People in Motion: The Atlantic World to 1950 -The First Americans -European Civilization -Columbus and the Columbian Exchange -West African Worlds -European Colonization of the Atlantic World

1. 1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
CHAPTER
People in Motion
The Atlantic World to 1590
1
1 Visions of America, A History of the United States

2. 2 Visions of America, A History of the United States

3. People in Motion
I. The First Americans
II. European Civilization in Turmoil
III. Columbus and the Columbian Exchange
IV. West African Worlds
V. European Colonization of the Atlantic
World
THE ATLANTIC WORLD TO 1590
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4. The First Americans
A. Migration, Settlement, and the Rise of
Agriculture
B. The Aztec
C. Mound Builders and Pueblo Dwellers
D. Eastern Woodlands Indian Societies
E. American Societies on the Eve of
European Contact
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5. The First Americans
Paleo-Indians − The name given by
scientists to the first inhabitants of the
Americas, an Ice Age people who survived
largely by hunting big game and to a lesser
extent by collecting edible plants and fishing
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6. Migration, Settlement, and the
Rise of Agriculture
What theories account for the mass
extinction of large mammals in the
Americas?
Why did Paleo-Indians migrate to the
Americas?
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7. Migration, Settlement, and the
Rise of Agriculture
What were the chief advantages of fixed
agriculture, and how did fixed agriculture
contribute to the rise of more complex
civilizations?
What impact did agriculture have on the
evolution of the societies of the Americas?
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8. Migration, Settlement, and the
Rise of Agriculture
Archaic Era − Period beginning
approximately nine thousand years ago
lasting an estimated six thousand years;
marked by more intensive efforts on the part
of ancient societies to shape the
environment to enhance food production
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9. 9 Visions of America, A History of the United States

10. 10 Visions of America, A History of the United States

11. 11 Visions of America, A History of the United States

12. The Aztec
What role did commerce play in Aztec
culture?
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13. The Aztecs
Aztec Empire − Led by the Mexica tribe, the
Aztecs created a powerful empire. Its
capital, Tenochtitlán, was created on an
island in Lake Texcoco in 1325 CE.
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14. Mound Builders and Pueblo Dwellers
What role did trade play in ancient American
societies?
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15. Eastern Woodlands Indian Societies
How did Eastern Woodlands Indian and
Mesoamerican societies differ?
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16. 16 Visions of America, A History of the United States

17. American Societies on the
Eve of European Contact
What were some of the distinctive
characteristics shared by all of the societies
of the Americas?
What were the chief similarities between the
civilizations of Africa and Asia and those of
the Americas? What were the differences?
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18. European Civilization in Turmoil
A. The Allure of the East and the
Challenge of Islam
B. Trade, Commerce, and Urbanization
C. Renaissance and Reformation
D. New Monarchs and the Rise of the
Nation-State
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19. The Allure of the East and the
Challenge of Islam
What trade goods from Asia were most
sought after by Europeans?
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20. The Allure of the East and the
Challenge of Islam
Islam − Monotheistic faith whose teachings
followed the word of the prophet Muhammad
and whose followers controlled most of the
overland trade routes to the Far East
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21. Trade, Commerce, and Urbanization
How did printing affect European society?
What impact did new technology have on
the course of European expansion in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
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22. Trade, Commerce, and Urbanization
Capitalism − An economic system in which
the market economy determines the prices
of goods and services
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23. 23 Visions of America, A History of the United States

24. Competing Visions
EUROPEAN AND HURON VIEWS OF NATURE
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Huron
believed that
animals had
spirits and
should be
respected.
Europeans
believed they
had a God-
given right to
rule over
nature.
What are the possible ecological consequences of
each of these views?

25. Competing Visions
How does this painting
by John White
demonstrate the Huron’s
attitude toward nature?
EUROPEAN AND HURON VIEWS OF NATURE
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26. Competing Visions
How does this painting
of Adam and Eve reflect
European views of
nature?
EUROPEAN AND HURON VIEWS OF NATURE
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27. Renaissance and Reformation
What were the most important ideas
associated with the Renaissance?
What were the essential teachings of
Calvinism?
Why did Calvinists wish to remove all icons
from their churches?
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28. Renaissance and Reformation
Humanists – Emphasized the human
capacity for self-improvement
Reformation – The movement for religious
reform started by Martin Luther
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30. New Monarchs and the
Rise of the Nation-State
How was the English Reformation different
than the Continental Reformation?
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31. New Monarchs and the
Rise of the Nation-State
• Spanish Inquisition – A Spanish tribunal
devoted to finding and punishing heresy
and rooting out Spain’s Jews and Muslims
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32. 32 Visions of America, A History of the United States

