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Pharmacology Review
Commonly Used Drugs
Antibiototics
 Antibiotics are effective against bacteria and are
considered bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Their
spectrum is determined based on the drugs
effectiveness against different gram negative, gram
positive or acid fast bacteria.
 Bacteriostatic- Inhibits or reproduction of bacteria.
 Bactericidal- Kills the bacteria.
Antibiotics
 Penicillins
 Works by binding the penicillin binding protein causing cell wall
lysis
 Bactericidal
 Spectrum primarily gram positive bacteria, beta-lactamase
bacteria are resistant
 Most common antibiotic class to cause an allergic reaction
 Medications- Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Penicillin G, Clavamox,
penicillin V, PiperacillinAmpicilla
 Carbapenems
 Class of beta-lactam antibiotics wide range of antibacterial
activity. Inhibits cell wall synthesis.
 Bactericidal
 Medications- Imipenem and meropenem
Antibiotics
 Cephalosporins
 Works by interfering with cell wall synthesis by binding to the
penicillin binding protein.
 Related to penicillins but also has activity against beta-
lactamase.
 Side effects- GI upset, fever, lethargy, tachypnea, pain at
injection site, and nephrotoxicity.
 Penetrate soft tissue and fluid very well.
 First generation mostly gram positive.
 Second generation gram positive and gram negative.
 Third generation mainly used against gram negative.
 Fourth generation extended spectrum and increased resistance
hydrolysis and beta-lactamase bacteria.
 Oral forms- Cephalexin, Cephradine, Cefadroxil, Cefaclor,
cefpodoxime
 Parenteral forms- Cefazolin, Cefapirin, Cephaloridine, ceftiofur,
cefoxitin, cefovecin(convenia)
Antibiotics
 Tetracyclines
 Works by inhibiting protein synthesis by binding 30s ribosomal
subunit
 Broad spectrum effective against gram positive and gram
negative.
 Bacteriostatic
 Has antiinflammatory and immunomodulating effects
 Side effects- Very commonly causes GI upset, esophageal
strictures in cats, yellowing of teeth and bones when given to
juveniles, hepatotoxic and renal toxic. DO NOT GIVE IV IN
HORSES.
 Medications- Doxycycline, Minocycline, tetracycline,
oxytetracycline.
 Aminoglycosides
 Not readily absorbed through GI tract.
 Works by irreversibly binding to 30s ribosomal subunit.
 Broad spectrum- most effective against gram negative bacteria.
Antibiotics
 Fluoroquinolones
 Works by inhibiting DNA gyrase which inhibits DNA synthesis.
 Broad spectrum effective against gram negative and gram
positive bacteria.
 Side effects- GI upset, cartilage deformities in growing animals,
retinal damage in cats.
 Medications- Enrofloxacin/Baytril, Marbofloxacin/zeniquin,
Orbifloxicin,
 Sulfonamides
 Work by Inhibiting folic acid synthesis
 Bacteriostatic
 Side effects- MULTIPLE SIDE EFFECTS! Vomiting, diarrhea,
anorexia, KCS, bone marrow depression, fever, polyarthritis,
hepatic necrosis, hemolytic anemia, and hypothyroidism.
Antibiotics
 Macrolides and Lincosamides
 Inhibits protein synthesis by binding 50s ribosomal
subunit
 Bacteriostatic
 Broad spectrum
 Medications- Erythromycin, Tylosin, Clindamycin,
Azithromycin.
Antifungals
 Drugs used to treat fungal(Mycotic) infections
 Fungicidal- destroys, kills fungi.
 Fungistatic- Having an inhibitory effect on growth or
reproduction of fungi.
 Topical- ringworm, yeast
 Systemic- Cryptococcosis, Coccidiomycosis,
Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis.
Antifungals
 Nystatin
 Works by inhibiting membrane permeability.
 Fungicidal
 Effective for Candida infections in dogs, cats and bird.
 Amphotericin B
 Used IV ONLY!
 Works by disrupting membrane permeability
 Fungicidal
 Used in systemic fungal infections
Antifungals
 Ketoconazole
 Works by impairing ergosterol synthesis affecting
membrane permeabilty.
 Not recommended for use in cats.
 Used to treat systemic fungal disease, dermatophytosis
and cushings disease.
 Side effects- Hepatotoxic, fever infertility in male dogs
 Itraconazole
 Works by altering membrane permeability
 Fungistatic
 Effective in systemic fungal infection. Drug of choice of
blastomycosis
 Side effects- Anorexia, hepatotoxicity, vasculitis.
