬ ‫المريض‬
‫العمل‬ ‫بمعظم‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫فإن‬ ، ‫التنفسي‬ ‫الجهد‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫يبذل‬
Spontaneous breathing modes: the patient triggers all breaths and makes all the
respiratory effort but the ventilator may provide continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP) and/or supplementary oxygen. :‫التلقائي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫وضع‬
‫األنفاس‬ ‫كل‬ ‫بإطالق‬ ‫المريض‬ ‫يقوم‬
( ‫المستمر‬ ‫اإليجابي‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫مجرى‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫يوفر‬ ‫قد‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهد‬ ‫كل‬ ‫وبذل‬CPAP ‫األكسجي‬ ‫أو‬ / ‫و‬ )
.‫اإلضافي‬ ‫ن‬
A tidal volume breath may be delivered as a:
Fixed volume (e.g. 500ml) or a
Fixed pressure (e.g. 15 cmH2O).
‫المثال‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫(على‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫حجم‬
500
‫أ‬ ‫أو‬ )‫مل‬
‫المثال‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫(على‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫ضغط‬
15
‫سم‬ H2O).
The way that the tidal volume is delivered (fixed volume or fixed pressure) and the way that the
respiratory rate is set (patient or ventilator), generate four variables which can be combined in
different ways to produce four different basic ventilator modes. in summary they are: ‫التي‬ ‫الطريقة‬
‫يتم‬
‫جهاز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫(المريض‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫ضبط‬ ‫بها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫والطريقة‬ )‫الثابت‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الثابت‬ ‫(الحجم‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫بها‬
‫التنفس‬ ‫ألجهزة‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫أساسية‬ ‫أوضاع‬ ‫أربعة‬ ‫إلنتاج‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫بطرق‬ ‫دمجها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫متغيرات‬ ‫أربعة‬ ‫تولد‬ ، )‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬
:‫هم‬ ‫باختصار‬ .‫الصناعي‬
oVolume Control (VC)
oPressure Control (PC)
oVolume Support (VS)
oPressure Support (PS)
These basic ventilator modes form the fundamental building blocks of all other modes. ‫تشكل‬
.‫األخرى‬ ‫األوضاع‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫اللبنات‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫أوضاع‬
Microprocessor controlled ventilators are able to modify or combine these basic modes to
create highly sophisticated settings ‫تعديل‬ ‫على‬ ‫قادرة‬ ‫دقيق‬ ‫معالج‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫مراوح‬
‫للغاية‬ ‫متطورة‬ ‫إعدادات‬ ‫إلنشاء‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫األوضاع‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫دمج‬ ‫أو‬
In VC and VS, the set volume is delivered regardless of the compliance of the lungs. ‫في‬VC ‫و‬VS ،
.‫الرئتين‬ ‫امتثال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫بغض‬ ‫المحدد‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫تسليم‬ ‫يتم‬
The flow during inspiration is relatively high and constant until the desired tidal volume is reached, at
which point the ventilator cycles into passive expiration. If the patient has severe lung disease and
poorly compliant lungs, this type of ventilation can generate high airway pressures, risking
barotrauma. ‫ا‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫نسب‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ت‬‫وثاب‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫مرتف‬ ‫االستنشاق‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫يكون‬
‫النقطة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫وعند‬ ، ‫المطلوب‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫لوصول‬
‫بشكل‬ ‫متوافقين‬ ‫غير‬ ‫ورئتين‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫رئوي‬ ‫مرض‬ ‫من‬ ‫يعاني‬ ‫المريض‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ .‫السلبي‬ ‫الصالحية‬ ‫انتهاء‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يتحول‬
‫لخط‬ ‫يعرضك‬ ‫مما‬ ، ‫الهواء‬ ‫مجرى‬ ‫في‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ط‬‫ضغو‬ ‫يولد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫فإن‬ ، ‫جيد‬
.‫الضغطي‬ ‫بالرضح‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫ر‬
In PC and PS modes, the ventilator generates a set positive pressure which drives air into the lungs
until the pressure in the lungs equals the driving pressure. ‫وضعي‬ ‫في‬PC ‫و‬PS ، ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يولد‬
‫الصناعي‬
.‫القيادة‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يساوي‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫يدفع‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫محد‬ ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫إيجاب‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ط‬‫ضغ‬ At this point there is no
pressure gradient for gas to flow and the ventilator will cycle into expiration. Like physiological
inspiration, flow is high at the start of inspiration, then slows as the pressure gradient between the
ventilator and the lungs falls. ‫عند‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يدور‬ ‫وسوف‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫لتدفق‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫تدرج‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫ال‬ ، ‫المرحلة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬
‫اإللها‬ ‫بداية‬ ‫في‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫مرتف‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫يكون‬ ، ‫الفسيولوجي‬ ‫اإللهام‬ ‫مثل‬ .‫الصالحية‬ ‫انتهاء‬
‫جهاز‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫تدرج‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫مع‬ ‫يتباطأ‬ ‫ثم‬ ، ‫م‬
.‫والرئتين‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ The advantage of this mode is that the risks of barotrauma are reduced
because the pressure is limited. The main disadvantage is that the delivered tidal volume is
unpredictable. For example, the reduction in compliance that occurs due to abdominal insufflation
during laparoscopy will result in a reduced tidal volume for a given airway pressure. Changes in
