1. Leadership in Confucianism
Leadership in Taoism
Leadership in Legalism
Leadership in Strategy & Tactics
Leadership in Negotiation
Leadership in Perspectives
儒家
3. Human Nature (環境使然)
(中人)性相近,習相遠。唯上智與下愚不移。
孟子: “一齊人傅之,眾楚人咻之,雖日撻而求其齊
也,不可得矣;引而置之莊嶽之間數年,雖日撻而求其
楚,亦不可得矣。(滕文公下 )
告子曰:“性猶湍水也,決諸東方則東流,袂諸西方則西
流。人性之無分於善不善也,猶水之無分於東西也。”
(孟子。告子上)
People are all alike; it is their habits that
carry them far apart.
4. Morality & Ethic Order
Following the natural/moral order of the Universe
Peace and harmony of human being followed by the Nature
being
Internalized ethics by civilized (cultivated, educated)
Modeling (Programming) in advance
道>德>仁>義>禮
Adopt the moral principles of the Nature (or authority
figures, …)
Ethical mind of Confucianism (仁:人際關係與角色扮演)
7. Ethics 1
(via Latin ethica from the Ancient Greek means "moral
philosophy"), a major branch of philosophy, encompasses right
conduct and good life. Broader than the common conception of
analyzing right and wrong.
A central aspect of ethics is "the good life", the life worth living or life
that is satisfying
Major problem is the discovery of the summum bonum, the
greatest/highest good (Latin).
The right act can be identified as the one causing the greatest good and
the immoral act as the one impeding it (wikipedia)
8. Ethics 2
Defined harmonious order (codes)
諸子百家共同目標,只是手段不同
Meta-ethics: study of the concept of ethics
Normative ethics: study of how to determine ethical values
Applied ethics: study of the use ethical values
Biz ethics, Bioethics, medical ethics, engineering ethics, env. Ethics, human rights,
animal ethics, legal ethics, marketing ethics, legal ethics, …
Ethics and morals are respectively akin to theory and practice.
Ethics denotes the theory of right action and the greater good, while morals indicate their
practice.
"Moral" has a dual meaning.
The first indicates a person's comprehension of morality and his capacity to put it into
practice. In this meaning, the antonym is "amoral", indicating an inability to distinguish
between right and wrong.
The second denotes the active practice of those values. In this sense, the antonym is
"immoral", referring to actions that violate ethical principles
9. Ethics 3
Personal ethics signifies a moral code applicable to individuals,
while social ethics means moral theory applied to groups.
Social ethics can be synonymous with social and political
philosophy, in as much as it is the foundation of a good society
or state.
Ethics is not limited to specific acts and defined moral codes,
but encompasses the whole of moral ideals and behaviors, a
person's philosophy of life
10. Ethics 4 (Normative ethics)
Normative ethics: study of ethical norms, moral standards, how to
judge right from wrong, good from bad, how to live moral lives, the
values or beliefs in the community or society. May articulate the
characters or good behaviors/habits, duties followed, consequences of
actions on ourselves & others. 3 approaches as below:
1. Virtue ethicists: articulate the various virtues or good habits/behaviors,
to/should be acquired such as Aristotle, 儒家
2. Deontological ethicists: set out a large framework such as Immanue
Kant,
3. Consequentialists or utilitarians: as John Stuart Mill
17. (公德) 禮 法
法之寬嚴:微罪不舉(罰)vs. 小罪不生,大罪不來。
禮、樂、刑、政, 不可不與時變革,與時俱進。
The impartial and credible means of enforcement (independent personnel,
agencies, forces, and due process, etc.)
公眾人事不可倚私德(仁,義)而治,必言行依禮(理)合法而治。公言道德之
無效,而以威勢代之。
Depends upon external reinforcements
自律在個人, 公律在威勢。威勢足以禁暴,德行不足以止亂。
威勢者,非人主官吏濫用其強權之謂,而根本於法律也。
法 = 禮 + 刑罰 (positive / negative reinforcement)
因事而制禮,禮法以時定。
農業社會, 工業社會, 商業社會, 資訊社會, 網路社會, …有因有果,倒
因為果?
治標治本,標本兼治。各順其宜,各適其用,
18. Propriety 禮者 理也,履也。
1.conformity to established standards of good or proper behavior or
manners. 2.appropriateness to the purpose or circumstances; suitability.
3.rightness or justness. 4.the proprieties, the conventional standards of
proper behavior; manners: to observe the proprieties. 5.Obsolete. a
property. 6.Obsolete. a peculiarity or characteristic of something.
—Synonyms 1. decency, modesty. See etiquette. 2. aptness, fitness,
seemliness. 3. correctness
The quality of being proper; appropriateness.
Conformity to prevailing customs and usages.
proprieties The usages and customs of polite society.
correct or appropriate behavior [ant: improperness]
correctness of behaviour; decency; rightness
19. Ex: International (Business) Etiquette
國際禮儀
Essence of good manners (Legitimate):
Inner concern for other people’s needs and feelings
Comfort, pleasing, considerate, educated/civilized, predictable,
Discomfort, annoyance, unpredictable, bore, lousy,
Dressed/looking, smelled, loudly, (hair, clothing, shoes, etc.)
