Teknik menulis paper untuk menteri, kalimat efektif, dll

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Teknik MENULIS
pidato, paper seminar, press release,
policy brief, dll
Oleh: Syahyuti
Pelatihan penulisan Staf Biro Perencanaan KEMENTAN
Bogor - 24 November 2009

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Alasan mengapa menulis bagus
penting?
• dunia pengetahuan ”ada” karena adanya keterampilan good writing
• Tanpa good writing, there would be anarchy and chaos.
• poor writing can be akin to misinformation.
• bad writing skills can convey either the wrong or an ambiguous
message.
• good writing abilities are necessary in many careers to be
successful.
• Having the ability to write well at work or on a personal level can
give us that much-needed confidence boost.
• First and foremost, being able to write well builds confidence.
• Furthermore, if people believe your writing to be poor, they might not
actually believe what you’ve written.
• can accurately describe situations without letting your bias show
through.
• important in both our personal and professional lives.

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Point pokok untuk mencapai “good writing” :
• TUJUAN. What is your intended goal? Jika anda
memiliki tujuan yang jelas sebelum menulis,
anda akan mencapai first-rate writing.
• Kenali audiens pembaca anda
• Good writing must also be engaging. Tulisan
baik jika dibaca orang. Jika tidak ada yang
membaca ia tidak baik.
• Keep your writing focused. Coba untuk menulis
secara direct dan to the point.

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Tips for Writing Well :
• Develop your vocabulary. Caranya adalah banyak membaca dan
menulis. ‘Practice makes perfect'.
• Make sure you listen to these critiques.
• Enjoying research
• Make sure that you write in a logical and organized fashion.
• Follow the rules of grammar and punctuation
• Try not to use long-winded sentences. Jangan bingungkan
pembaca.
• Focus your writing and get to the point.
• Don’t try to impress with long sentences and big words.
• Make sure your titles or headings accurately describe the content of
your writing.
• Writing well is about getting the facts right. Jika anda tidak mampu
menangkap fakta dengan baik, anda tidak bisa menulis bagus.
• Try to get the words right first and foremost. Do not place a word in
text just because it sounds good and you think it will impress
readers.

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Steps to Achieve Good Writing:
• make sure you know what you are writing for.
• organize an outline of your written piece.
• start writing.
• The first phase of writing involves writing
everything down. Don’t worry about spelling or
punctuation at this stage.
• Read it back, this is fine.
• The final stage is editing.
• It is a skill, like any other, that can come with
practice and effort.

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How to Improve Your Vocabulary and
Build Confidence?
• The more you read, the richer your vocabulary will become.
• Just knowing the definition of a word does not indicate you
understand it. You must also understand it in context.
• Knowing what a word means is connected to the background that
the word is used within.
• Words that are used in speaking or writing often require a greater
understanding than those used in listening and reading
• Examining similarities and differences in word meanings
• Learning new words frequently
• Keeping a written record of words, their meanings, and usage that
you have learnt.
• Look at word associations (antonyms, synonyms, roots, and signal
connections to other words
• Examine words that sound the same but are spelt differently and
have different meanings (homophones)
• Active learning.
• Contextual understandings (putting words into different sentences
and creating stories where the word is the main focus).

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Pemilihan kata-kata:
• Kata-kata yang dipakai menentukan nilai sebuah tulisan.
• Sebuah pikiran yang berharga, menjadi tidak berarti
karena kata-kata yang untuk menjelaskannya kurang
tepat.
• Meskipun kata-kata tersusun dalam kalimat, namun
kata-kata juga mempunyai tenaga.
• Kata-kata bisa ditampilkan secara sederhana, dalam arti
bahasa keseharian.
• Makna yang dikandung harus jelas, tidak membigungkan
pembaca.

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Powerful Words:
• Ada kata-kata yang “kuat” ada yang tidak. Jika digunakan dalam
kalimat, ia akan menghasilkan makna yang ”berbeda”
• Ia memberi energi komunikasi
• Ganti verb phrases dengan single verbs. ( ‘give instructions to’ ganti
dengan ‘instruct’)
• Powerful words lebih spesifik. Contoh: ‘I was glad’ ganti dengan ‘I
jumped with excitement’.
• Gunakan thesaurus atau KBBI
• Powerful words not only make your writing stand out, but they also
make you stand out.
• Will make sure what you say, or what you write,
• Will make you stand out from the crowd.
• Can be used and are extremely helpful in a variety of business
environments.
• Impressive when used in a social setting.
• Changing your words, make sure to impress.

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Penggunaan alinea :
• Dalam satu alinea hanya ada satu pikiran
utama.
• Pikiran utama tersebut tercermin di dalam
kalimat utama, kalimat-kalimat lain
hanyalah penjelas atau pengembangan.
• Posisi kalimat utama dapat diawal, tengah
atau di akhir alinea.