Antifungals
 Fluconazole
 Triazole antifungal
 Fungistatic
 Alters cellular membrane
 Clinical uses- cryptococcus and other systemic fungal
infections.
 Side effects- Hepatotoxic, vomiting, diarrhea anorexia.
 Flucytosine-
 Used with other antifungal drugs
 Fungistatic
 Inhibits DNA synthesis
 Clinical uses- Systemic fungal infection cryptococcus and
candida
 Side Effects- GI upset, bone marrow suppression, oral ulcers,
increased liver enzymes.
Antifungals
 Griseofulvin
 Disrupts cell division
 Fungistatic
 Increased absorption with a fatty meal
 Clinical uses- Dermatophytosis
 Side effects- hepatotoxic, vomiting and diarrhea. Do not
use in pregnant or breeding animals.
Respiratory Drugs
 Drugs to treat respiratory disease administered by
oral or parenteral routes
 Aerosolization or nebulization allows delivery of high
concentrations of drugs directly into airway.
Respiratory drugs
 Expectorants-Liquifies and dilutes viscous secretions to
help evacuate secretions.
 Used to treat a productive cough
 Acts directly on mucus secreting glands, reducing mucus
adhesiveness
 Medications- Guaifenesin, iodide preperations and hypertonic
saline
 Mucolytics- Decreases viscosity of secretions by altering
chemical composition of mucus
 May be nebulized and has few side effects
 Medication-Acetylcysteine(also used to treat acetaminophen
toxicity)
 Antitussives- Suppresses cough act centrally(Cough
center in brain) or peripherally(Cough receptors in
airways).
 Medications- Butorphenol, Hydrocodone, Codeine,
Respiratory Drugs
 Bronchodilators- Causes bronchodilation
 Four categories of drugs that cause bronchodilation
 Anticholinergics- used to treat bronchoconstriction associated
with organophosphate or carbamate toxicity.
 Glycopyrrolate, atropine
 Antihistamines- Blocks effects of histamines used to treat
allergic respiratory conditions
 Dyphenhydramine, Cetirizine, Hydroxyzine, Loratadine,
Cyproheptadine
 Beta-2 blockers-Combine with receptors on smooth muscle
fibers and relax the muscle
 Epinepherine, albuterol, terbutaline
 Methylxanthines- Inhibits enzyme in smooth muscle,
phosphodiesterase.
 Aminophylline, Theophylline
Cardiac Drugs
 Positive inotropic drugs- Improve the strength of contraction of heart.
 Cardiac glycosides- rarely used due to adverse side effects.
 Catecholamines- epinepherine used during cardiac resuscitation and can
be used in anaphylaxis
 Inotrope mixed dilator- Pimobendan/vetmedin
 Antiarrhythmic drug
 Class IA Depresses myocardial excitability, prolong refractory period,
decrease automaticity and increase conduction time
 Quinidine and procainamide
 Class IB- Stabilizes the myocardial cell membranes. Blocks influx of Na
preventing depolarization.
 Lidocaine
 Class II Blocks Beta 1 receptor, may block beta 2 receptors also
 Propranolol, Atenolol
 Class III limited use
 Class IV Calcium channel blockers depresses contraction
 Diltiazam
Cardiac Drugs
 Vasodilator drugs- Dilate arteries or veins or both.
Decreases preload and after load on heart. Used to
treat Congestive Heart Failure (CHF).
 Hydralazine, Nitroglycerin, Prazosin, Angiotensin-
converting enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI).
 Diuretics- Commonly used in treating CHF
 Furosemide, Spironolactone (Potassium sparing)
Corticosteroids
 Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone controls electrolyte
and water balance.
 Produced in zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex.
 Glucocorticoids- Cortisol. Produces anti-
inflammatory and immunosuppresive effects.
Produced in zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex.
 Decreased cortisol stimulates hypothalamus to release
corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) to anterior pituitary
which releases adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
causing release of cortisol from adrenal cortex.
Corticosteroids
 Major Effects
 Anti-inflammatory effects- By blocking phospholipase,
blocking prostaglandin production.
 Prostaglandin major mediator of immune response.
 Immunosuppressive effects- Inhibits antibody formation,
decreasing lymphocytes and eosinophils
Corticosteroids
 Clinical uses
 Anti-inflammatory
 Allergic reactions
 Autoimmune disease
 Shock
 Addison’s disease
 Some types of cancers
 Side effects- PU/PD, Polyphagia, thinning of skin,
muscle wasting gastric ulcers, delayed healing,
Iatrogenic cushing’s.