33. Columbus Encounters the “Indians”
What was the Columbian Exchange?
What role did disease play in the Columbian
Exchange?
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34. Columbus Encounters the “Indians”
Columbian Exchange – The term used by
modern scholars to describe the biological
encounter between the two sides of the
Atlantic, including the movement of plants,
animals, and diseases
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35. 35 Visions of America, A History of the United States

36. European Technology in the
Era of the Columbian Exchange
What impact did new technology have on
the course of European overseas expansion
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
What technological advances facilitated
European expansionism?
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37. 37 Visions of America, A History of the United States

38. The Conquest of the
Aztec and Inca Empires
What role did disease play in the Spanish
conquest of the Aztecs?
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39. 39 Visions of America, A History of the United States

40. West African Worlds
A. West African Societies, Islam, and
Trade
B. The Portuguese-African Connection
C. African Slavery
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41. West African Societies,
Islam, and Trade
What were the major religious traditions of
Africa?
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42. 42 Visions of America, A History of the United States

43. The Portuguese-African Connection
What arguments were used to justify the
enslavement of the Guanche?
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44. 44 Visions of America, A History of the United States

45. African Slavery
What role did slaves play in African
societies?
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46. Choices and Consequences
• Taking captured opponents as slaves was
traditional African practice
• Portuguese wanted to trade goods for
these slaves
• Oba (King) of Benin faced with choice of
whether to continue this trade
BENIN, PORTUGAL, AND THE INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE
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47. Choices and Consequences
Choices regarding slave trade
BENIN, PORTUGAL, AND THE INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE
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Cut off all trade
with the
Portuguese
Continue to trade
with the
Portuguese,
including the
slave trade
Continue to trade
with the
Portuguese, but
refuse to engage in
slave trade

48. Choices and Consequences
Decision and
Consequences
• Continued to trade
with Portuguese
• Restricted trade in
male slaves
• Allowed Benin to
prosper and maintain
autonomy
BENIN, PORTUGAL, AND THE INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE
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What theories account for Benin’s ability to resist
involvement in the international slave trade?

49. Choices and Consequences
Continuing Controversies
•What does the kingdom of Benin’s
experiences with the slave trade reveal
about the nature of African slavery?
BENIN, PORTUGAL, AND THE INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE
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50. European Colonization of the
Atlantic World
A. The Black Legend and the Creation of
New Spain
B. Fishing and Furs: France’s North
Atlantic Empire
C. English Expansion: Ireland and Virginia
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52. The Black Legend and the
Creation of New Spain
What was the Black Legend?
What does the architecture of the central
plaza of Mexico City tell us about Spain’s
approach to colonization?
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53. The Black Legend and the
Creation of New Spain
How did Spanish city planning and
architecture help reinforce the power of the
state and the church in the Americas?
What types of labor systems were employed
in the Spanish colonies?
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56. Fishing and Furs:
France’s North Atlantic Empire
What were the most important differences
between New France and New Spain?
Compare the impact of Spanish, French,
and English approaches to colonization on
the indigenous populations of the Americas.
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58. English Expansion: Ireland and Virginia
Why did England enter the race for colonies
in the Atlantic world so late?
What lessons did the English learn from
their experiences in Ireland?
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59. English Expansion: Ireland and Virginia
What is the symbolic importance of the
position of Queen Elizabeth’s hand in the
Armada portrait?
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60. English Expansion: Ireland and Virginia
Plantation − An English settlement or
fortified outpost in a foreign land dedicated
to producing agricultural products for exports
•Later the term would become synonymous
with a distinctive slave-based labor system
used in much of the Atlantic world.
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61. English Expansion: Ireland and Virginia
Privateers − Englishmen engaged in a form
of state-sponsored piracy, usually directed
against Spanish treasure fleets returning
from the Americas
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62. 62 Visions of America, A History of the United States

63. Images as History
• Why did de Bry want to appeal to both
Catholics and Protestants?
• What did de Bry leave out of his images to
give them broader appeal?
• How do de Bry’s images differ from John
White’s paintings?
MARKETING THE NEW WORLD:
THEODORE DE BRY’S ENGRAVINGS OF THE AMERICAS
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64. Images as History
The Latin text describes
the idol as “a horrible
effigy made in the form of
a misshapen evil-demon”
A monstrous pagan
sculpture dominates the
image
The natives’ lack of
clothing demonstrates
that they are uncivilized
and primitive
MARKETING THE NEW WORLD:
THEODORE DE BRY’S ENGRAVINGS OF THE AMERICAS
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