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Syarat-syarat garis besar yang baik:
a. Tiap unit garis besar harus mengandung hanya satu
ide. Apabila dua ide dibiarkan dalam satu unit maka
hubungan strukturnya tidak akan tampak jelas. Bila
kedua ide tersebut berada dalam situasi yang setara,
maka masing-masingnya harus ditempatkan pada urutan
simbol yang sama derajatnya. Namun apabila berbeda
maka ide-ide tersebut haruslah ditempatkan dalam
simbol yang berbeda derajatnya.
b. Persoalan-persolan atau fakta-fakta yang dicatat
dibawah judul utama haruslah merupakan bawahan
langsung dan tidak boleh sama pentingnya dengan judul
utamanya.

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Untuk menulis paper ilmiah perlu
menjawab 4 hal berikut:
1. What is the problem? Your answer is the
Introduction.
2. How did you study the problem? Your
answer is the Materials and Methods.
3. What did you find? Your answer is the
Results.
4. What do these findings mean? Your
answer is the Discussion.

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Experimental process Section of Paper
What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract
What is the problem? Introduction
How did I solve the problem? Materials and Methods
What did I find out? Results
What does it mean? Discussion
Who helped me out? Acknowledgments (optional)
Whose work did I refer to? Literature Cited
Extra Information Appendices (optional)
Materi paper ilmiah:

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Checklist for Writing
Scientific Papers:
Sebelum mulai menulis:
• Make an Outline to construct the basic structure of the
paper.
• Decide who you are writing for & aim at that level.
• Form a "thesis statement" - a short (1-3 sentence)
statement of what you want the reader to understand as
the most important point in your paper. This statement
may end up appearing in the abstract or introduction.

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Tahap menulis:
1. write a draft.
2. Revise it a couple of times.
3. get input from other readers.
4. Revise again.
5. Write the Body first. You can't write the
Conclusion before you write the Body.
6. Easier to write the Introduction once you know
what you're introducing.
7. Write the abstract and title last

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Bagian-bagian TULISAN :

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Title :
• Bagin ini sangat penting dari keseluruhan paper, dan
menentukan keefektifan paper
• Abstracting and Indexing services will also utilize the
title. Karena itu, pemilihan kata mesti sangat hati-hati
• What is a good title? Mampu menerangkan isi paper
• How long? Beberapa jurnal membatasi 10 sampai 12
kata.
• employ effective syntax (word order) and avoid waste
words such as "Investigations on" and "Observations
on".
• never contain abbreviations (singkatan) and jargon

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Types of title :
1. Job title. Hanya menunjukkan isi namun tidak hasilnya. Contoh:
The effectiveness of bed nets in controlling mosquitoes at different
seasons of the year.
2. Informative titles. Mengindikasikan hasil yang dicapai dan
kesimpulan riset. Contoh: Bed nets control mosquitoes most
effectively when used in the rainy season.
3. Question-type titles. Contoh: When are bed nets most effective
when used to control mosquitoes?
4. Main-subtitle (series) type. Menunjukkan seri kesekian dari paper
serupa. Contoh: The effect of bed nets on mosquitoes: 1.Their
effectiveness when used only in the rainy season.
5. Hanging titles. Karena ia paper dari riset pertama yang belum ada
hasil yang memuaskan. Contoh: The effect of bed nets on
mosquitoes: Their effectiveness when used only in the rainy
season.

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How to write titles:
Ensure that the title:
• Describes the contents of the paper.
• Is accurate, concise and specific.
• Has as many key words as possible and is modelled on the
style adopted by the publication for which you are writing.
• Is as easy to understand as possible.
The title should not:
• Contain a full stop, unless it is an informative title
• Contain unnecessary words such as "Some notes on....…….
"An investigation into..……..
• Contain abbreviations, formulas and acronyms
• Promise more than is in the paper
• Be too general

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Introduction:
• tujuannya memberikan informasi background yang cukup kepada pembaca
sehingga dapat mengerti dan mengevaluasi konsep dari riset yang
disampaikan paper, menyampaikan rasionalitas riset, mengenalkan the
most outstanding conclusions dari tujuan riset
• provide the context for your paper.
• to catch your reader's attention.
• make your topic sound so interesting
• describe clearly and succinctly the topic of your paper.
• must be specific and focused
• must give your reader a clear idea of precisely what your paper is about.
• must focus your reader's attention inward towards the detailed discussion
that will comprise the body of your document.
• will be short; perhaps a page in length.
• It is not labelled with a separate heading,
• It is not a review of the field, it merely establishes a common point of
departure for readers with different levels of expertise.
• It should provide some justification for the paper (why the issue is
important), and it should present the objective of the paper.

