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 The entire article was an interesting piece, proving and
  explaining the process and transportation of marble from
  Proconnesos to Claros.
 “At some point in the Late Hellenistic period, an ancient
  marble carrier sank off the western coast of Asia Minor
  near the promontory called Kizilburun. The ship had set
  out from Proconnesos Island laden with a freshly quarried
  cargo of architectural parts intended for the Temple of
  Apollo at Claros, but the vessel sank before reaching its
  destination.”
 “The discovery provides a unique snapshot of quarrying
  processes, long-distance transport by sea, and monumental
  construction in marble in Late Hellenistic Asia Minor.”
                                       (Carlson, 145)
 “It is conceivable that a builder from
  Claros made the trip to Proconnesos
  with specifications for the peristyle
  and perhaps even accompanied the
  shipment of marble back to the
  temple.” (Carlson, 156-157)
 The marble quarries at Proconnesos
  produced widely famous exported
  white marbles and has been known as
  a source since at least the Sixth
  Century B.C.E.
 Marble from Proconnesian also
  ranked least expensive.
 The marble was not prefabricated and
  cut into large blocks, but rather
  custom ordered to each costumer’s
  wishes.
                    (Carlson, 154)
 “Isotopic and metrological data indicate Proconnesos as
  the source of the marble…found in the Kizilburun
  shipwreck.” (Carlson, 145)
 Five samples were sent out to get petrographically,
  isotopically, and spectroscopically analyzed and confirmed
  that Proconnesos is the very place the marble was probably
  quarried from.
 Another feature is the distinct blue-gray lines that is often
  associated with Proconnesian marble, but this banding is
  also found on other marbles of western Asia Minor.
 Kizilburun was not the first time Proconnesian marble was
  found with in a wreck, but it is now the earliest known
  wreck to date.
                                    (Carlson 146, 155)
 “Kizilburun is exposed to strong
  winds and treacherous sea
  conditions that may well have
  been responsible for the
  numerous shipwrecks in the
  area.” (Carlson, 145)
 The total weight of the cargo that
  the small cargo ship was carrying
  was at least 50 tons.
 It was one of many small ships to
  transport the entire cargo, what
  was found in the wreck is only a
  fraction of the entire cargo
  shipment.             (Carlson 145, 156, 157)
 Every since the 1980s The Institute of Nautical Archaeology
  (INA) at Texas A&M University has been carrying out
  underwater surveys of shipwrecks off the Turkish Coast.
 In 1993, five ancient shipwrecks were discovered, by a team
  led by Cemal Pulak, at Kizilburun.
 Only one of the wrecks was a Late Hellenistic stone carrier,
  but this is the one ship that gives the greatest insight into
  how the entire marble cargo operation was carried out in
  the Late Hellenistic period.
 In 2005, a team lead by Donny Hamilton and Deborah
  Carlson began excavation on the unknown stone carrier.
                                     (Carlson, 145)
 There was a huge amount of cargo uncovered and
 discovered on the shipwreck. Cargo including:
   Eight unfinished drums and a Doric Capital
   Two large basins with separate pedestal bases
   Two large table like slabs
   Four rectangular blocks that may have been set aside as pillar
    or steps
   Nearly a dozen grave stellae.
   Pottery include a wide range of typical shapes in many fabrics
        Lagynoi, kylikes, fish plates, cooking pans, echinus bowls,
         moldmade bowls, and lamps.
   Transport Amphoras, dozens from the Adriatic, East Greece,
      the Black Sea, and Egypt.
                                           (Carlson, 145)
Slab of marble from the wreck, with
the blue gray banding.
 The Drums and Capital found on the wreck are the biggest and
    most influential part of the proof that links the shipwreck and the
    route between Proconnesos and the Temple of Apollo at Claros.
   The Drums each weigh around 6 to 7 tons.
   The Drums each have neat little bevels carved around the edges of
    each drum. Their average height would have been around 0.90 m ,
    which means the total shaft of the drums combined would be
    around 7.8 m tall.
   Drum 4 also has four handling bosses around its base, which would
    make sense for this drum to be the bottom of the Doric shaft.