Thoughtfulness for others by self-esteem, from self-respect to mutual respect,
outer expression in certain kind of acts, behaviors, dressed, by which our taste,
home training, education is often judged
“Shell with/without nut”, treating others in the way you would like to be
treated; Do as you would be done by;
Culture-sensitive:
Meeting/greeting (what to say, when to shake hands), introducing people
(when, rising, replying), invitation, in the home, table manners, …
吃過了嗎?上哪兒去呀?(improper in the West)
20. Etiquette 1(禮節)
–noun
1.conventional requirements as to social behavior; proprieties
of conduct as established in any class or community or for
any occasion.
2.a prescribed or accepted code of usage in matters of
ceremony, as at a court or in official or other formal
observances.
3.the code of ethical behavior regarding professional practice
or action among the members of a profession in their dealings
with each other: medical etiquette.
rules governing socially acceptable behavior
21. Etiquette 2(成規,社交禮儀 )
1. Etiquette, decorum, propriety imply observance of the
formal requirements governing behavior in polite society.
Etiquette refers to conventional forms and usages: the rules of
etiquette. Decorum suggests dignity and a sense of what is
becoming or appropriate for a person of good breeding: a fine
sense of decorum. Propriety (usually plural) implies
established conventions of morals and good taste: She never
fails to observe the proprieties.
n.) The practices and forms prescribed by social convention or
by authority.
rules for correct or polite behavior between people, or within
certain professions
Chinese (Simplified):礼节,成规Chinese (Traditional):禮節,
成規
22. 禮樂刑政,
不可不與時變革,與時俱進
知其所以而不知其所以然
Just do it, but don’t know why
禮教吃人(殺人)、批孔揚秦、…
儒家(學術派別) vs. 儒教(宗教性 - 教條)
僵化為吃人禮教的舊倫理教條可經過現代的再詮釋而恢
復具活力與意義。
傳統禮教之僵化,可還原為一完整均衡的倫理結構。
24. No Evil (Confucian Analects)
See no evil; 非禮勿視
Hear no evil; 非禮勿聽
Speak no evil; 非禮勿言
Act no evil. 非禮勿動
Avoid the evils in advance 不接受非禮之行為或誘惑(言
耳口鼻身意)
博學于文,約之以禮,可以弗叛。
Build-in our habitual domain -- cultivated & civilized (good)
habits.
25. 儒家的領導特色
Jen (仁) is the core, which derives principles of reciprocity,
trustworthiness, sincerity, etc.
人品、誠信、… (做人的基本原則)
Relationship between persons is based upon the principle of reciprocity –
fair mutual understanding (from within) – 做人有規矩 (人際關係)
Ethics-focused: parenting (as a big family), mentoring (coaching -
teaching), ethical architecture (教與學)
從個人的修身,自我約束;到人際關係,尊重倫理;到終身學習以
及學習內容… 等都有闡述。
26. 儒家的領導特色
反求諸己- 吾日三省吾身
Self-reflection, retrospective, …(360o feedback)
孔子訓誡子路:「暴虎馮河,死而無悔者,無不與也;必也,臨事
而敬,好謀而成者也。」
面對事情認真而謹慎、周全規劃-好謀而成、懸權而動
Careful and strategic
毋友不如己者
Learn from others – better than what I am
“士不可以不弘毅,任重而道遠。仁以為己任,不亦重乎?死而後
已,不亦遠乎?”
“智者不惑,仁者不憂,勇者不懼。”
28. Leadership in Confucianism
溫良恭儉讓 礼樂以治國
仁 (Jen, Ren) 从二从人 君君 臣臣 父父 子子 朋友
The roles you play, play them well
Fundamental Relationship 五倫 (Five relationships/Basic
ethics):
Sovereign-subject; husband-wife; parent-child; elder
brother-younger brother; friend-friend
道之以德 齊之以礼 有恥且格
道之以政 齊之以刑 民免而無恥
但求免於被懲罰的最低要求要 而不知自制自律
敘君臣 父子 之禮 列夫婦 長幼 之別
29. Leadership in Confucianism
言人性善,人性惡,人性可移可塑 (Various hypotheses)
Y Theory, X Theory, and Z Theory
重恕 尊礼守義 極孝 言勇
正其誼 不謀其利, 明其道 不計其功
君子九思:視思明,聽思聰,色思溫,貌思恭,言思忠,事思敬,疑思問,忿思
難,見得思義.
誠 - 誠者 物之終始, 不誠無物;
信 - 民無信不立 (General public, staff/employees, investors, etc.)
Jen is the basic and necessary fundamental for a perfect virtue.
Lead by morality and education with courtesy and music
31. Ethics in Organization
Individual virtue (the leaders’) leads to societal virtue: school, business,
government, community, etc.