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Background to the topic (past verb tense)
-What is known or believed about the topic
-What is still unknown or problematic
-Findings of relevant studies (past verb tense)
-Importance of the topic
Statement of the research question
-Several ways can be used to signal the research
question , e.g.,
-“To determine whether ………”
-“The purpose of this study was to …….”
-This study tested the hypothesis that ……”
-“This study was undertaken to ……”
Approach taken to answer the question (past verb
tense)
Isi pendahuluan:

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Result:
• Ini adalah "core" dari keseluruhan paper.
• Tujuannya adalah memaparkan data hasil riset
• Masalah serius adalah memutuskan mana data yang penting
ditampilkan dan mana yang repetitif sehingga tak berguna
• Penggunaan data statistik mestilah yang meaningful dan
responsibly.
• Should be short and sweet.
• Results of original studies represent new knowledge and therefore
the skeleton (rangka) of the paper.
• The entire success of the paper is dependent upon the results
• Must be presented with crystal clarity.
• Gunakan tabel dan gambar secara selektif
• Hindari : "It is clearly seen in Table 1 that". Bukan tugas pembaca
untuk menganalisis data
• Must be organized logically, not chronologically. Your paper is not a
diary. Its job it to explain your findings,

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Discussion:
• Ini adalah bagian yang lebih sulit dibandingkan bagian lain, juga lebih sulit
menuliskannya
• Seringkali paper ditolak karena lemahnya bagian ini
• kesalahan yang sering muncul adalah bagian diskusi yang terlalu panjang
• Seringkali not knowing what to say about the results, hides behind a
protective cloud of ink.
• Harus menunjukkan bagaimana relasi antar seluruh fakta yang ditemukan
dari riset
• Harus berusaha untuk menjelaskan prinsip-prinsip, relasi, dan generaliasi.
• It should discuss, notreformulate the results.
• Point out any exceptions or lack of correlation and define any unsettled
points.
• Show how your results and interpretations agree or disagree with previously
published works.
• Discuss any theoretical implications or practical applications of the results.
• Reaffirm the major conclusions or findings as clearly as possible.
• Summarize the evidence of the study for each conclusion.

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Isi bagian Discussion:
• Answers to the question(s) posed in the introduction together with
any accompanying support, explanation and defence of the answers
with reference to published literature.
• Explanations of any results that do not support the answers.
• Indication of the originality/uniqueness of the work
Explanations of:
• How the findings concur (setuju) with those of others
• Any discrepancies (pertentangan) of the results with those of others
• Unexpected findings
• The limitations of the study which may affect the study validity or
generalisability of the study findings.
• Indication of the importance of the work e.g. clinical significance
• Recommendations for further research

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Informal vs Formal Writing:
• Istilah “paper review” kurang dikenal dalam khasanah berbahasa Inggris,
namun “informal writing” sangat banyak.
• Contoh tulisan informal:
You know that book I wrote? Well, the publishing company rejected it. They
thought it was awful. But hey, I did the best I could, and I think it was great.
I’m not gonna redo it the way they said I should.
• Contoh tulisan formal:
This is to inform you that your book has been rejected by our publishing
company as it was not up to the required standard. In case you would like
us to reconsider it, we would suggest that you go over it and make some
necessary changes.
• Keduanya adalah BENAR, hanya beda style.

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Informal Formal
Use colloquial words, expressions (kids, guy,
awesome, a lot, etc.)
Avoid colloquial words/ (children, man/boy, wonderful,
many)
May use contractions (can’t, won’t, shouldn’t,
etc.).
Avoid contractions (full words – cannot, will not, should
not, etc.).
Write in third person (except in business letters
where first person may be used).
May use first, second, or third person.
May use clichés (loads of, conspicuous by
absence, etc.)
Avoid clichés (use many, was absent, etc.)
May address readers using second person
pronouns (you, your, etc)
Avoid addressing readers using second person pronouns
(one, one’s, the reader, the reader’s, etc.)
May use abbreviated words (photo, TV, etc) Avoid using abbreviated words (full versions – like
photograph, television, etc.)
May use imperative voice (e.g. Remember….) Avoid imperative voice (use Please refer to.….)
May use active voice (We have notice that…..) Use passive voice (e.g. It has been noticed that….)
May use short and simple sentences. Longer and more complex sentences are preferred (short
simple sentences reflects poorly on the writer)
Difficulty of subject may be acknowledged and
empathy shown to the reader.
State your points confidently and offer your argument firm
support.

