1. Principles of
Government
Chapter One

2. Aristotle and the State
 1. Aristotle was one the first political scientists or
student of government.
 2. Many of the terms he used are used still today, such
as politics, democracy, and republic.
 3. The word state come from the Latin word “stare” or
to stand.
 4. The U.S. uses the term state differently than the rest
of the world.

3. Arisotle

4. Nation v. State
Nation
 1. Any sizable group
of people who are
united by:
 Race.
 Language.
 Custom.
 Tradition.
 Religion.
State/Nation-State
 1. All the features of
a NATION, but these
people have a
defined political
boundary line.
 2. Nation-State: A
homogenous
population like
Israel.

5. Four Features of a State
 1. Population.
 2. Territory.
 3. Sovereignty.
 4. Government.

6. Four Major Purposes of
Government
 1. Maintain social
order.
 2. Provide social
services.
 3. Provide national
security.
4. Make national
economic
decisions.
Preamble

7. Formation of Government
Types:
 1. Unitary system. (France)
 2. Federal System. (U.S.A.)
 3. Confederacy. (Articles of Confederation)
 4. Theocracy. (Iran &Pilgrims?)

8. What are Constitutions?
 1. Incomplete guides. (Supreme Court)
 2. Statement of goals. (Preamble)
 3. Framework for government.
 4. Highest law of the land.

9. Constitutional Governments v.
Governments with JUST a
Constitution
Constitutional Countries:
 1. Attempts to abide
by the written word
and spirit of the
constitution.
Government with a
constitution:
 1.Government does
as it pleases, no
matter what that
constitution says.
 2. Most
governments are
this way.

10. Theories of the Origin of the
State
 1. Evolutionary
Theory: Clans
and extended
families.
 2. Force Theory:
Strong armed
dictators.
 3. Divine Right
Theory: Kings and
Queens ruled with
Gods will.
 4. Social Contract
Theory: Modern
countries with a
democratic
government. John
Locke.

11. Governing in a Complex
World
Industrialized/Modern
 1. Wealthy/Market
economy.
 2. High tech.
 3. Developed
infrastructure.
 4.Educated populace.
 5. Healthy foreign trade.
 6. Democracy.
Non-Industrialized/Less
Developed
 1. 95% in poverty.
 2. Low Tech.
 3. Few roads and
communications.
 4. No public Education.
 5. Weak foreign
trade/Single item
economy.
 Dictatorships.

12. North v. South?
 1. Most modern/developed/democratic countries are in
the Northern hemisphere.
 2. Most less developed/dictatorships are in the
Southern hemisphere.
 3. Although less developed countries provide much of
the developed world with raw materials, MOST of the
worlds trade is between the developed world.

13. Non State International
Groups
 1. Al Qaeda.
 2. Palestinian Liberation Army.
 3. Hamas.
 4. Hezbollah. Terrorists

14. Types of Governments.
 1. Autocracy: Rule by one.
 2. Oligarchy: Rule by a few.
 3. Democracy: Rule by the many.
 4. 75% of the world’s countries have a
form of dictatorship.
 Types of Governments.

16. Two Kinds of Democracy:
Direct Democracy
 1. All citizens can
vote on individual
issues.
 2. For example:
California has the
initiative,
referendum, and
recall system.
Indirect/Representative
Democracy
 1. The people
elect a person to
office to vote on
their behalf.
 2. We elect reps
to go to
Sacramento and
Washington D.C.

18. Key Characteristics of
Democracy
1. Individual liberty.
2. Majority rule/Minority rights.
3. Free elections.
4. Competing political parties.
5. Market economy.

19. Good Soil of Democracy?
 1. Active citizens: Interested in society/politics.
 2. Healthy/Free market economy.
 3. Widespread, public education.
 4. Strong civil society: Many voluntary associations.
 5. Social consensus: Ballots NOT bullets to solve
issues.

20. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)

21. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)

22. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)

23. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)

24. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them

25. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills

26. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s

27. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s

28. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s

29. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s

30. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s
French Rev. (FC. 105)

31. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s
French Rev. (FC. 105)
Adam Smith’s economics:
Free trade
Econ’s regulate
themselves
Everyone can
profit
Free trade
People have
incentive to
work hard & be
productive

32. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s
French Rev. (FC. 105)
Adam Smith’s economics:
Free trade
Econ’s regulate
themselves
Everyone can
profit
Free trade
People have
incentive to
work hard & be
productive

33. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s
French Rev. (FC. 105)
Adam Smith’s economics:
Free trade
Econ’s regulate
themselves
Everyone can
profit
Free trade
People have
incentive to
work hard & be
productive

34. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s
French Rev. (FC. 105)
Adam Smith’s economics:
Free trade
Econ’s regulate
themselves
Everyone can
profit
Free trade
People have
incentive to
work hard & be
productive
Search for the ideal society, or at
least ways to remedy society’s ills

35. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s
French Rev. (FC. 105)
Adam Smith’s economics:
Free trade
Econ’s regulate
themselves
Everyone can
profit
Free trade
People have
incentive to
work hard & be
productive
Search for the ideal society, or at
least ways to remedy society’s ills
New ideas in psychology:
Helvetius: We
are born blank
slates We’re
products of our
environment
Bentham’s
Utilitarianism:
Providing ideal
environment
Ideal society

36. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s
French Rev. (FC. 105)
Adam Smith’s economics:
Free trade
Econ’s regulate
themselves
Everyone can
profit
Free trade
People have
incentive to
work hard & be
productive
Search for the ideal society, or at
least ways to remedy society’s ills
New ideas in psychology:
Helvetius: We
are born blank
slates We’re
products of our
environment
Bentham’s
Utilitarianism:
Providing ideal
environment
Ideal society

37. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new wealth, problems,
& the need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s
French Rev. (FC. 105)
Adam Smith’s economics:
Free trade
Econ’s regulate
themselves
Everyone can
profit
Free trade
People have
incentive to
work hard & be
productive
Search for the ideal society, or at
least ways to remedy society’s ills
New ideas in psychology:
Helvetius: We
are born blank
slates We’re
products of our
environment
Bentham’s
Utilitarianism:
Providing ideal
environment
Ideal society

38. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS
French philosophers who are
heavily influenced by John Locke:
View that humanity can &
must reform society since
the Deist god is detached
Montesquieu
who wanted
separation of
powers in
govt.
Rise of towns & money economy in
the High Middle Ages (FC. 64)
Enlightenment &
Deism (FC. 99)
England’s rising
economy (FC. 96C)
Rapidly changing society
with new
wealth, problems, & the
need to solve them
Search for the ideal
soc., or at least ways to
remedy society’s ills
Voltaire who
called for
more civil &
polit. liberties
Rousseau
who wanted
direct small
scale
democr’s
French Rev. (FC. 105)
Adam Smith’s economics:
Free trade
Econ’s regulate
themselves
Everyone can
profit
Free trade
People have
incentive to
work hard & be
productive
Search for the ideal society, or at
least ways to remedy society’s ills
New ideas in psychology:
Helvetius: We
are born blank
slates We’re
products of our
environment
Bentham’s
Utilitarianism:
Providing ideal
environment
Ideal society
Modern theories of behavioral
psychology

40. Extra Credit - The Two
Presidents?
The 22nd and 24th presidents of the U.S. had the SAME
mother AND father, BUT were not birth brothers.
How can this be so?
FIVE percent extra credit!