 Injectable products- Dexamethasone, Depo-medrol,
Triamcinalone.
 Oral products- Prednisone/prednisolone, Temaril-P.
Antiemetics/Gastrointestinal drugs
 Antiemetics
 Metoclopramide/reglan- Acts centrally on CRTZ center
blocking dopamine.
 Increases gastric emptying and Gastroesophageal sphincter
tone.
 Ondansteron/zofran and dolasteron/anzemet
 Block serotonin receptors on vagal nerve and CRTZ
 Used commonly in patients receiving chemotherapy.
 Maropitant citrate/cerenia- Blocks binding of substance P
to NK-1 receptors and CRTZ.
 Parenteral or oral (Motion sickness)
Antiemetics/Gastrointestinal drugs
 Gastrointestinal medications
 H2 antagonist- Cimetidine, ranitidine, Famotidine.
 Proton pump inhibitors- Omeprazole
 Antacids- Maalox and Mylanta
 Gastromucosal protectants – Sucralfate/Carafate
 Metronidazole/flagyl- Synthetic
antibacterial/antiprotazoal.
 Used to treat giardia, trichomonas, IBD, Ulcerative colitis
and anaerobic infections.
Anticonvulsants
 Drugs that prevent or control seizures
 Benzodiazapines
 Diazepam/valium- Treats seizures in progress 3-4 hours duration.
Can be given rectally to get seizure under control.
 Midazolam – Treat seizures in progress, administered IV.
 Barbiturates
 Pentobarbital- Used to control seizures not responding to
Diazepam. Administered IV.
 Phenobarbital- Prevents and treats seizures. Most commonly
used! Administered oral or parenteral. Must regularly check blood
levels and CBC, chemistry panel when administering.
 Other
 Potassium bromide – Can use alone or in combination with
phenobarbital.
 Adjunctive medications- Clorazepate, Gabapentin, Levetircetam,
zonisamide.
Insulin
 Used to treat Diabetes Mellitus.
 Given SC in cases when DKA not present.
 DKA cases given as CRI or IM.
 Measured in units per milliliters.
 U-40 animal approved products (prozinc and vetsulin)
 U-100 human approved products
 Short acting- Humulin-R, Novolin.
 Used in DKA cases IV, IM or SC
 Intermediate acting- NPH (Humulin-N), PZI(prozinc).
 Used to treat uncomplicated diabetes mellitus, SC only.
 Long acting – Glargine(lantus), Detemir(levemir)
 Used to treat uncomplicated diabetes mellitus cases, SC.

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Pharmacology review commonly used drugs

  • 2. Antibiototics  Antibiotics are effective against bacteria and are considered bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Their spectrum is determined based on the drugs effectiveness against different gram negative, gram positive or acid fast bacteria.  Bacteriostatic- Inhibits or reproduction of bacteria.  Bactericidal- Kills the bacteria.
  • 3. Antibiotics  Penicillins  Works by binding the penicillin binding protein causing cell wall lysis  Bactericidal  Spectrum primarily gram positive bacteria, beta-lactamase bacteria are resistant  Most common antibiotic class to cause an allergic reaction  Medications- Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Penicillin G, Clavamox, penicillin V, PiperacillinAmpicilla  Carbapenems  Class of beta-lactam antibiotics wide range of antibacterial activity. Inhibits cell wall synthesis.  Bactericidal  Medications- Imipenem and meropenem
  • 4. Antibiotics  Cephalosporins  Works by interfering with cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin binding protein.  Related to penicillins but also has activity against beta- lactamase.  Side effects- GI upset, fever, lethargy, tachypnea, pain at injection site, and nephrotoxicity.  Penetrate soft tissue and fluid very well.  First generation mostly gram positive.  Second generation gram positive and gram negative.  Third generation mainly used against gram negative.  Fourth generation extended spectrum and increased resistance hydrolysis and beta-lactamase bacteria.  Oral forms- Cephalexin, Cephradine, Cefadroxil, Cefaclor, cefpodoxime  Parenteral forms- Cefazolin, Cefapirin, Cephaloridine, ceftiofur, cefoxitin, cefovecin(convenia)
  • 5. Antibiotics  Tetracyclines  Works by inhibiting protein synthesis by binding 30s ribosomal subunit  Broad spectrum effective against gram positive and gram negative.  Bacteriostatic  Has antiinflammatory and immunomodulating effects  Side effects- Very commonly causes GI upset, esophageal strictures in cats, yellowing of teeth and bones when given to juveniles, hepatotoxic and renal toxic. DO NOT GIVE IV IN HORSES.  Medications- Doxycycline, Minocycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline.  Aminoglycosides  Not readily absorbed through GI tract.  Works by irreversibly binding to 30s ribosomal subunit.  Broad spectrum- most effective against gram negative bacteria.
