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Running Head: THE DODD-FRANK ACT
1

The Dodd-Frank Act
Teresa J. Rothaar
Wilmington University
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The Dodd-Frank Act
Overview

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, commonly referred
to as “Dodd-Frank,” was signed into law in 2010. It is named after its co-sponsors, Senator
Christopher J. Dodd (D-CT) and U.S. Representative Barney Frank (D-MA). The law’s genesis
was the Great Recession; Dodd-Frank’s purpose is to place major regulations on the financial
industry so that another Lehman Brothers-like collapse and subsequent economic crisis could be
averted. Additionally, the law contains provisions meant to protect consumers from abusive
lending practices, such as the subprime mortgage products that were ubiquitous during the
housing bubble (Koba, 2011).
Containing 848 pages and 16 Titles, with effective dates ranging from July 2010 through
July 2015, Dodd-Frank is the largest financial regulation law Congress has ever enacted.
Implementation of its various provisions will require approximately 243 separate rules and about
90 studies (Whitney, 2011). As of early 2012, approximately 48% of Dodd-Frank provisions
that require rulemaking were not finished, and uncertainty abounds regarding what the law will
actually end up doing, and whether it will achieve its original goals. Because Dodd-Frank is
voluminous and complex, and because so much of it has not yet gone into effect, we are arguably
less certain about the consequences of Dodd-Frank than we are about Obamacare—and it may be
even more difficult to convince Americans to back Dodd-Frank (Khimm, 2012). The following
pages will explore the potential impact of Dodd-Frank on the economy, credit, consumers and
industry.
Dodd-Frank’s Impact on the Economy
The Great Recession was triggered by the bursting of the housing bubble of the early to
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mid-aughties. Housing and mortgage markets began struggling in early 2007, the mortgage
market went into full meltdown mode in August of that year, and the entire financial system
nearly collapsed when Lehman Brothers fell in September 2008 (Whitney). Proponents of
Dodd-Frank argue that if its provisions—in particular those related to “too big to fail” (TBTF)—
had been in place at that time, the recession could have been avoided, or at least its impact
softened. Opponents fall into two categories: those who feel that Dodd-Frank is an overreaction
to the recession that imposes unnecessary burdens on financial institutions, and those who feel
that it does not go far enough to rein in what they see as an out-of-control risk-taking culture on
Wall Street (CNBC, 2012).
Two major provisions of Dodd-Frank which will impact the economy are the “too big to
fail” (TBTF) provisions and the Volcker Rule. In an effort to prevent another major financial
institution from collapsing and pulling the entire economy down with it, Dodd-Frank enshrined
the concept of TBTF into law. The law created the Financial Stability Oversight Council
(FSOC) to act as a watchdog for the financial industry, on the lookout for problems that could
damage the entire economy. The FSOC has the power to declare a bank TBTF; if a bank is
found to be TBTF, it can be required to increase its reserves, give more detailed reports to the
government, and possibly even be forced to break up in Ma Bell-like fashion (CNBC, 2012).
Additionally, all banks will be required to have a “doomsday plan” that outlines an organized
shutdown process should the bank go under, so that its customers will not be left holding empty
bags (Weise, 2012).
Critics of TBTF, such as Grover (2012) claim that Dodd-Frank creates an atmosphere of
“incestuous corporatism” which actually benefits the largest banks, both by crushing their
smaller competitors under the weight of increased government regulations and by creating a
THE DODD-FRANK ACT

