This document discusses Indonesia's annual forest fires and resulting haze pollution issue in Southeast Asia. It notes that forest fires commonly occur during dry seasons in Indonesian provinces like Sumatra and Kalimantan, causing major transportation, economic, health, and environmental problems domestically and across borders in countries like Singapore and Malaysia. The worst fires on record were in 1997, affecting over 200,000 people in 6 countries with severe health impacts. Drying and burning of carbon-rich peatlands also significantly contributes to global warming by releasing large amounts of greenhouse gases. Key causes of the fires include land clearing by farmers and plantation companies using the cheap slash-and-burn method.

1. 2017
Happy
New
Year
2018

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INDONESIA JAKATAR
INDONESIA!
Maluku Islands
Spice Islands
! World s 4th most
crowded
! Composed of 13,000
islands
! East-famed for spice
trade
! World s largest
islamic country
THE REPLUBLIC OF INDONESIA
2,027,087 KM2

3. •13,677 islands
•Two continental
shelves
•Lots of volcanic
mountains
•50 active volcanos on
Java
•NE and SW monsoons
bring heavy rain
•Western and
northern receive
heaviest rain
INDONESIA

4. http://www.roebuckclasses.com/105/regions/seasiaspac/seasia/seasiaphys/physseasia.htm
Agriculture

5. A Hazy Situation
Transboundary Issue of SoutheastAsia

6. Watch this Clip
• Indonesia haze crisis: Smog from Indonesian forest
fires worsens across Southeast Asia -
TomoNewshttps://youtu.be/TQgcs3CJVyg

7. What is transboundary issue?
Recently used for resource
development and management
planning
Refers to the movement of
physical and biological resources
Or of impacts associated with
these resources across political
boundaries http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/images/practical_guide/transp.jpg

8. Transboundary Pollution
Pollution that originates in one
country but is able to cause
damage in another country’s
environment
Crossing borders through water or
air for hundreds and even
thousands of kilometers
http://pgislandboy.blogspot.com/2009/08/those-hazy-days-cough.html

9. Transboundary Pollution
The incredible distances that
pollution can spread means it is
not contained within the
boundaries of any single nation.
One of the problems with
transboundary pollution is it can
carry pollution away from a heavy
emitter and deposit it onto a nation
whose emissions are relatively low.
http://pgislandboy.blogspot.com/2009/08/those-hazy-days-cough.html

10. What is ‘Haze’?
What do you associate with the
word ‘haze’?
The accumulation of dust,
smoke and other pollutant
particles in the air which leads
to the unclarity of the
atmosphere, lower visibility
level and detrimental effects on
the human body http://nigeldickinson.photoshelter.com/image/I0000yriOjabJ1Oo

11. Watch this Clip
•BBC News
Singapore haze
BBC's David
Shukman explains
(2:32)
•https://youtu.be/
wJpDG5o3r6U

12. News Reading
Read the news provided to
you
Answer the questions and
try to summarize the news
(what happened?, when?
where?, why? what are the
impacts?
Summarize the situation of
forest fire and haze
pollution in Southeast Asia

13. Indonesia’s Forest Fire & Haze
Become an annual problem for
Indonesia,
Always occur in dry season
annually, especially in Sumatra
and Kalimantan
Problems for transportation
sector, economic activities,
health problems
Transboundary issue, i.e.
Singapore and Malaysia

14. The Worst Fire 1997
October - November 1997
Not just Singapore, Malaysia, haze
spread to Thailand, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Northern Australia
Fire burned thousands of square miles
of rainforest, plantation, forest,
scrubland in
Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Iraian
Jaya, Papua New Guinea, Bali,
Lombock, Sarawak (Malaysia) http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/96/23896-004-32D156FE.gif
Uncontrolled forest fires sprang up all over Indonesia in late 1997 and early 1998, especially on the
islands of Sumatra and Borneo. This smoky fire occured in Borneo's East Kalimantan province.

15. Indonesia’s worst fire 1997
Unrecorded height of sulfides, nitrous
oxides, ash, industrial pollution
Air Pollution Index exceeded 800
API of 200-300 = 20 cigarettes in
Kuching, Malaysia and
Set record highs in Singapore and
Kuala Lumpur - Malaysia
http://english.people.com.cn/200508/11/images/0810_C18.jpg

16. Indonesia’s worst fire 1997
Over 200,000 people hospitalized
with heart & respiratory diseases,
severe nosebleeds, eye irritation
Long term health effect on 70 million
people in 6 countries
The smog may lead to an increase in
heart, lung, brain, eye, skin disorders
over the next decade.
http://english.people.com.cn/200508/11/images/0810_C18.jpg

17. How does fire threaten the world?
Watch the video clip
In pair, answer the following questions
Why do people burn the land?
How would deforestation threaten way of life of
Indonesian?
According to Greenpeace, how would the drying and
burning of peatland affect the environment?