What are the typical components of a code of conduct? (Contextual
morality) – employee handbook, student handbook, citizenship, etc.
High cost of low ethics: How corruption imperils our society, our history, etc.
See Chapter 1 公司醜聞, 掏空公司 ,
企業 (信用) 破產, 債務重整, 股市泡沫股價低迷, CEO 狂漲薪資500倍
於平均勞工階級(吃相醜陋的高階級理人), 虛填浮報的企業假帳, 胡
說亂語的投資名嘴, 內線交易,(Economist, 7/17/04)
Enron (4 to 9 times of “911”), Tyco, Adelphia / Rigas family, Martha
Stewart / Imclone, …
嚴酷立法程序(Sarbanes-Oxley, SEC’s, ISS, etc.) 和從重量刑,企圖回
復投資人信心,司法部門加強打擊企業舞弊,…
32. Being Civilized, Cultivated
Confucianism
From animal society to human society through civilization
從「食、色 性也」(basic instinct) 到人類社會(humanity)
從儒家的正人君子(Gentleman)
有教養、談吐、氣質,有禮貌、守規矩、遵法統,
道德操守、待人處世、灑掃應對、
Teaching and learning (教學相長)
人(尤其主管、師長)的最大責任在“教導” coaching / mentoring
Leader/manager as an educator (coach & mentor)
The inner rationale and love of the individuals implying humanitarianism,
benevolence, and philanthropy
37. Confucian Leadership4 正己先
修身正己、作君作師 (As boss, as teacher)
Self-discipline and leaders act as coach and mentor
政者,正也。子帥以正,孰敢不正。…其身正,不令而
行;其身不正,雖令不從。
子曰:“苟正其身矣,于從政乎何有?不能正其身,如正
人何?”
“吾日三省吾身:為人謀而不忠乎?與朋友交而不信乎?
傳不習乎?”
“居處恭、執事敬、與人忠,雖之夷狄,不可棄也。”
為政以德。譬如北辰,居其所而眾星拱之 -- 以身做則
38. 大丈夫(孟子。滕文公下 )
居天下之廣居,立天下之正位,行天下之大道。得志與民
由之,不得志獨行其道。富貴不能淫,貧賤不能移,威武
不能屈。此之謂大丈夫。”
To dwell in the wide house of the world, to stand in the correct
seat of the world, and to walk in the great path of the world;
when he obtains his desire for office, to practice his principles
for the good of the people; and when that desire is
disappointed, to practice them alone; to be above the power of
riches and honors to make dissipated, of poverty and mean
condition to make swerve from principle, and of power and
force to make bend - these characteristics constitute the great
man.'
43. 儒家領導特色3
“志于道、據於德、依于仁、游於藝。”
“飯疏食、飲水、曲肱而枕之,樂亦在其中矣!不義而富
且貴,於我如浮雲。”
Spiritual life vs. material life to focus in life
“愛之,能勿勞乎?忠焉,能勿誨(勸告)乎?”
子路曰:“桓公殺公子糾,召忽死之,管仲不死。”曰:“未
仁乎?”子曰:“桓公九合諸侯,不以兵車,管仲之力也。
如其仁,如其仁。” (Result-oriented)
子貢曰:“管仲非仁者與?桓公殺公子糾,不能從死,
又相之。”子曰:“管仲相桓公,霸諸侯,一匡天下,民
到於今受其賜。微管仲,吾其披髮左衽矣。豈若匹夫匹
婦之為諒也?自經于溝瀆而莫之知也。”
58. Lifelong Learning (Live & Learn)
學道不倦,誨人不厭,發憤忘食,樂以忘憂,不知老之將
至
六藝教材:詩、書、易、禮、樂、春秋
子曰:“博學于文,約之以禮,亦可以弗叛矣夫!”
“弟子入則孝,出則悌,謹而信,泛愛眾而親仁。行有餘
力,則以學文。” --- 先學做人
古之學者為己,今之學者為人。(Self-development vs.
manage others)
Men’s natures are all alike; it is their learning that carries
them far apart. (Never too old/late to learn)
70. URL (The links for reference):
http://www.confucius2000.com/
http://www.9dog.net/7000.html
http://www.west-meet-east.com/eduphilo.htm
中國哲學書電子化計劃:
http://chinese.dsturgeon.net/text.pl?node=47084&if=gb&en=o
n
….
71. The Values What We Honor
美國前總統甘迺迪的話:「評斷一個國家的品格,不僅只
要看他培養了什麼樣的人民,還要看他的人民選擇對什麼
樣的人致敬,對什麼樣的人追懷」來強調尊敬、紀念自身
歷史對一個國家、社會的重要性。
What values the people worship, admire? Then, we know
the quality of that country.
Without doubt, Confucianism is the major philosophy of
Chinese society for thousand of years.
74. Leadership in Confucianism
Leadership in Taoism
Leadership in Legalism
Leadership in Stratagem
Leadership in Negotiation
(Major schools)
Leadership in Perspectives
道