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moral hazard situation where TBTF banks know that even if they gamble like drunken sailors
and lose, the government will be there to bail them out. Grover argues for free-market solutions
that would allow banks to compete—and succeed or fail—with minimal to no government
involvement. Similarly, The Financial Services Roundtable (FSR), in a report dated June 2012,
also expressed concerns over the impact of regulations on financial institutions, claiming that too
much regulation will discourage innovation and stifle economic growth.
However, Christopher Dodd, the law’s co-sponsor, argues in his October 2011 editorial
that the mere fact that Wall Street is reacting negatively to Dodd-Frank means that the increased
regulation will be a positive thing for the economy. Dodd claims that the law will “modernize
and strengthen” financial regulations in such a way that small community banks can better
compete against TBTF institutions, and that the lion’s share of Dodd-Frank regulations will
apply only to “a few dozen of the largest [banks], each holding more than $50 billion in assets,”
not to tiny local banks and credit unions.
The Volcker Rule is meant to prevent banks from, in effect, using their depositors’
money to gamble in hedge funds, private equity funds or proprietary trading operations for the
bank’s own profit; the idea is that banks are supposed to serve the best interests of their
customers, not themselves. However, determining which funds are generating profits for the
banks and which are generating them for bank customers can be quite complicated. Dodd-Frank
acknowledged this fact and gave banks two years to sort out their finances before Volcker came
into effect; the original deadline was in summer 2012 (CNBC, 2012). However, not only has
this deadline come and gone without Volcker being implemented, no final rules have been
written in order to implement it—and it may not be implemented until 2014. As a result, some
large institutions, such as Goldman Sachs, have simply ignored Volcker, figuring that by the
THE DODD-FRANK ACT

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time it is finally implemented, it will include so many exemptions, extensions and loopholes that
the banks it was supposed to rein in will simply figure out how to get around them and continue
business as usual (Primack, 2013).
Dodd-Frank’s Impact on Credit
Like the possible impacts on the economy discussed in the previous section, DoddFrank’s impact on credit is largely unknown; it is dependent on how onerous lending institutions
perceive its final regulations to be, and how much compliance with them will cost. FSR (2012)
argues that the uncertainty surrounding Dodd-Frank is already causing lenders to restrict credit
availability and raise the price of borrowing.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) was created by Dodd-Frank and is
supposed to protect consumers from abusive and deceptive lending practices, not just by banks
and mortgage brokers but alternative lending outlets such as payday loan companies and “Buy
Here Pay Here” car lots. The CFPB also has authority over credit reporting agencies and debt
collectors (CNBC, 2012). However, there are numerous exemptions to CFPB oversight,
including auto dealers that neither finance their own transactions nor sell their paper (in other
words, are not “Buy Here Pay Here”), providers of non-financial goods and services (the
“Macy’s Exception”), real estate brokers and sellers of modular and manufactured homes who
are not involved in financing their transactions, charities, and insurance companies (Whitney,
2011).
Being as Dodd-Frank was born out of the bursting of the housing bubble, many of the
CFPB’s major duties have to do with the mortgage market. Mortgage lenders are now required
to verify applicants’ employment, income and credit history, eliminating the no-doc and low-doc
“liar loans” made in droves during the height of the bubble. They are prohibited from enticing
THE DODD-FRANK ACT

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appraisers to inflate a property’s value and cannot discourage mortgage applicants to shop
around for better deals. Additionally, the definition of who is a “mortgage originator” has been
expanded, and limits have been placed on how they can earn their compensation, most notably
the banning of yield-spread premiums and “dual-source compensation,” where the originator
earns money from both the borrower and the lender (Whitney, 2011).
While consumer advocates hail the reforms as a way to protect borrowers from becoming
overwhelmed by debts they can never afford to pay back (Whitney, 2011), opponents argue that
these restrictions will drive up the cost of lending and restrict credit availability (FSR, 2012).
New Mexico-based loan officer S. Dougherty (personal communication, February 14, 2013), is
especially concerned about the provisions banning no-doc and low-doc loans. While Dougherty
admits that these loans certainly were abused during the housing bubble, he maintains that they
have a valid place in the credit market: they have been utilized for decades by self-employed
applicants who have difficulty verifying their income using traditional methods. Dodd-Frank’s
“protections” against abusive lending were written with W-2 employees in mind, not business
owners and 1099 contractors who do not get pay stubs and whose income can fluctuate wildly
throughout the year.
Still, not all lenders share Dougherty’s concerns. The Board Chair of one credit union in
New York testified before Congress that not only has her credit union not experienced any
negative effects from Dodd-Frank, but that its business is booming, profits are up, and there are
no plans to increase fees to comply with Dodd-Frank provisions (Anderson, 2012).
Dodd-Frank’s Impact on Consumers
As discussed in the previous section, Dodd-Frank implements many measures aimed at
protecting consumers from abusive lending practices, especially in the mortgage industry;
THE DODD-FRANK ACT