compliance may result in the tidal volume being too low, reducing ventilation, or too high, risking
volutrauma. ‫أن‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫العيب‬ .‫محدود‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫الضغطي‬ ‫بالرضح‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫مخاطر‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوضع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ميزة‬ ‫تتمثل‬
‫أثناء‬ ‫البطن‬ ‫نفخ‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االمتثال‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫سيؤدي‬ ، ‫المثال‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫على‬ .‫به‬ ‫التنبؤ‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تسليمه‬ ‫تم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬
‫ت‬
‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫االمتثال‬ ‫في‬ ‫التغييرات‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫قد‬ .‫المحدد‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫مجرى‬ ‫لضغط‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫البطن‬ ‫نظير‬
.‫حجمية‬ ‫صدمة‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫مما‬ ، ‫كبير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫ارتفاعه‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫التهوية‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫كبير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫والجزر‬
الثالثة عشر نظري (1).pdf

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الثالثة عشر نظري (1).pdf

  • 1. ‫العين‬‫جامعة‬ ‫الطبية‬‫التقنيات‬‫كلية‬ Lecture 13 MSc anesthesia technologist ‫االول‬ ‫الفصل‬ ‫المحاضرة‬ ( ‫عشر‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ١٣ ) ‫نظري‬ ‫العين‬ ‫جامعة‬ / ‫الرابعة‬ ‫المرحلة‬ /‫التخدير‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫مادة‬ 2023-2022 Majid.Mutar@alayen.edu.iq
  • 2. Negative versus positive pressure ventilation ‫اإليجابي‬ ‫بالضغط‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫السلبي‬ ‫بالضغط‬ ‫التهوية‬ Ventilators can be either negative pressure or positive pressure generators. ‫اإليجابي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السلبي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مولدات‬ ‫من‬ ‫إما‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ . • Negative pressure ventilator reduces intrathoracic pressure so that it becomes sub-atmospheric. ‫السلبي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ .‫الجوي‬ ‫الغالف‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫الصدر‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يقلل‬ • Gas flows into the lungs down this pressure gradient and therefore these ventilators mimic normal respiratory physiology. .‫الطبيعي‬ ‫التنفسي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫فسيولوجيا‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫تحاكي‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ، ‫الضغط‬ ‫في‬ ‫التدرج‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫أسفل‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫يتدفق‬ • Positive pressure ventilators drive gas into the lungs by creating a pressure within a breathing system that is above atmospheric pressure. ‫تعمل‬ ‫اإليجابي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراوح‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫خلق‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫على‬ ‫الجوي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫من‬ ‫أعلى‬
  • 3.
  • 4. ▪ The first commercially successful negative pressure ventilator, the ‘iron lung’, was developed in the late 1920s. ‫للضغط‬ ‫تنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫أول‬ ‫السلبي‬ ، ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫تجار‬ ‫ناجح‬ "‫الحديدية‬ ‫"الرئة‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫عشرينيات‬ ‫أواخر‬ ‫في‬ ‫تطويره‬ ‫تم‬ ، .‫الماضي‬ ▪ It was an air-tight cylindrical drum with a port so that the head and neck could remain free. ‫أسطوانة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫كانت‬ .ً‫ا‬‫حر‬ ‫والرقبة‬ ‫الرأس‬ ‫يظل‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫منفذ‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اإلغالق‬ ‫محكمة‬ ‫أسطوانية‬ ▪ Powerful pumps intermittently generated a negative pressure by drawing air out of the sealed chamber. The intermittent negative pressure leads to chest wall expansion and air being drawn into the patient’s lungs. ‫تولد‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫سلب‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ط‬‫ضغ‬ ‫القوية‬ ‫المضخات‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المتقطع‬ ‫السلبي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يؤدي‬ .‫المغلقة‬ ‫الغرفة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫سحب‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫متقطع‬ ‫وسحب‬ ‫الصدر‬ ‫جدار‬ ‫مدد‬ .‫المريض‬ ‫رئتي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الهواء‬ ▪ The iron lung was popular in the management of respiratory failure secondary to poliomyelitis, but it is rarely used in modern practice. ‫لشلل‬ ‫الثانوي‬ ‫التنفسي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫فشل‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫في‬ ‫شائعة‬ ‫الحديدية‬ ‫الرئة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫في‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ما‬ ً‫ا‬‫نادر‬ ‫ولكنها‬ ، ‫األطفال‬ .‫الحديثة‬ ‫الممارسة‬ ▪ PPV is now the mainstay of mechanical ventilation, and from here on in, the term ‘ventilation’ refers to PPV, which can be delivered to the patient through, for example, an endotracheal tube or ‘non-invasively’ via a tight-fitting face mask. ‫يعتبر‬PPV ‫اآلن‬ ‫الدعامة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫للتهوية‬ ‫الميكانيكية‬ ، ‫ومن‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫فصاع‬ ، ‫يشير‬ ‫مصطلح‬ `` ‫التهوية‬ '' ‫إلى‬ ▪ PPV ، ‫والذي‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫توصيله‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المريض‬ ، ‫على‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫المثال‬ ، ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫أنبوب‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫القصبة‬ ‫الهوائية‬ ‫أو‬ `` ‫غير‬ ‫جراحي‬ '' ‫عبر‬ ‫أنبوب‬ ‫محكم‬ . ‫قناع‬ ‫الوجه‬ ‫المناسب‬ .
