An Ontology Design Pattern to Define Explanations
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Presentation held @Knowledge Capture (K-CAP) 2015 in Palisades, NY Presenting how explanations have been defined in Cognitive Science and abstracting an ontological model from it
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An Ontology Design Pattern to Define Explanations
- 1. An Ontology Design Pattern to Define Explanations Ilaria Tiddi, Mathieu d’Aquin, Enrico Motta Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, UK @IlaTiddi
- 2. General problem We need of a formal definition for an explanation Explanations? • many systems are based on them (data analysis) • vague definition • process, components, interactions are undefined
- 3. Motivation: Dedalo Why? Patterns (observable regularities in data) need to be explained by an expert to be fully understood Transformed Data Patterns Pre- processing Data Mining Interpreting Automatically explaining patterns of data
- 4. Motivation: Dedalo ✚ people look for Daniel Radcliffe at specific times Why is Daniel Radcliffe popular only at specific times? live demo: http://linkedu.eu/dedalo/demo
- 5. Motivation: Dedalo ✚ people look for Daniel Radcliffe at specific times ✚ because a new Harry Potter movie is out Without knowing who Daniel Radcliffe is, the explanation makes no sense live demo: http://linkedu.eu/dedalo/demo
- 6. Motivation: Dedalo ✚ people look for Daniel Radcliffe at specific times ✚ because a new Harry Potter movie is out ✪ and because Daniel Radcliffe plays in Harry Potter Without knowing who Daniel Radcliffe is, the explanation makes no sense unless some context is given too live demo: http://linkedu.eu/dedalo/demo
- 7. Challenge Dedalo needs a formal definition of an explanation • what components ? • which interactions? to differentiate it from a mere correlation Challenge: how to figure out this definition
- 8. Approach Philosophy Neuroscience Linguistics Anthropology Psychology Artificial Intelligence How were “explanations” defined in Cognitive Science[1]? H. Gardner (1985). The mind’s new science: A history of the cognitive revolution.
- 9. Contributions/1 Philosophy Neuroscience Linguistics Sociology Psychology Computer Science Surveying “explanations” in Cognitive Science Structure : ✚ ✚ ✪ “When ✚ happens, then, due to a given set of circumstances ✪, ✚ will occur too because of a given law ”[2] E. Maaløe (2007). Modes of Explanation: From Rules to Emergence.
- 10. Contributions/2 Philosophy Neuroscience Linguistics Sociology Psychology Computer Science Representing the structure as an ontology design pattern It can be reused, extended and integrated
- 11. Explanation in Philosophy Philosophy – asking questions and checking answers Putting in a relation ✚ an event ✪ some initial conditions ✚ with an output phenomenon according to a set of (empirical or metaphysical) laws Planets are near ✚; what is near does not twinkle ; therefore, planets do not twinkle ✚ (context ✪: planets) [Aristotles]
- 12. Explanation in Psychology Psychology – understanding the human cognitive processes Producing ✪ behavioural changes ✚ to a termination condition ✚ from set of mechanically interactive entities according to the human capacities According to psychological theories , Borderline Personality disorder ✚ can be explained by a childhood trauma ✚ (context ✪: a person’s behaviour)
- 13. Explanation in Neuroscience Neuroscience – understanding the human brain Describing a relationship between ✚ an input (cause) variable ✚ an output (effect) variable ✪ which stable under some interventions without any law nor sufficient conditions Neuroimaging has proven that humans can do math calculations ✚ because some neurons actively respond to quantities ✚ (context ✪: human capacities)
- 14. Explanation in Computer Science Computer science – performing human operations with machines Generating ✚ some new knowledge ✚ from some starting facts and some prior knowledge ✪ under constraints of certain criteria Enrico, Ilaria and Mathieu submit their paper to KCAP but only Mathieu is accepted and goes ✚, therefore, to go to KCAP ✚, one has to have both submitted and accepted a paper (context ✪: conference submissions)
- 15. Explanation in Sociology Sociology – linking human processes and the sociocultural world Deriving ✚ social regularities ✚ from some social behaviours based on some human experience ✪ in a social world Living on your own in Italy is hard: the job opportunities are low** ✚, so Italians live with their parents until later ages ✚ (context ✪: Italy’s social world) **also, nobody cooks like mom
- 16. Explanation in Linguistics Linguistics – explaining the nature of the human language Deriving ✚ grammar regularities ✚ from a set of facts ✪ which are linguistic-specific based on some wellformedness constraints “*the my book” is not allowed in English ✚ because English does not allow double determiners and “the” and “my” are both determiners ✚ (context ✪: English)
- 17. Survey Conclusion Disciplines change The structure and interactions remain the same ✚ ✚ ✪ This structure of an explanation can be represented as an ontology design pattern
- 18. part:Event The Explanation ODP ✚ ✚ When ✚ happens, then, due to a given set of circumstances ✪, ✚ will occur too because of a given law dul:Theory sit:Situation ✪ Explanation posterior anterior setting condition basedOn dul:Agent conceptualisedBy subPropertyChain: anterior o setting, posterior o setting condition some sit:Situation anterior some part:Event and posterior some part:Event subclassOf subclassOf