   The other seven drums exhibit characteristics, such as the
    diminution characteristics, that are clearly Doric.
   The wreck obviously contained the lowest and highest drums for
    the column, which goes with the theory that these drums belonged
    in the middle of the shaft of the column and were shipped
    separately from the rest of the column.
                                       (Carlson 148, 150)
 Although the drums were unfinished the capital is ruled out
    to be Doric.
   The capital includes the echinus and abacus and with the
    echinus being about the same match to the abacus in width
    clearly supports the argument that the capital Doric.
   The echinus of the capital also has a steep slate which
    suggested it was created no earlier than postclassical.
   The capital, height wise, would have been about 0.7 m,
    unfinished.
   Together with the drums, the height of the column would
    have been about 7.8m, which is well below the other
    postclassical examples, unless the column itself of shipped
    separately. This seems to be the running theory.
   “The deficiency in the height of the Kizilburun column makes
    sense if other drums were shipped separately.” (Carlson, 150)
                                    (Carlson 148, 150)
Photos of the drums from the wreck, and the
capital dimensions.
Archaeology project, sydney quarm
 To fully examine the drums and cargo of the ship, everything
  inside the wreck had to be removed from the archaeological site.
 The team used thee Lift-All Tuflex lifting lings rigged in a triple
  choker hitch assembly which was then assembled to four 4,000
  pound Subsalve lift ballons, to lift, relocate the drums and other
  cargo of the ship about 25 m away onto the seabed.
 Then the team used a single lifting sling and balloon to flip each
  drum and exposed any surfaces that were clear and free of
  marine crustation.
 After the relocation, each drum was applied with high-contract
  mapping putty, to form a accurate 3-dimensional scale of the
  drums, physically and technologically.
                                (Carlson 146-147)
^^ Drum 3 flipped on
the seafloor using
balloon and sling.
^^ Wire-frame image of Drum 3 with finished 3-D digital model
vv Drum 3 after removal showing reference points on mapping putty.
 “The form of the architectural elements and the date of the wreck
  suggest they were destined for a site were a monumental Doric
  building in white marble was under construction in the late second
  or early first century B.C.E. The location of the wreck at Kizilburun is
  also key, as is the presumed direction of travel away from the
  quarries at Proconnesos. This rules out Thrace, and the northern
  Aegean but allows for anywhere south of the
  shipwreck...Metrological analysis of the quarry-finished
  architectural parts helps narrow the field of potential buildings
  because of the large size of the drums and capitals rules out a
  portico, propylon, or theater facade—these pieces had been quarried
  for nothing smaller than a temple.” (Carlson, 147)
 Another requirement is active construction in white marble during
  the first century B.C.E.
 A finished lower-column diameter of about 1.73m is another
  requirement, which leaves only one destination that fits all criteria.
    The Temple of Apollo at Claros.
                                           (Carlson 151)
Archaeology project, sydney quarm
 “Construction of the Temple of Apollo at
    Claros began no later than the third
    century B.C.E.” (Carlson, 151)
   Hadrian was named the dedicator due to
    the inscription on the architrave
    meaning construction cannot date
    before December 135 C.E.
   Therefore construction was ongoing
    when the cargo ship sank around
    Kizilburun.
   The original plan called for a 6-column x
    11-column peristyle, but no more than 14
    columns were erected. 6x4 was the final
    dimensions.
   The columns also included around 11 or
    12 drums for a total height around
    10.425m or 11.315m
   Both reconstructions are consistent with
    other postclassical examples.
                          (Carlson, 151)
Archaeology project, sydney quarm
 The finished peristyle drums at Claros are consistent in height, around
    0.805-0.945 m, which including the date of the wreck and the dimensions
    of the drums found at Kizilburun make Claros a strong candidate as the
    destination of the small cargo ship.
   The peristyles also contain the same blue-gray banding as the Kizilburun
    cargo and identifies it as Proconnesian marble.
   A partially finished drum was founded at Claros with the dimensions of
    0.82m high and 1.88m wide where masons began to carve Doric flutes into
    one end.