  • 5. The two most fundamental variables in ventilation are: :‫هما‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫في‬ ‫أساسيين‬ ‫متغيرين‬ ‫أهم‬ Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) and Tidal volume (ml per breath). ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫وحجم‬ )‫الدقيقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫مرات‬ ‫(عدد‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ .)‫نفس‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫(مل‬ ➢The produce of the respiratory rate and tidal volume is the minute Volume, defined as the total volume delivered to the lungs in one minute. ‫هو‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫وحجم‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫ناتج‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫بأنه‬ ‫ف‬ّ‫عر‬ُ‫ي‬ ‫والذي‬ ، ‫الدقيق‬ ‫الحجم‬ .‫واحدة‬ ‫دقيقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫توصيله‬ ➢The main differences between modes of ventilation are therefore how the respiratory rate is determined and how the desired tidal volume is delivered. ‫في‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫االختالفات‬ ‫تتمثل‬ ‫وك‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫كيفية‬ .‫المطلوب‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫يفية‬ The respiratory rate may be set by either the::‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫إما‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫يمكن‬ ❖ventilator (mandatory breaths) or the ❖patient (triggered breaths).‫أو‬ )‫اإللزامية‬ ‫(األنفاس‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ .)‫أنفاس‬ ‫(تحفيز‬ ‫مريض‬
  • 6. These triggering options help define control, support and spontaneous breathing modes of ventilation: ‫في‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫التحفيز‬ ‫خيارات‬ ‫تساعد‬ ‫التلقائي‬ ‫والتنفس‬ ‫والدعم‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫أوضاع‬ ‫تحديد‬ :‫للتهوية‬ Control mode: the ventilator delivers a mandatory breath and does all the work of breathing :‫التحكم‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يوفر‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫أعمال‬ ‫بجميع‬ ‫ويقوم‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫إلزام‬ ‫ا‬ً‫س‬‫نف‬ Support mode: the patient triggers the ventilator to deliver a breath; although some respiratory effort is made by the patient, the ventilator does most of the work :‫الدعم‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫المريض‬ ‫أن‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫على‬ ‫؛‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫إلعطاء‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫بتشغيل‬ ‫المريض‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫بمعظم‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫فإن‬ ، ‫التنفسي‬ ‫الجهد‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫يبذل‬
  • 7. Spontaneous breathing modes: the patient triggers all breaths and makes all the respiratory effort but the ventilator may provide continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and/or supplementary oxygen. :‫التلقائي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫األنفاس‬ ‫كل‬ ‫بإطالق‬ ‫المريض‬ ‫يقوم‬ ( ‫المستمر‬ ‫اإليجابي‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫مجرى‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫يوفر‬ ‫قد‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهد‬ ‫كل‬ ‫وبذل‬CPAP ‫األكسجي‬ ‫أو‬ / ‫و‬ ) .‫اإلضافي‬ ‫ن‬ A tidal volume breath may be delivered as a: Fixed volume (e.g. 500ml) or a Fixed pressure (e.g. 15 cmH2O). ‫المثال‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫(على‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫حجم‬ 500 ‫أ‬ ‫أو‬ )‫مل‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫(على‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫ضغط‬ 15 ‫سم‬ H2O).