18. Watch this Clip
Activists Say Forest
Fires in Indonesia
Threaten the World
http://
www.youtube.com/
watch?
v=WoHRvfqGLnc

19. Answer the questions
Why do people burn the land?
How would deforestation threaten the way of life of an
Indonesian?
According to Greenpeace, how would the drying and
burning of peatland affect the environment?

20. Watch this Clip
Peatlands in
Indonesia, Beyond
the burning Issue
https://youtu.be/
FsNaljGmvCA
Shown only 6:40 mins
Click

21. What is Peatland?
A brown, soil-like material characteristic
of boggy, acid ground, consisting of
partly decomposed vegetable matter
The first stage of transformation of
plant matter into coal.
Organic wetland (Peat) soils are
currently drained for agricultural
Not only destroy the habitat of many
species, but heavily trigger climate
change.
http://cempaka-nature.blogspot.com/2009/03/carbon-emissions-may-cost-ri-dearly.html

22. What is Peatland?
Result of peat drainage, the over-thousand-
year organic carbon, normally under water,
is exposed to the air.
Organic carbon decomposed and turns
into carbon dioxide, released into the
atmosphere
Indonesia - the world’s largest peatland
areas
Increase the release of carbon emissions,
leading to the worsening of Global
Warming.
http://cempaka-nature.blogspot.com/2009/03/carbon-emissions-may-cost-ri-dearly.html

23. What caused fire?
Agricultural sector
Slash and Burn to clear the land
for agriculture
Large plantation companies
and forest plantation
management also use fire to
clear the land
Reduce production cost
http://www.mongabay.com/images/indonesia/kalimantan/kali9753.JPG

24. Who will be involved/affected?
Look at your study guide and
try to answer the questions
with your partner.
Who/How are they involved/
affected?
What is/are their impact(s) on
the situation?

25. Who are involved?
Government Tourist/ Population
Farmers Businessmen

26. Government
How are they involved?
The authoritarian force
that can intervene when
necessary
What is/are their impact(s)
on the situation?
Pass laws and conduct
check
Have authority to
implement policies and
punishments (i.e. fines, jail)

27. Tourist/ Population
How are they involved?
Tourists form tourism
industry and the affected
countries may rely on for
revenue
Population : employers,
employees
What is/are their impact(s)
on the situation?
Tourists: avoid the affected
countries, lost revenue
Population: haze causes
illness, respiratory
difficulties for population

28. Farmers
How are they involved/
affected?
Cause of the fires
What is/are their impact(s)
on the situation?
Due to their burning, haze
is generated
Flora and fauna are also
lost

29. Businessmen
How are they involved/
affected?
Cause of the fire
What is/are their impact(s)
on the situation?
Due to their burning, haze
is generated.
Flora and fauna are also
lost.

30. Environmental Impacts
What happens to the Earth?
What happens to the flora and
fauna?

31. Environmental Impacts
Pollution increase = greenhouse
gases increase
Causes global warming &
climate change
Ecologies & habitat are
destroyed
Flora burnt, fauna loses food
and habitat

32. Health Impacts
How are the people reacting
to the haze?
What are some of their
symptoms?

33. Health Impacts
The weak suffer from illness
related to haze and
respiratory system
Red/sore eyes
Sore throat
Rashes
Respiratory difficulties

34. Economic Impacts
What happens to businessmen?
Overall, how much is lost/
gained?

35. Economic Impacts
Incurred through loss of
visibility or tourism
People avoid going outdoor
Small business suffer
1997 losses for USD 9 billion

36. Tourism Impact
How do tourist feel?
What do they do?
What perception does the
haze give them?

37. Tourism Impact
Discouraged from visiting
the affected countries
Affect tourism and
economy

38. Exercise on Study Guide
Complete the crossword and find
out how they can protect
themselves
Find the word given in the
checklist and then fill in the
blanks

39. References
http://rainforests.mongabay.com/08indo_fires.htm
http://www.cbd.int/programmes/areas/water/toolkit/html/
1.11.2_description_transboundary.html
www.safewater.org
http://www.mongabay.com/images/indonesia/kalimantan/kali9753.JPG
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/20/forest-fires-hit-jambi-n-
sumatra-and-riau.html
http://www.theresilientearth.com/?q=content/draining-swamps-fuel-autos
http://english.people.com.cn/200508/11/images/0810_C18.jpg http://
media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/96/23896-004-32D156FE.gif