   The flutes match other flutes carved around the temple.
   “The partially finished drum represents an important intermediate stage of
    processing between the roughly finished, unfluted drums found at
    Kizilburun and the finished, fully fluted drums at Claros.” (Carlson, 153)
   There are also lewis holes on the drums at Claros, except for the bottom
    drums, which were used to lift and place the drums one on top of the other.
   The lewis holes and the handling bosses on the bottom drums imply that
    there was detailed communication about the drum specifications from
    Claros to Proconnesos.
                                                   (Carlson 151-153)
vv Unfinished drums from Kizilburun
                                    compared with finished drums at Claros. Inner
                                    black lines are the finished drums dimensions.




^^ Partially finished drum at the
Temple of Apollo at Claros.
Archaeology project, sydney quarm
 “The Kizilburun shipwreck provides new evidence for the
    maritime transport of marble between the quarry and the
    construction site.” (Carlson 156)
   The cargo was also separated because Kizilburun was just in its
    beginning stages of quarrying and shipping, and therefore not as
    experienced.
   The match in size and shape of the capital and drums intended
    for Claros support the theory that there was close contact
    between masons at Proconnesos and builders at Claros.
   This is the first time that a shipwreck has provided evidence for
    both the destination of the ship and the origin of travel.
   The wreck also suggests that Claros received columns in small
    shipments, no more than one at a time.
   This wreck also marks the first time a construction phase of a
    monument or temple had been dated by shipwreck.
                                        (Carlson 156, 157)
 This article was well cited and stated.
 It was easy to follow, and understand.
 Every piece of evidence was used completely and fully to come up
    with the destination and origin of the route of the cargo.
   There is very little room for criticism. The entire article was well
    stated and proof was infallible at best.
   Each theory was provided with more than enough evidence to be
    proven.
   The only thing I can really think to comment on is why would a
    temple choose Proconnesos as the origin. I would think a temple
    would pick a pricey quarry, especially since this seems to be one
    of the first quarry purchases at Proconnesos, which means it was
    relatively new and probably not advertised well.
   Also, the article mentioned other places with the blue-gray
    banding marked on the marble, throughout Asia Minor. They
    should have looked into those other quarries also. There wasn’t
    much evidence against those quarries.
 Carlson, Deborah N., and William Aylward. "The
  Kizilburun Shipwreck and the Temple of Apollo at
  Claros." American Journal of Archaeology (2010): 145-
  59. Web.
 All pictures, and information came from the article as
  cited above.

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Archaeology project, sydney quarm

  • 2.  The entire article was an interesting piece, proving and explaining the process and transportation of marble from Proconnesos to Claros.  “At some point in the Late Hellenistic period, an ancient marble carrier sank off the western coast of Asia Minor near the promontory called Kizilburun. The ship had set out from Proconnesos Island laden with a freshly quarried cargo of architectural parts intended for the Temple of Apollo at Claros, but the vessel sank before reaching its destination.”  “The discovery provides a unique snapshot of quarrying processes, long-distance transport by sea, and monumental construction in marble in Late Hellenistic Asia Minor.” (Carlson, 145)
  • 3.  “It is conceivable that a builder from Claros made the trip to Proconnesos with specifications for the peristyle and perhaps even accompanied the shipment of marble back to the temple.” (Carlson, 156-157)  The marble quarries at Proconnesos produced widely famous exported white marbles and has been known as a source since at least the Sixth Century B.C.E.  Marble from Proconnesian also ranked least expensive.  The marble was not prefabricated and cut into large blocks, but rather custom ordered to each costumer’s wishes. (Carlson, 154)
  • 4.  “Isotopic and metrological data indicate Proconnesos as the source of the marble…found in the Kizilburun shipwreck.” (Carlson, 145)  Five samples were sent out to get petrographically, isotopically, and spectroscopically analyzed and confirmed that Proconnesos is the very place the marble was probably quarried from.  Another feature is the distinct blue-gray lines that is often associated with Proconnesian marble, but this banding is also found on other marbles of western Asia Minor.  Kizilburun was not the first time Proconnesian marble was found with in a wreck, but it is now the earliest known wreck to date. (Carlson 146, 155)
  • 5.  “Kizilburun is exposed to strong winds and treacherous sea conditions that may well have been responsible for the numerous shipwrecks in the area.” (Carlson, 145)  The total weight of the cargo that the small cargo ship was carrying was at least 50 tons.  It was one of many small ships to transport the entire cargo, what was found in the wreck is only a fraction of the entire cargo shipment. (Carlson 145, 156, 157)
  • 6.  Every since the 1980s The Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) at Texas A&M University has been carrying out underwater surveys of shipwrecks off the Turkish Coast.  In 1993, five ancient shipwrecks were discovered, by a team led by Cemal Pulak, at Kizilburun.  Only one of the wrecks was a Late Hellenistic stone carrier, but this is the one ship that gives the greatest insight into how the entire marble cargo operation was carried out in the Late Hellenistic period.  In 2005, a team lead by Donny Hamilton and Deborah Carlson began excavation on the unknown stone carrier. (Carlson, 145)
  • 7.  There was a huge amount of cargo uncovered and discovered on the shipwreck. Cargo including:  Eight unfinished drums and a Doric Capital  Two large basins with separate pedestal bases  Two large table like slabs  Four rectangular blocks that may have been set aside as pillar or steps  Nearly a dozen grave stellae.  Pottery include a wide range of typical shapes in many fabrics  Lagynoi, kylikes, fish plates, cooking pans, echinus bowls, moldmade bowls, and lamps.  Transport Amphoras, dozens from the Adriatic, East Greece, the Black Sea, and Egypt. (Carlson, 145)
  • 8. Slab of marble from the wreck, with the blue gray banding.
  • 9.  The Drums and Capital found on the wreck are the biggest and most influential part of the proof that links the shipwreck and the route between Proconnesos and the Temple of Apollo at Claros.  The Drums each weigh around 6 to 7 tons.  The Drums each have neat little bevels carved around the edges of each drum. Their average height would have been around 0.90 m , which means the total shaft of the drums combined would be around 7.8 m tall.  Drum 4 also has four handling bosses around its base, which would make sense for this drum to be the bottom of the Doric shaft.  The other seven drums exhibit characteristics, such as the diminution characteristics, that are clearly Doric.  The wreck obviously contained the lowest and highest drums for the column, which goes with the theory that these drums belonged in the middle of the shaft of the column and were shipped separately from the rest of the column. (Carlson 148, 150)
  • 10.  Although the drums were unfinished the capital is ruled out to be Doric.  The capital includes the echinus and abacus and with the echinus being about the same match to the abacus in width clearly supports the argument that the capital Doric.  The echinus of the capital also has a steep slate which suggested it was created no earlier than postclassical.  The capital, height wise, would have been about 0.7 m, unfinished.  Together with the drums, the height of the column would have been about 7.8m, which is well below the other postclassical examples, unless the column itself of shipped separately. This seems to be the running theory.  “The deficiency in the height of the Kizilburun column makes sense if other drums were shipped separately.” (Carlson, 150) (Carlson 148, 150)
  • 11. Photos of the drums from the wreck, and the capital dimensions.
  • 13.  To fully examine the drums and cargo of the ship, everything inside the wreck had to be removed from the archaeological site.  The team used thee Lift-All Tuflex lifting lings rigged in a triple choker hitch assembly which was then assembled to four 4,000 pound Subsalve lift ballons, to lift, relocate the drums and other cargo of the ship about 25 m away onto the seabed.  Then the team used a single lifting sling and balloon to flip each drum and exposed any surfaces that were clear and free of marine crustation.  After the relocation, each drum was applied with high-contract mapping putty, to form a accurate 3-dimensional scale of the drums, physically and technologically. (Carlson 146-147)
  • 14. ^^ Drum 3 flipped on the seafloor using balloon and sling.
  • 15. ^^ Wire-frame image of Drum 3 with finished 3-D digital model vv Drum 3 after removal showing reference points on mapping putty.
  • 16.  “The form of the architectural elements and the date of the wreck suggest they were destined for a site were a monumental Doric building in white marble was under construction in the late second or early first century B.C.E. The location of the wreck at Kizilburun is also key, as is the presumed direction of travel away from the quarries at Proconnesos. This rules out Thrace, and the northern Aegean but allows for anywhere south of the shipwreck...Metrological analysis of the quarry-finished architectural parts helps narrow the field of potential buildings because of the large size of the drums and capitals rules out a portico, propylon, or theater facade—these pieces had been quarried for nothing smaller than a temple.” (Carlson, 147)  Another requirement is active construction in white marble during the first century B.C.E.  A finished lower-column diameter of about 1.73m is another requirement, which leaves only one destination that fits all criteria.  The Temple of Apollo at Claros. (Carlson 151)
  • 18.  “Construction of the Temple of Apollo at Claros began no later than the third century B.C.E.” (Carlson, 151)  Hadrian was named the dedicator due to the inscription on the architrave meaning construction cannot date before December 135 C.E.  Therefore construction was ongoing when the cargo ship sank around Kizilburun.  The original plan called for a 6-column x 11-column peristyle, but no more than 14 columns were erected. 6x4 was the final dimensions.  The columns also included around 11 or 12 drums for a total height around 10.425m or 11.315m  Both reconstructions are consistent with other postclassical examples. (Carlson, 151)
  • 20.  The finished peristyle drums at Claros are consistent in height, around 0.805-0.945 m, which including the date of the wreck and the dimensions of the drums found at Kizilburun make Claros a strong candidate as the destination of the small cargo ship.  The peristyles also contain the same blue-gray banding as the Kizilburun cargo and identifies it as Proconnesian marble.  A partially finished drum was founded at Claros with the dimensions of 0.82m high and 1.88m wide where masons began to carve Doric flutes into one end.  The flutes match other flutes carved around the temple.  “The partially finished drum represents an important intermediate stage of processing between the roughly finished, unfluted drums found at Kizilburun and the finished, fully fluted drums at Claros.” (Carlson, 153)  There are also lewis holes on the drums at Claros, except for the bottom drums, which were used to lift and place the drums one on top of the other.  The lewis holes and the handling bosses on the bottom drums imply that there was detailed communication about the drum specifications from Claros to Proconnesos. (Carlson 151-153)
  • 21. vv Unfinished drums from Kizilburun compared with finished drums at Claros. Inner black lines are the finished drums dimensions. ^^ Partially finished drum at the Temple of Apollo at Claros.
  • 23.  “The Kizilburun shipwreck provides new evidence for the maritime transport of marble between the quarry and the construction site.” (Carlson 156)  The cargo was also separated because Kizilburun was just in its beginning stages of quarrying and shipping, and therefore not as experienced.  The match in size and shape of the capital and drums intended for Claros support the theory that there was close contact between masons at Proconnesos and builders at Claros.  This is the first time that a shipwreck has provided evidence for both the destination of the ship and the origin of travel.  The wreck also suggests that Claros received columns in small shipments, no more than one at a time.  This wreck also marks the first time a construction phase of a monument or temple had been dated by shipwreck. (Carlson 156, 157)
  • 24.  This article was well cited and stated.  It was easy to follow, and understand.  Every piece of evidence was used completely and fully to come up with the destination and origin of the route of the cargo.  There is very little room for criticism. The entire article was well stated and proof was infallible at best.  Each theory was provided with more than enough evidence to be proven.  The only thing I can really think to comment on is why would a temple choose Proconnesos as the origin. I would think a temple would pick a pricey quarry, especially since this seems to be one of the first quarry purchases at Proconnesos, which means it was relatively new and probably not advertised well.  Also, the article mentioned other places with the blue-gray banding marked on the marble, throughout Asia Minor. They should have looked into those other quarries also. There wasn’t much evidence against those quarries.
  • 25.  Carlson, Deborah N., and William Aylward. "The Kizilburun Shipwreck and the Temple of Apollo at Claros." American Journal of Archaeology (2010): 145- 59. Web.  All pictures, and information came from the article as cited above.