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formal and informal writing:
Formal features Informal features
Vocabulary items
Latin based words
Uncommon words
Anglo Saxon words (phrasal verbs)
Common words
Punctuation (tanda baca)
Full words
Abbreviations
Contractions
Grammar
Passive constructions
Noun phrases
Complext sentences
Active constructions
Verb phrases
Simple sentences

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Conclusion:
• move your reader's focus outward from the
detailed discussion in the body of your paper.
• bring the paper to closure.
• Don’t end a paper without a conclusion.
• conclusion is what your readers will remember.
If you just stop, your readers will remember
nothing.
• redefine the objective of the study and show how
you satisfied these goals
• It should strengthen the relationship between the
ideas you have built in the body of the paper.

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Three purposes of References:
• Memberi kredit pada paper anda. Karena itu,
beri referensi pada tiap insight, paraphrase,
result, derivation, idea, atau direct quotation
yang anda ambil dari satu sumber. Jika keliru,
anda dicap plagiarism (one of the most heinous
crimes in science).
• Provides your reader with carefully selected
background references. Memmungkinkan
pembaca menelusuri dan paham perkerjaan
anda
• Contributes to the context of your paper,
situating it in the field in which you're working.

32. Membuat kalimat EFEKTIF
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Kalimat efektif =
kalimat yang dapat mengungkapkan pikiran atau
gagasan yang disampaikan dengan baik sehingga
dapat dipahami dan dimengerti oleh
pembaca/pendengar dengan EFISIEN dan TEPAT.

33. Ciri kalimat efektif:
1. EFISIEN dalam kesepadanan.
Tomi pergi ke kampus, kemudian Tomi pergi ke
perpustakaan (tidak efektif)
Tomi pergi ke kampus, kemudian ke perpustakaan (efektif)
2. CERMAT memilih kata
Nilai komoditas seperti itu tidak membuat tertarik petani
mengembangkannya. (tidak efektif).
Harga komoditas yang rendah kurang menggairahkan
petani (efektif).
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34. 3. HEMAT
a. Menghilangkan pengulangan subjek:
Karena harga gabah petani tidak menarik, petani kurang berminat
menanam padi (tidak efektif)
Karena harga yang tidak menarik, petani agak malas menanam padi
(efektif)
b. Menghindarkan pemakaian superordinat pada hiponimi kata:
baju (berwarna) merah
c. Menghindarkan kesinoniman dalam satu kalimat: naik (ke atas)
d. Tidak menjamakkan kata yang sudah jamak:
semua (jeruk)-jeruk di keranjang itu
34

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Wordy Phrase Concise Phrase
at the conclusion of after
based on the fact that because
in view of the fact that because
despite the fact that although
in the event that if
at this point in time now
until such time as until
on a daily basis daily
it is often the case that often
have a capability to can
during the course of during
take into consideration consider
of the opinion that think that
make reference to refer to
in the final analysis finally

36. 4. KELOGISAN
Untuk mempersingkat waktu, kami teruskan acara ini. (tidak efektif)
Untuk menghemat waktu, kami teruskan acara ini. (efektif)
5. KESATUAN/KEPADUAN
Makalah ini membahas tentang teknologi fiber optik. (tidak efektif)
Makalah ini membahas teknologi fiber optik. (efektif)
6. KESEJAJARAN
Kakak menolong anak itu dengan dipapahnya ke pinggir jalan. (tidak
efektif)
Kakak menolong anak itu dengan memapahnya ke pinggir jalan.
(efektif)
Anak itu ditolong kakak dengan dipapahnya ke pinggir jalan. (efektif)
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37. 7. KETEGASAN
Harapan kami adalah agar soal ini dapat
kita bicarakan lagi pada kesempatan lain
(tidak).
Pada kesempatan lain, kami berharap kita
dapat membicarakan lagi soal ini. (efektif)
Presiden mengharapkan agar rakyat
membangun bangsa dan negara ini dengan
kemampuan yang ada pada dirinya.
Harapan presiden ialah agar rakyat
membangun bangsa dan negaranya.
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Sumber Bacaan:
• Gary Dillard. The Scientific Paper.
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol398/paper/papertext.html
• Michael A. Morrison. Tips on Scientific Writing. Version 4.3: January
21, 2004.
http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~morrison/Teaching/WritingTips.pdf
• Checklist for Writing Scientific Papers.
• http://physics.gac.edu/~huber/misc/wricheck.htm
• How to Write a Scientific Article. http://www.aaps-
journal.org/submission%20pdf/How%20to%20Write%20a
%20Scientific%20Paper.pdf
• Introduction to Journal-Style Scientific Writing
• http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWg
eneral.html
• http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~fox/paper_writing.html
******
email: syahyuti@yahoo.com

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Terima Kasih,
(syahyuti@gmail.com)
Terima Kasih,
(syahyuti@gmail.com)