physiology of diabetes mellitus, the clinical symtoms and commonly used treatments

2. Syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism caused by either lack of
insulin or decreased sensitivity of tissues to
insulin.

3.  A small protein
 Molecular weight of 5808
 Contains 2 amino acid chains linked by
disulfide bonds
 Helps to store excess energy

4.  TYPE I- IDDM (Insulin dependant Diabetes
Mellitus)
Caused by lack of insulin secretion.
 TYPE II- NIDDM (Non Insulin Dependant
Diabetes Mellitus.
Caused by insulin resistance.

6.  May develop abruptly or over a period of few
days
 3 important features of TYPE 1 DM:
1. Blood glucose
2. Utilization of fats for energy & formation
of cholesterol by liver
3. Depletion of body proteins

7. Blood glucose concentration rises to very
high levels
Increased blood glucose causes loss of
glucose in urine
Increased blood glucose leads to
dehydration
Chronic high glucose conc. causes tissue
injury
Increased utilization of fats and
metabolic acidosis
Depletion of body proteins

8.  More common than TYPE I
 Often between ages 50-60, thus called as
adult-onset diabetes
 Most important risk factor:
Increasing prevalence of OBESITY

9.  OBESITY
 INSULIN RESISTANCE
 METABOLIC SYNDROME which includes:
 Accumulation of abdominal fat
 Fasting hyperglycemia
 Lipid abnormalities(eg; blood triglycerides)

11.  POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME- Marked
increase in ovarian androgen production and
insulin resistance
 CUSHING’S SYNDROME(excess formation of
glucocorticoids) OR ACROMEGALY(excess
formation of growth hormone)

13.  URINARY GLUCOSE- glucose gets excreted in
urine unlike in normal conditions where
entire glucose is reabsorbed during tubular
reabsorption.
 FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE AND INSULIN
LEVELS-normal levels:80-90mg/100ml
 ACETONE BREATH
 GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST

14.  Normal fasting person:
1 gm glucose/kg body wt. ingested
Blood glucose rises from 90mg/100ml-
120mg/100ml-140mg/100ml
Falls back to control value in abt 2 hours
 Person with diabetes:
Since blood glucose is already above
110mg/100ml
Blood glucose rises higher on ingestion
Falls back only after 4-6hours but still fails to fall
below control value

15.  SINGLE DOSE OF ONE
OF THE LONGER
ACTING INSULINS
 SOMETIMES
ADDITIONAL
QUANTITIES ARE ALSO
FIVEN IN TIMES WHEN
BLOOD GLUCOSE RISES
TOO HIGH

16.  Dieting and exercises usually recommended
 Drugs may be administered
 EXOGENOUS INSULIN MUST BE USED TO
REGULATE BLOOD GLUCOSE