PSY

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SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE
10
ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT
JOHN W. SANTROCK
4e

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CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Identity
• Families
• Peers
• Culture and adolescent development
• Adolescent problems

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IDENTITY
• Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces
• Vocation/career
• Political views
• Religious beliefs
• Relationship
• Achievement/intellectual
• Sexual
• Cultural/ethnic
• Interests
• Personality
• Physical

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IDENTITY
• Erikson’s stages – Identity versus identity confusion
• Psychosocial moratorium - Gap between childhood security and adult
autonomy
• Relatively free from responsibility, able to try on new identities
• Experimentation with different roles and personalities
• Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new
sense of self

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IDENTITY
• Marcia’s 4 statuses of identity:
• Identity crisis
• Identity diffusion
• Identity foreclosure
• Identity moratorium
• Identity does not remain stable throughout life
• “MAMA” - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement
• Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in
emerging adulthood than in adolescence

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FIGURE 10.1 - MARCIA’S FOUR STATUSES OF
IDENTITY

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IDENTITY
• Ethnic identity: Enduring aspect of the self that includes:
• Sense of membership in an ethnic group
• Attitudes and feelings related to that membership
• Many adolescents develop a bicultural identity
• Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with
majority culture
• May consciously confront their ethnicity for the first time as adolescents
• Positive ethnic identity is related to positive outcomes for
ethnic minority adolescents

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FAMILIES
• Parental monitoring and management
• Managerial roles of parents, supervising adolescents’ choice of:
• Social settings
• Activities
• Friends
• Academic efforts
• Low parental monitoring is associated with negative mental health
outcomes, predicts delinquency and substance use
• When parents engage in positive parenting practices, adolescents are
more likely to disclose information

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FAMILIES
• Autonomy and attachment
• Adolescents’ competing needs for autonomy and control, independence
and connection
• Push for autonomy
• May puzzle and anger many parents
• Ability to attain autonomy is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to
desire for control
• Adolescents gradually acquire ability to make mature decisions on their own
• Boys are granted more autonomy than girls
• Role of attachment
• Securely attached adolescents are less likely to have emotional difficulties
and to engage in problem behaviors

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FAMILIES
• Parent-adolescent conflict
• Increases in early adolescence, does not reach tumultuous proportions
• Remains somewhat stable during the high school years
• Lessens as adolescent reaches 17 to 20 years of age
• Everyday conflicts serve a positive developmental function
• Old model of parent-adolescent relationships:
• Adolescents detach themselves from parents, move into a world of autonomy
apart from parents
• New model:
• Parents as important attachment figures and support systems while
adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world

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FIGURE 10.2 - OLD AND NEW MODELS OF
PARENT-ADOLESCENT RELATIONSHIPS

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PEERS
• Friendships
• Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense
and more intimate
• Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs:
• Need for tenderness (secure attachment)
• Companionship
• Social acceptance
• Intimacy
• Sexual relations
• Positive friendships are related to a host of positive outcomes

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FIGURE 10.3 - DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
IN SELF-DISCLOSING CONVERSATIONS

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PEERS
• Peer pressure
• Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children do
• Cliques and crowds
• Cliques: Small groups averaging 5 or 6 individuals
• Usually same age and sex
• Engage in similar activities
• Crowds: Larger than cliques and less personal
• Membership based on reputation
• May not spend much time together

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PEERS
• Dating and romantic relationships
• Three stages of romantic relationships:
• Ages 11-13: Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations
• Ages 14-16: Exploring romantic relationships
• Ages 17-19: Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
• Variations on three stages include early and late bloomers

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PEERS
• Dating for gay/lesbian youth
• May date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual orientation
or disguise it from others
• Many have same-sex experiences with peers who are “experimenting”
• Sociocultural contexts and dating
• Values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating begins
• Dating and adjustment
• Romantic experiences linked with measures of adolescent adjustment

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CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• Cross-cultural comparisons
• Traditions and changes in adolescence around the globe
• Health
• Gender
• Family
• Peers
• Rites of passage: ceremony that marks an individual’s
transition from one status to another
• Focus on transition to adult status

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CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• Ethnicity
• Immigration
• High rates of immigration contributing to the growth of U.S. ethnic
minorities
• Immigrants experience stressors uncommon to longtime residents
• Language barriers
• Dislocations and separations from support networks
• Dual struggle to preserve identity and acculturate
• Changes in SES status
• Undocumented status

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CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• Adolescent media use has increased dramatically in the past
decade
• Media multitasking
• Mobile media
• Digitally-mediated communication
• Email
• Text/instant messaging
• Social networking sites
• Chat rooms
• Video/photosharing
• Multiplayer online games
• Virtual worlds

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ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS
• Juvenile delinquency
• Adolescent who breaks the law or engages in illegal behavior
• Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females
• Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high
• Causes of delinquency
• Lower class culture
• Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior
• Siblings and delinquent peers

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ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS
• Depression and suicide
• Rates of major depressive disorder range from 15-20% of adolescents
• Factors contributing to depression
• Genes
• Gender differences
• Certain family factors
• Poor peer relationships
• Combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavioral theory effective
in treating adolescent depression

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ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS
• Suicide
• 3rd
leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds in the U.S.
• More adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than actually
commit it
• Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to
succeed
• Suicidal adolescents often have depressive symptoms

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THE INTERRELATION OF PROBLEMS AND
SUCCESSFUL PREVENTION/INTERVENTION
PROGRAMS
• Four problems that affect the most adolescents:
• Drug abuse
• Juvenile delinquency
• Sexual problems
• School-related problems
• Problem behaviors are often interrelated
• Adolescents at highest risk experience multiple problems

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THE INTERRELATION OF PROBLEMS AND
SUCCESSFUL PREVENTION/INTERVENTION
PROGRAMS
• Successful intervention programs include:
• Intensive individualized attention
• Community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches
• Early identification and intervention