  • 6. Antibiotics  Fluoroquinolones  Works by inhibiting DNA gyrase which inhibits DNA synthesis.  Broad spectrum effective against gram negative and gram positive bacteria.  Side effects- GI upset, cartilage deformities in growing animals, retinal damage in cats.  Medications- Enrofloxacin/Baytril, Marbofloxacin/zeniquin, Orbifloxicin,  Sulfonamides  Work by Inhibiting folic acid synthesis  Bacteriostatic  Side effects- MULTIPLE SIDE EFFECTS! Vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, KCS, bone marrow depression, fever, polyarthritis, hepatic necrosis, hemolytic anemia, and hypothyroidism.
  • 7. Antibiotics  Macrolides and Lincosamides  Inhibits protein synthesis by binding 50s ribosomal subunit  Bacteriostatic  Broad spectrum  Medications- Erythromycin, Tylosin, Clindamycin, Azithromycin.
  • 8. Antifungals  Drugs used to treat fungal(Mycotic) infections  Fungicidal- destroys, kills fungi.  Fungistatic- Having an inhibitory effect on growth or reproduction of fungi.  Topical- ringworm, yeast  Systemic- Cryptococcosis, Coccidiomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis.
  • 9. Antifungals  Nystatin  Works by inhibiting membrane permeability.  Fungicidal  Effective for Candida infections in dogs, cats and bird.  Amphotericin B  Used IV ONLY!  Works by disrupting membrane permeability  Fungicidal  Used in systemic fungal infections
  • 10. Antifungals  Ketoconazole  Works by impairing ergosterol synthesis affecting membrane permeabilty.  Not recommended for use in cats.  Used to treat systemic fungal disease, dermatophytosis and cushings disease.  Side effects- Hepatotoxic, fever infertility in male dogs  Itraconazole  Works by altering membrane permeability  Fungistatic  Effective in systemic fungal infection. Drug of choice of blastomycosis  Side effects- Anorexia, hepatotoxicity, vasculitis.
  • 11. Antifungals  Fluconazole  Triazole antifungal  Fungistatic  Alters cellular membrane  Clinical uses- cryptococcus and other systemic fungal infections.  Side effects- Hepatotoxic, vomiting, diarrhea anorexia.  Flucytosine-  Used with other antifungal drugs  Fungistatic  Inhibits DNA synthesis  Clinical uses- Systemic fungal infection cryptococcus and candida  Side Effects- GI upset, bone marrow suppression, oral ulcers, increased liver enzymes.
  • 12. Antifungals  Griseofulvin  Disrupts cell division  Fungistatic  Increased absorption with a fatty meal  Clinical uses- Dermatophytosis  Side effects- hepatotoxic, vomiting and diarrhea. Do not use in pregnant or breeding animals.
  • 13. Respiratory Drugs  Drugs to treat respiratory disease administered by oral or parenteral routes  Aerosolization or nebulization allows delivery of high concentrations of drugs directly into airway.
  • 14. Respiratory drugs  Expectorants-Liquifies and dilutes viscous secretions to help evacuate secretions.  Used to treat a productive cough  Acts directly on mucus secreting glands, reducing mucus adhesiveness  Medications- Guaifenesin, iodide preperations and hypertonic saline  Mucolytics- Decreases viscosity of secretions by altering chemical composition of mucus  May be nebulized and has few side effects  Medication-Acetylcysteine(also used to treat acetaminophen toxicity)  Antitussives- Suppresses cough act centrally(Cough center in brain) or peripherally(Cough receptors in airways).  Medications- Butorphenol, Hydrocodone, Codeine,
  • 15. Respiratory Drugs  Bronchodilators- Causes bronchodilation  Four categories of drugs that cause bronchodilation  Anticholinergics- used to treat bronchoconstriction associated with organophosphate or carbamate toxicity.  Glycopyrrolate, atropine  Antihistamines- Blocks effects of histamines used to treat allergic respiratory conditions  Dyphenhydramine, Cetirizine, Hydroxyzine, Loratadine, Cyproheptadine  Beta-2 blockers-Combine with receptors on smooth muscle fibers and relax the muscle  Epinepherine, albuterol, terbutaline  Methylxanthines- Inhibits enzyme in smooth muscle, phosphodiesterase.  Aminophylline, Theophylline
  • 16. Cardiac Drugs  Positive inotropic drugs- Improve the strength of contraction of heart.  Cardiac glycosides- rarely used due to adverse side effects.  Catecholamines- epinepherine used during cardiac resuscitation and can be used in anaphylaxis  Inotrope mixed dilator- Pimobendan/vetmedin  Antiarrhythmic drug  Class IA Depresses myocardial excitability, prolong refractory period, decrease automaticity and increase conduction time  Quinidine and procainamide  Class IB- Stabilizes the myocardial cell membranes. Blocks influx of Na preventing depolarization.  Lidocaine  Class II Blocks Beta 1 receptor, may block beta 2 receptors also  Propranolol, Atenolol  Class III limited use  Class IV Calcium channel blockers depresses contraction  Diltiazam
  • 17. Cardiac Drugs  Vasodilator drugs- Dilate arteries or veins or both. Decreases preload and after load on heart. Used to treat Congestive Heart Failure (CHF).  Hydralazine, Nitroglycerin, Prazosin, Angiotensin- converting enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI).  Diuretics- Commonly used in treating CHF  Furosemide, Spironolactone (Potassium sparing)
  • 18. Corticosteroids  Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone controls electrolyte and water balance.  Produced in zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex.  Glucocorticoids- Cortisol. Produces anti- inflammatory and immunosuppresive effects. Produced in zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex.  Decreased cortisol stimulates hypothalamus to release corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) to anterior pituitary which releases adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) causing release of cortisol from adrenal cortex.
  • 19. Corticosteroids  Major Effects  Anti-inflammatory effects- By blocking phospholipase, blocking prostaglandin production.  Prostaglandin major mediator of immune response.  Immunosuppressive effects- Inhibits antibody formation, decreasing lymphocytes and eosinophils
  • 20. Corticosteroids  Clinical uses  Anti-inflammatory  Allergic reactions  Autoimmune disease  Shock  Addison’s disease  Some types of cancers  Side effects- PU/PD, Polyphagia, thinning of skin, muscle wasting gastric ulcers, delayed healing, Iatrogenic cushing’s.  Injectable products- Dexamethasone, Depo-medrol, Triamcinalone.  Oral products- Prednisone/prednisolone, Temaril-P.
  • 21. Antiemetics/Gastrointestinal drugs  Antiemetics  Metoclopramide/reglan- Acts centrally on CRTZ center blocking dopamine.  Increases gastric emptying and Gastroesophageal sphincter tone.  Ondansteron/zofran and dolasteron/anzemet  Block serotonin receptors on vagal nerve and CRTZ  Used commonly in patients receiving chemotherapy.  Maropitant citrate/cerenia- Blocks binding of substance P to NK-1 receptors and CRTZ.  Parenteral or oral (Motion sickness)
  • 22. Antiemetics/Gastrointestinal drugs  Gastrointestinal medications  H2 antagonist- Cimetidine, ranitidine, Famotidine.  Proton pump inhibitors- Omeprazole  Antacids- Maalox and Mylanta  Gastromucosal protectants – Sucralfate/Carafate  Metronidazole/flagyl- Synthetic antibacterial/antiprotazoal.  Used to treat giardia, trichomonas, IBD, Ulcerative colitis and anaerobic infections.
  • 23. Anticonvulsants  Drugs that prevent or control seizures  Benzodiazapines  Diazepam/valium- Treats seizures in progress 3-4 hours duration. Can be given rectally to get seizure under control.  Midazolam – Treat seizures in progress, administered IV.  Barbiturates  Pentobarbital- Used to control seizures not responding to Diazepam. Administered IV.  Phenobarbital- Prevents and treats seizures. Most commonly used! Administered oral or parenteral. Must regularly check blood levels and CBC, chemistry panel when administering.  Other  Potassium bromide – Can use alone or in combination with phenobarbital.  Adjunctive medications- Clorazepate, Gabapentin, Levetircetam, zonisamide.
  • 24. Insulin  Used to treat Diabetes Mellitus.  Given SC in cases when DKA not present.  DKA cases given as CRI or IM.  Measured in units per milliliters.  U-40 animal approved products (prozinc and vetsulin)  U-100 human approved products  Short acting- Humulin-R, Novolin.  Used in DKA cases IV, IM or SC  Intermediate acting- NPH (Humulin-N), PZI(prozinc).  Used to treat uncomplicated diabetes mellitus, SC only.  Long acting – Glargine(lantus), Detemir(levemir)  Used to treat uncomplicated diabetes mellitus cases, SC.