  • 8. The way that the tidal volume is delivered (fixed volume or fixed pressure) and the way that the respiratory rate is set (patient or ventilator), generate four variables which can be combined in different ways to produce four different basic ventilator modes. in summary they are: ‫التي‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫(المريض‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫ضبط‬ ‫بها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫والطريقة‬ )‫الثابت‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الثابت‬ ‫(الحجم‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫بها‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫ألجهزة‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫أساسية‬ ‫أوضاع‬ ‫أربعة‬ ‫إلنتاج‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫بطرق‬ ‫دمجها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫متغيرات‬ ‫أربعة‬ ‫تولد‬ ، )‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ :‫هم‬ ‫باختصار‬ .‫الصناعي‬ oVolume Control (VC) oPressure Control (PC) oVolume Support (VS) oPressure Support (PS) These basic ventilator modes form the fundamental building blocks of all other modes. ‫تشكل‬ .‫األخرى‬ ‫األوضاع‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫اللبنات‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫أوضاع‬
  • 9. Microprocessor controlled ventilators are able to modify or combine these basic modes to create highly sophisticated settings ‫تعديل‬ ‫على‬ ‫قادرة‬ ‫دقيق‬ ‫معالج‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫مراوح‬ ‫للغاية‬ ‫متطورة‬ ‫إعدادات‬ ‫إلنشاء‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫األوضاع‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫دمج‬ ‫أو‬ In VC and VS, the set volume is delivered regardless of the compliance of the lungs. ‫في‬VC ‫و‬VS ، .‫الرئتين‬ ‫امتثال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫بغض‬ ‫المحدد‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫تسليم‬ ‫يتم‬ The flow during inspiration is relatively high and constant until the desired tidal volume is reached, at which point the ventilator cycles into passive expiration. If the patient has severe lung disease and poorly compliant lungs, this type of ventilation can generate high airway pressures, risking barotrauma. ‫ا‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫نسب‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ت‬‫وثاب‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫مرتف‬ ‫االستنشاق‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫النقطة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫وعند‬ ، ‫المطلوب‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫لوصول‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫متوافقين‬ ‫غير‬ ‫ورئتين‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫رئوي‬ ‫مرض‬ ‫من‬ ‫يعاني‬ ‫المريض‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ .‫السلبي‬ ‫الصالحية‬ ‫انتهاء‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يتحول‬ ‫لخط‬ ‫يعرضك‬ ‫مما‬ ، ‫الهواء‬ ‫مجرى‬ ‫في‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ط‬‫ضغو‬ ‫يولد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫فإن‬ ، ‫جيد‬ .‫الضغطي‬ ‫بالرضح‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫ر‬ In PC and PS modes, the ventilator generates a set positive pressure which drives air into the lungs until the pressure in the lungs equals the driving pressure. ‫وضعي‬ ‫في‬PC ‫و‬PS ، ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يولد‬ ‫الصناعي‬ .‫القيادة‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يساوي‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الرئتين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫يدفع‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫محد‬ ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫إيجاب‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ط‬‫ضغ‬ At this point there is no pressure gradient for gas to flow and the ventilator will cycle into expiration. Like physiological
  • 10. inspiration, flow is high at the start of inspiration, then slows as the pressure gradient between the ventilator and the lungs falls. ‫عند‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يدور‬ ‫وسوف‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫لتدفق‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫تدرج‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫ال‬ ، ‫المرحلة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإللها‬ ‫بداية‬ ‫في‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫مرتف‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫يكون‬ ، ‫الفسيولوجي‬ ‫اإللهام‬ ‫مثل‬ .‫الصالحية‬ ‫انتهاء‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫تدرج‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫مع‬ ‫يتباطأ‬ ‫ثم‬ ، ‫م‬ .‫والرئتين‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫التنفس‬ The advantage of this mode is that the risks of barotrauma are reduced because the pressure is limited. The main disadvantage is that the delivered tidal volume is unpredictable. For example, the reduction in compliance that occurs due to abdominal insufflation during laparoscopy will result in a reduced tidal volume for a given airway pressure. Changes in compliance may result in the tidal volume being too low, reducing ventilation, or too high, risking volutrauma. ‫أن‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫العيب‬ .‫محدود‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫الضغطي‬ ‫بالرضح‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫مخاطر‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوضع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ميزة‬ ‫تتمثل‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫البطن‬ ‫نفخ‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االمتثال‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫سيؤدي‬ ، ‫المثال‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫على‬ .‫به‬ ‫التنبؤ‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تسليمه‬ ‫تم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫االمتثال‬ ‫في‬ ‫التغييرات‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫قد‬ .‫المحدد‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫مجرى‬ ‫لضغط‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المد‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫البطن‬ ‫نظير‬ .‫حجمية‬ ‫صدمة‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫مما‬ ، ‫كبير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫ارتفاعه‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫التهوية‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫كبير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫والجزر‬