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The Nature of Knowledge,[object Object],Knowledge as justified true belief,[object Object]
The definition of knowledge,[object Object],Knowledge as justified true belief ,[object Object],3 elements,[object Object],1. Truth,[object Object],2. Belief,[object Object],3. Justified,[object Object]
Truth,[object Object],The most obvious thing that distinguishes knowledge from belief is truth,[object Object],If you know something, then what you claim to know must be true,[object Object],If you believe it, then it may be true or false,[object Object],This is why you cannot know that pigs have wings, or that Rome is the capital of France,[object Object],Truth is independent of what anyone happens to believe is true, and believing something to be true doesn’t make it true,[object Object],When we say something is true we usually mean it is ‘beyond reasonable doubt’,[object Object]
Belief,[object Object],Truth is an objective requirement for knowledge,[object Object],Belief is the subjective requirement for it,[object Object],Knowledge and belief can be thought of in terms of a continuum with unjustified beliefs at one end of the continuum,  beliefs for which there is some evidence in the middle, and beliefs which are ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ at the other end,[object Object]
Belief – knowledge continuum,[object Object],-10		-5		0		+5		+10,[object Object],Impossible	Unlikely		Possible		Probable		Certain,[object Object],						BELIEF		KNOWLEDGE	,[object Object]
3 examples of various kinds of belief,[object Object],A vague belief – I may vaguely believe that eating tomatoes helps to reduce the risk of heart disease, but have no idea where I came across this idea and readily abandon it in the light of counter-evidence,[object Object],A well supported belief – I may believe that Smith killed Jones, and be able to give evidence for my belief, but still be unwilling to say that I know that this is the case,[object Object],A belief that is beyond is reasonable doubt – I may find the evidence which supports the claim that the Americans landed on the moon in 1969 so convincing and the counter-evidence of conspiracy theorists so flimsy that I am willing to say that I know the Americans landed on the moon,[object Object]
And the point is?,[object Object],The important thing is to try to develop as reasonable and well-supported a set of beliefs as possible,[object Object],Where on the belief knowledge continuum would you put the following propositions,[object Object],P26 lagemaat - Read out and students to place a post it arrow on continuum - Discuss,[object Object]
Justification,[object Object],In order to be able to say that you know something you must be able to justify your belief,[object Object],We usually justify our knowledge claims by appealing to one of the 4 ways of knowing,[object Object],1. Someone told me (language),[object Object],2. I saw it (perception),[object Object],3. I worked it out (reason),[object Object],4. Its intuitively obvious (emotion),[object Object],However there is a difference between reliable justification and unreliable justification,[object Object],Consider the following – Chewbacca defence,[object Object]
Levels of Knowledge,[object Object],There is more we can say about knowledge than simply that it is justified true belief.,[object Object],For a start there are different levels of knowledge. You may have a basic grasp, a good understanding or a complete mastery over a subject.,[object Object]
Knowledge and information,[object Object],Drilling random facts into someone’s mind may be good for quiz shows but it does not lead to genuine understanding,[object Object],Genuine knowledge of a subject is gained from an understanding of how different strands of information come together to form a meaningful whole,[object Object],Using an analogy – Information is to knowledge as bricks are to a building. While you cannot have a building without bricks, a building is more than just a heap of bricks. In the same way – You cannot have knowledge without information but knowledge is more than just a heap of information,[object Object]
Second-hand knowledge,[object Object],Isaac Newton (1642-1727) once remarked ‘If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants’ – Discuss,[object Object],Our ability to communicate with each other means we are able to pass on our beliefs and practices from one generation to the next  in the form of culture,[object Object],Second-hand knowledge is known as knowledge by authority and is acquired through  ,[object Object],cultural tradition,[object Object],School,[object Object],Internet,[object Object],Expert opinion,[object Object],News media,[object Object]
Cultural Tradition,[object Object],The culture we grow up in has a strong influence on the way we see the world,[object Object],We have a natural attachment to our own beliefs and practices,[object Object],Letters from an Indian Judge to an English Gentlewoman – carry out activities,[object Object]
School,[object Object],Schools [play a key role in the transmission of knowledge,[object Object],14,000 hours of school gives you not only mastery of subject areas but provides lessons for life,[object Object],Education v Indoctrination,[object Object],What is the difference between education and indoctrination – what problems arise as a result?,[object Object],Discuss the following youtube clip ,[object Object],http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_znfn0GJe0&feature=PlayList&p=A2ED994E3CA7F3EA&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=10,[object Object]
Internet,[object Object],The internet provides information in a fast and accessible way,[object Object],However…,[object Object],Be careful of ‘urban legends’ ,[object Object]
Read and discuss Brecht’s Galileo,[object Object],P42-44,[object Object],Theory of knowledge ,[object Object],Richard van de Lagemaat,[object Object]
Conclusion,[object Object],Knowledge is defined as justified true belief,[object Object],The difference between knowledge  and belief is one of degree rather than kind,[object Object],Knowledge consists of more than just jumbled isolated facts,[object Object],Its various parts are related to one another in a systematic way – think of the way a text book is organised,[object Object],Detail and context provides a deeper understanding of an area of knowledge,[object Object],Knowledge comes to us second-hand on the authority of other people,[object Object],Despite obvious benefits we need to be use our judgement in determining what or who to believe,[object Object]
Belief,[object Object],Where does belief end and knowledge begin?,[object Object],Truth,[object Object],Can we ever be certain of the truth?,[object Object],Information,[object Object],What is the difference between knowledge and information?,[object Object],Linking Questions,[object Object],The Nature of Knowledge,[object Object],Context,[object Object],Does knowledge depend on context?,[object Object],Authority,[object Object],To what extent should we accept knowledge by authority?,[object Object],Justification,[object Object],What distinguishes a good justification from a bad one?,[object Object]

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