- 19. Language Universal GrammarLinguistic Fact Language The Explanation ODP - Examples Representing models in Linguistics with E-ODP ✚ ✪ ✚ Explanation in Linguistics posterioranterior setting setting condition basedOn
- 20. Law PhenomenonPhenomenon Condition The Explanation ODP - Examples Representing models in Philosophy with E-ODP ✚ ✪ ✚ Explanation in Philosophy posterioranterior setting setting condition basedOn MetaphysicalLaw EmpiricalLaw subclassOf subclassOf
- 21. PriorKnowledge NewKnowledgeObservation Constraint The Explanation ODP - Examples Representing models in Computer Science with E-ODP ✚ ✪ ✚ Explanation in ComputerScience posterioranterior setting setting condition basedOn
- 22. Application on Dedalo Given a data pattern ✚ DedaloExpl Data Patternposterior when people search for Daniel Radcliffe posterior DedaloExpl ✚
- 23. Application on Dedalo Given a data pattern ✚ Find some candidate anterior events ✚ in Linked Data DedaloExpl Data Patternposterior when people search for Daniel Radcliffe posterioranterior Explanans anterior DedaloExpl Harry Potter movie** The World Cup** ✚✚
- 24. Application on Dedalo Given the two events ✚ and ✚ DedaloExpl Data Patternposterior when people search for Daniel Radcliffe posterioranterior Explanans anterior DedaloExpl Harry Potter movie** The World Cup** ✚✚
- 25. Application on Dedalo Given the two events ✚ and ✚ Find in Linked Data the context ✪ in which ✚ and ✚ occur DedaloExpl Data Patternposterior when people search for Daniel Radcliffe posterioranterior Explanans anterior DedaloExp Daniel Radciffe is the actor playing Harry Potter context context situation Context context context situation Harry Potter movie The World Cup ✪ ✚✚
- 26. Conclusions and Future Work Identifying what is an explanation Surveying how cognitive sciences have defined it Formally modeling it (with instances and examples) DedaloExpl Data Pattern Explanans Context Theory Next? • automatically finding the theory (not that easy) • refining the pattern • finding other applications • assessing the strength of two candidate contexts
- 27. Many thanks! Do you need (more) explanations? ilaria.tiddi@open.ac.uk live demo: http://linkedu.eu/dedalo/demo @IlaTiddi
Editor's Notes
- even tho
- but if we explain it using linked data background knowledge the explanation process is faster
- ...in our case we had popular searches over the Web... we were interested at knowing why something becomes more popular at a given time it can be interesting especially when this happens regularly ✚★✚✪
- ...in our case we had popular searches over the Web... we were interested at knowing why something becomes more popular at a given time it can be interesting especially when this happens regularly ✚★✚✪
- ...in our case we had popular searches over the Web... we were interested at knowing why something becomes more popular at a given time it can be interesting especially when this happens regularly ✚★✚✪
- thisi is hwo we came out with if we want to talk about a process that automatically produces explanations
- We looked for disciplines that try to understand the human mind this is the cognitive hexagon as presented in 1971 connections
- Find each discipline’s view of explanations Abstract a model from it Represent it as a reusable ontology design pattern
- odp.... building blocks
- Explaining is (across time) comparing facts against general principles (Ancient Greeks) finding causality (Determinism) everything stems from experience (Empiricism) modern models for explanation (Carl Hempel)
- Explaining is (across time) comparing facts against general principles (Ancient Greeks) finding causality (Determinism) everything stems from experience (Empiricism) modern models for explanation (Carl Hempel)
- upper level explanations with macroscopic causes (e.g., environmental) lower level explanations with fine-grained causes (e.g. neural, genetic)
- Abduction - inference of the case from a rule and a result Induction - inference of a rule from a case and its result observations tentative hypotheses empirical pro goesToESWC(X) <- submitted(X)^paperAccepted(X,‘ESWC’)
- Explaining is finding how is the language acquisition possible finding language regularities but some are innate (Chomsky/Generativism) external elements are needed too (Greenberg/Functionalism
- interaction : some facts, something that governs, something that constraint ODP: Small ontologies exploited as building blocks in ontology design allow reuse, extension and integration we use existing ODPs to create ours
- The main class is inilised in each disclipline : it is “the process of providing an explanation” one Event (class from the participation ODP) is the explanans, the antecedent event the other one is the postertior /explanadum “that what is explained” the condition relating the event is expressed by the situation class from the situation ODP the owl axiom shows what we can infer: the context of an Explanation is shared by the two events (they have setting in it) Theory class from DolceUlL is the law governing the explanation Agent
- Plato Explanation InitialFact PosteriorFact Circumstance Form
- Plato Explanation InitialFact PosteriorFact Circumstance Form
- Plato Explanation InitialFact PosteriorFact Circumstance Form
- Dedalo is a CS instance of the odp
- Other examples Dedalo is a process of induction (generalisation)
- Other examples Dedalo is a process of induction (generalisation)
- Other examples Dedalo is a process of induction (generalisation)
- theory can be in different domains at the moment the theory is left to the humans