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arguably the most immediate impact of Dodd-Frank on consumers is the disappearance of nodoc and low-doc mortgage loans, now banned under the law. However, this means that far fewer
people now qualify for home financing, which has slowed the real estate market (FSR, 2012).
Additionally, Dodd-Frank contains foreclosure reforms aimed at keeping more distressed
homeowners out of foreclosure. It amends the Home Affordable Modification Act (HAMP),
adding a website where homeowners can determine if they qualify for a HAMP modification of
their loan, and mandating the “public release of certain data.” Additionally, Dodd-Frank created
a special bridge loan program for unemployed homeowners and authorized $35 million for legal
services to defend against foreclosures and evictions (Whitney, 2011).
The CFPB also has power to regulate alternative—and controversial—lending outlets
such as payday loan companies, car title loan companies, and “Buy Here Pay Here” car lots, long
a target of consumer advocates who allege that these lenders take advantage of the poor and
desperate. However, the CFPB’s oversight of these “nonbank” lenders did not commence until
January 2012, and due to the sheer number of nonbank lenders in existence (tens of thousands),
little progress has been made (Zeisel, 2013). Zeisel goes on to argue that, realistically, it will be
impossible for the CFPB to devote as much time and as many resources to overseeing nonbank
lenders as it does to banks, simply because there are just too many of them; it could therefore
take quite some time before consumers see any real reforms in these areas.
The Durbin Amendment to Dodd-Frank is something that consumers have only recently
been feeling the full effect of. The amendment was meant to limit “swipe fees” charged to
merchants by credit-card processing companies; ostensibly the savings would be passed onto the
consumer in the form of lower prices. In reality, the opposite has happened. As of January 27,
2013, merchants are allowed to charge consumers paying via credit cards an additional
THE DODD-FRANK ACT

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“checkout fee” to offset their swipe fees (Goessl, 2013). I personally witnessed this at my local
hairdresser’s on February 15; the shop is now charging an additional 4% fee for any transactions
completed by credit card. In addition to costing consumers more at the cash register, many
Durbin opponents are concerned that the bank fee caps contained within Durbin will spell the
end of free checking and a widespread annual fees for credit cards, as banks attempt to make up
the difference (FSR, 2012).
Dodd-Frank’s Impact on Industry
While Dodd-Frank will most significantly impact the financial industry, its regulatory
requirements apply to all public companies (Ernst & Young, 2012). Many of these new
regulations have to do with increasing corporate transparency.
The new Federal Insurance Office (FIO) was created in order to identify insurance
companies that pose a risk to the entire financial system, such as AIG. In addition to being a
watchdog over the insurance industry, the FIO is tasked with making certain that “affordable
insurance” is available to minorities (CNBC, 2012).
All public companies will be required to make public the compensation of their
executives as compared to that of their employees (Weise, 2012). Further, investors can now
vote directly on company pay practices and say-on-pay (SOP) vote frequency at most
companies; companies will then be required to discuss, in their Compensation Discussion and
Analysis, if and how the SOP advisory vote results impacted their compensation decisions and
policies (Ernst & Young, 2012). In another move to encourage transparency, the Treasury
Department is instituting a corporate ID system in which each company would have its own
number, and all subsidiaries and offshoots would be listed (Weise, 2012).
The SEC Whistleblower Program, which became effective in 2011, provides for awards
THE DODD-FRANK ACT

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of up to 30% of recoveries from SEC enforcement actions resulting in sanctions exceeding $1
million. Whistleblowers can go directly to the SEC to report wrongdoing, and are not required to
notify their company (Ernst & Young, 2012).
Provisions regarding “conflict minerals”—minerals mined in areas where there is armed
conflict and/or human rights violations—are of special concern for the electronics industry,
where supply chains are complex and suppliers are limited. One study reported that only about
11.3% of electronics manufacturers are prepared to comply with the new rules (Matthews, 2012).
In its report, Ernst & Young (2012) states that the SEC Whistleblower Program and the
conflict minerals regulations will require companies to review and revise their internal
procedures and policies regarding fraud reporting and supply chain logistics. Additionally, the
report goes on to say, Dodd-Frank’s disclosure rules, in particular SOP votes, has created a new
atmosphere of transparency, and encouraged public companies to open up dialogue with their
stakeholders; some public companies have already begun beefing up their proxy statement
disclosures and communicating more with their investors.
Just as with other provisions of Dodd-Frank, there are exceptions to these rules. Under
the JOBS Act of 2012, organizations classified as “emerging growth companies” (EGC) will be
exempt from SOP requirements and certain other regulations for up to five years from going
public (Ernst & Young, 2012), providing they continue to meet the definition of an EGC.
When the Great Recession hit, credit rating agencies fell under fire for allegedly giving
overly optimistic ratings to questionable derivatives and mortgage-backed securities, leading
investors to believe the investments were more stable than they actually were (CNBC, 2012).
Under Dodd-Frank, rating agencies will be made to make their ratings and results available to the
public online (Weise, 2012), and the SEC will have the power to de-certify any agency it feels
THE DODD-FRANK ACT

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provides “misleading” ratings (CNBC, 2012).
Derivatives trading is now subject to numerous regulations and reporting requirements,
including regulation by the SEC or Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), and the
establishment of an exchange where derivatives can be traded publicly (eliminating “backroom
deals”). However, the law did not specify how the exchange was to be set up, and some
derivatives—certain energy companies, banks, and hedge funds—are exempted from the law
(CNBC, 2012).
Conclusion
Dodd-Frank is a massive, complicated piece of legislation that is arguably more complex
and leaves more uncertainty in its wake than Obamacare. This is compounded by the fact that
while most Americans understand healthcare and health insurance on at least a basic level, they
do not understand the high-level finance concepts, such as hedge funds, SOP voting and
derivatives, that Dodd-Frank deals with.
Additionally, Dodd-Frank is, in effect, an incomplete law that is heavy on rules but
contains almost no actual rule-making or implementation processes. Exactly how all of its goals
were to be achieved was shoved down the line, which is why so much of the law has yet to be
implemented. Ernst & Young (2012) states in its report that “the pace of Dodd-Frank
implementation is unlikely to quicken and deadlines will continue to be missed.” Although the
reelection of President Obama at the end of 2012 ensured that Dodd-Frank would not be repealed
outright, the law remains controversial. The finance industry continues to resist it at every turn.
Consumers do not understand the law and do not see how it benefits them. Between the ongoing
controversy and resistance, and because so many rules are yet to be written to implement its
provisions, the law may end up gutted in the end.
THE DODD-FRANK ACT

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References

Anderson, H. (July 19, 2012). CU Witnesses Disagree on Dodd-Frank’s Impact During
Congressional Hearing. Credit Union Times. http://www.cutimes.com/2012/07/19/cuwitnesses-disagree-on-dodd-franks-impact-during
Dodd, C.J. (October 21, 2011). Five Myths About Dodd-Frank. The Washington Post. Retrieved
from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-the-dodd-frankfinancial-regulations/2011/10/19/gIQAtq7j4L_story.html
Ernst & Young (Spring 2012). Dodd-Frank Act: Key Points for Companies Beyond the Financial
Services Sector. Retrieved from http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/DoddFrank-Act/$FILE/Dodd-Frank-Act.pdf
Financial Services Roundtable, The. (June 2012). Economic Impact of the Dodd-Frank Act.
Retrieved from http://www.fsround.org/fsr/publications_and_research/files/EconomicImpact-Dodd-Frank-Act-June-2012.pdf
Goad, B. (January 28, 2013). Report: More Than Half of Dodd-Frank Rules Still in the Works.
The Hill. Retrieved from http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/finance/279675-report-morethan-half-of-dodd-frank-rules-still-in-the-works
Goessl, L. (January 28, 2013). Credit Card “Checkout Fees” For Consumers Permitted as of Jan.
27. Digital Journal. Retrieved from http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/342280
Grover, E. (November 30, 2012). Dodd-Frank Regulations Strangling Economy. The
Washington Times. Retrieved from
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/nov/30/dodd-frank-regulations-stranglingeconomy/
Khimm, S. (May 15, 2012). Why Dodd-Frank Could Be a Harder Sell Than Obamacare. The
THE DODD-FRANK ACT

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Washington Post. Retrieved from
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/post/why-dodd-frank-could-be-aharder-sell-than-obamacare/2012/05/15/gIQAcR6RRU_blog.html
Koba, M. (May 11, 2012). CNBC Explains: Dodd-Frank Act. Retrieved from
http://www.cnbc.com/id/47075854/CNBC_Explains_DoddFrank_Act
Matthews, C. (October 25, 2012). Electronic Makers Unprepared for “Conflict Mineral” Rules.
The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/corruptioncurrents/2012/10/25/electronic-makers-unprepared-for-conflict-mineral-rules/
Primack, D. (January 22, 2013). How Goldman Sachs Beat the Volcker Rule. Retrieved from
http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2013/01/22/goldman-sachs-volcker-rule/
Weise, K. (January 12, 2012). Dodd-Frank in One Graph. BloombergBusinessWeek Magazine.
Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/doddfrank-in-one-graph01122012-gfx.html
Whitney, J. (April 7, 2011). Dodd-Frank: New Consumer Protections and the CFPB. Retrieved
from http://www.ihoep.com/userfiles/file/IHOEP Dodd Frank 4_7_11.ppt
Zeisel, S. (February 2013). CFPB: Growing Pains of a New Agency. Novantas Review.
Retrieved from http://www.novantas.com/article.php?id=371

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The Dodd-Frank Act

  • 1. Running Head: THE DODD-FRANK ACT 1 The Dodd-Frank Act Teresa J. Rothaar Wilmington University
  • 2. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 2 The Dodd-Frank Act Overview The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, commonly referred to as “Dodd-Frank,” was signed into law in 2010. It is named after its co-sponsors, Senator Christopher J. Dodd (D-CT) and U.S. Representative Barney Frank (D-MA). The law’s genesis was the Great Recession; Dodd-Frank’s purpose is to place major regulations on the financial industry so that another Lehman Brothers-like collapse and subsequent economic crisis could be averted. Additionally, the law contains provisions meant to protect consumers from abusive lending practices, such as the subprime mortgage products that were ubiquitous during the housing bubble (Koba, 2011). Containing 848 pages and 16 Titles, with effective dates ranging from July 2010 through July 2015, Dodd-Frank is the largest financial regulation law Congress has ever enacted. Implementation of its various provisions will require approximately 243 separate rules and about 90 studies (Whitney, 2011). As of early 2012, approximately 48% of Dodd-Frank provisions that require rulemaking were not finished, and uncertainty abounds regarding what the law will actually end up doing, and whether it will achieve its original goals. Because Dodd-Frank is voluminous and complex, and because so much of it has not yet gone into effect, we are arguably less certain about the consequences of Dodd-Frank than we are about Obamacare—and it may be even more difficult to convince Americans to back Dodd-Frank (Khimm, 2012). The following pages will explore the potential impact of Dodd-Frank on the economy, credit, consumers and industry. Dodd-Frank’s Impact on the Economy The Great Recession was triggered by the bursting of the housing bubble of the early to
  • 3. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 3 mid-aughties. Housing and mortgage markets began struggling in early 2007, the mortgage market went into full meltdown mode in August of that year, and the entire financial system nearly collapsed when Lehman Brothers fell in September 2008 (Whitney). Proponents of Dodd-Frank argue that if its provisions—in particular those related to “too big to fail” (TBTF)— had been in place at that time, the recession could have been avoided, or at least its impact softened. Opponents fall into two categories: those who feel that Dodd-Frank is an overreaction to the recession that imposes unnecessary burdens on financial institutions, and those who feel that it does not go far enough to rein in what they see as an out-of-control risk-taking culture on Wall Street (CNBC, 2012). Two major provisions of Dodd-Frank which will impact the economy are the “too big to fail” (TBTF) provisions and the Volcker Rule. In an effort to prevent another major financial institution from collapsing and pulling the entire economy down with it, Dodd-Frank enshrined the concept of TBTF into law. The law created the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) to act as a watchdog for the financial industry, on the lookout for problems that could damage the entire economy. The FSOC has the power to declare a bank TBTF; if a bank is found to be TBTF, it can be required to increase its reserves, give more detailed reports to the government, and possibly even be forced to break up in Ma Bell-like fashion (CNBC, 2012). Additionally, all banks will be required to have a “doomsday plan” that outlines an organized shutdown process should the bank go under, so that its customers will not be left holding empty bags (Weise, 2012). Critics of TBTF, such as Grover (2012) claim that Dodd-Frank creates an atmosphere of “incestuous corporatism” which actually benefits the largest banks, both by crushing their smaller competitors under the weight of increased government regulations and by creating a
  • 4. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 4 moral hazard situation where TBTF banks know that even if they gamble like drunken sailors and lose, the government will be there to bail them out. Grover argues for free-market solutions that would allow banks to compete—and succeed or fail—with minimal to no government involvement. Similarly, The Financial Services Roundtable (FSR), in a report dated June 2012, also expressed concerns over the impact of regulations on financial institutions, claiming that too much regulation will discourage innovation and stifle economic growth. However, Christopher Dodd, the law’s co-sponsor, argues in his October 2011 editorial that the mere fact that Wall Street is reacting negatively to Dodd-Frank means that the increased regulation will be a positive thing for the economy. Dodd claims that the law will “modernize and strengthen” financial regulations in such a way that small community banks can better compete against TBTF institutions, and that the lion’s share of Dodd-Frank regulations will apply only to “a few dozen of the largest [banks], each holding more than $50 billion in assets,” not to tiny local banks and credit unions. The Volcker Rule is meant to prevent banks from, in effect, using their depositors’ money to gamble in hedge funds, private equity funds or proprietary trading operations for the bank’s own profit; the idea is that banks are supposed to serve the best interests of their customers, not themselves. However, determining which funds are generating profits for the banks and which are generating them for bank customers can be quite complicated. Dodd-Frank acknowledged this fact and gave banks two years to sort out their finances before Volcker came into effect; the original deadline was in summer 2012 (CNBC, 2012). However, not only has this deadline come and gone without Volcker being implemented, no final rules have been written in order to implement it—and it may not be implemented until 2014. As a result, some large institutions, such as Goldman Sachs, have simply ignored Volcker, figuring that by the
  • 5. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 5 time it is finally implemented, it will include so many exemptions, extensions and loopholes that the banks it was supposed to rein in will simply figure out how to get around them and continue business as usual (Primack, 2013). Dodd-Frank’s Impact on Credit Like the possible impacts on the economy discussed in the previous section, DoddFrank’s impact on credit is largely unknown; it is dependent on how onerous lending institutions perceive its final regulations to be, and how much compliance with them will cost. FSR (2012) argues that the uncertainty surrounding Dodd-Frank is already causing lenders to restrict credit availability and raise the price of borrowing. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) was created by Dodd-Frank and is supposed to protect consumers from abusive and deceptive lending practices, not just by banks and mortgage brokers but alternative lending outlets such as payday loan companies and “Buy Here Pay Here” car lots. The CFPB also has authority over credit reporting agencies and debt collectors (CNBC, 2012). However, there are numerous exemptions to CFPB oversight, including auto dealers that neither finance their own transactions nor sell their paper (in other words, are not “Buy Here Pay Here”), providers of non-financial goods and services (the “Macy’s Exception”), real estate brokers and sellers of modular and manufactured homes who are not involved in financing their transactions, charities, and insurance companies (Whitney, 2011). Being as Dodd-Frank was born out of the bursting of the housing bubble, many of the CFPB’s major duties have to do with the mortgage market. Mortgage lenders are now required to verify applicants’ employment, income and credit history, eliminating the no-doc and low-doc “liar loans” made in droves during the height of the bubble. They are prohibited from enticing
  • 6. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 6 appraisers to inflate a property’s value and cannot discourage mortgage applicants to shop around for better deals. Additionally, the definition of who is a “mortgage originator” has been expanded, and limits have been placed on how they can earn their compensation, most notably the banning of yield-spread premiums and “dual-source compensation,” where the originator earns money from both the borrower and the lender (Whitney, 2011). While consumer advocates hail the reforms as a way to protect borrowers from becoming overwhelmed by debts they can never afford to pay back (Whitney, 2011), opponents argue that these restrictions will drive up the cost of lending and restrict credit availability (FSR, 2012). New Mexico-based loan officer S. Dougherty (personal communication, February 14, 2013), is especially concerned about the provisions banning no-doc and low-doc loans. While Dougherty admits that these loans certainly were abused during the housing bubble, he maintains that they have a valid place in the credit market: they have been utilized for decades by self-employed applicants who have difficulty verifying their income using traditional methods. Dodd-Frank’s “protections” against abusive lending were written with W-2 employees in mind, not business owners and 1099 contractors who do not get pay stubs and whose income can fluctuate wildly throughout the year. Still, not all lenders share Dougherty’s concerns. The Board Chair of one credit union in New York testified before Congress that not only has her credit union not experienced any negative effects from Dodd-Frank, but that its business is booming, profits are up, and there are no plans to increase fees to comply with Dodd-Frank provisions (Anderson, 2012). Dodd-Frank’s Impact on Consumers As discussed in the previous section, Dodd-Frank implements many measures aimed at protecting consumers from abusive lending practices, especially in the mortgage industry;
  • 7. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 7 arguably the most immediate impact of Dodd-Frank on consumers is the disappearance of nodoc and low-doc mortgage loans, now banned under the law. However, this means that far fewer people now qualify for home financing, which has slowed the real estate market (FSR, 2012). Additionally, Dodd-Frank contains foreclosure reforms aimed at keeping more distressed homeowners out of foreclosure. It amends the Home Affordable Modification Act (HAMP), adding a website where homeowners can determine if they qualify for a HAMP modification of their loan, and mandating the “public release of certain data.” Additionally, Dodd-Frank created a special bridge loan program for unemployed homeowners and authorized $35 million for legal services to defend against foreclosures and evictions (Whitney, 2011). The CFPB also has power to regulate alternative—and controversial—lending outlets such as payday loan companies, car title loan companies, and “Buy Here Pay Here” car lots, long a target of consumer advocates who allege that these lenders take advantage of the poor and desperate. However, the CFPB’s oversight of these “nonbank” lenders did not commence until January 2012, and due to the sheer number of nonbank lenders in existence (tens of thousands), little progress has been made (Zeisel, 2013). Zeisel goes on to argue that, realistically, it will be impossible for the CFPB to devote as much time and as many resources to overseeing nonbank lenders as it does to banks, simply because there are just too many of them; it could therefore take quite some time before consumers see any real reforms in these areas. The Durbin Amendment to Dodd-Frank is something that consumers have only recently been feeling the full effect of. The amendment was meant to limit “swipe fees” charged to merchants by credit-card processing companies; ostensibly the savings would be passed onto the consumer in the form of lower prices. In reality, the opposite has happened. As of January 27, 2013, merchants are allowed to charge consumers paying via credit cards an additional
  • 8. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 8 “checkout fee” to offset their swipe fees (Goessl, 2013). I personally witnessed this at my local hairdresser’s on February 15; the shop is now charging an additional 4% fee for any transactions completed by credit card. In addition to costing consumers more at the cash register, many Durbin opponents are concerned that the bank fee caps contained within Durbin will spell the end of free checking and a widespread annual fees for credit cards, as banks attempt to make up the difference (FSR, 2012). Dodd-Frank’s Impact on Industry While Dodd-Frank will most significantly impact the financial industry, its regulatory requirements apply to all public companies (Ernst & Young, 2012). Many of these new regulations have to do with increasing corporate transparency. The new Federal Insurance Office (FIO) was created in order to identify insurance companies that pose a risk to the entire financial system, such as AIG. In addition to being a watchdog over the insurance industry, the FIO is tasked with making certain that “affordable insurance” is available to minorities (CNBC, 2012). All public companies will be required to make public the compensation of their executives as compared to that of their employees (Weise, 2012). Further, investors can now vote directly on company pay practices and say-on-pay (SOP) vote frequency at most companies; companies will then be required to discuss, in their Compensation Discussion and Analysis, if and how the SOP advisory vote results impacted their compensation decisions and policies (Ernst & Young, 2012). In another move to encourage transparency, the Treasury Department is instituting a corporate ID system in which each company would have its own number, and all subsidiaries and offshoots would be listed (Weise, 2012). The SEC Whistleblower Program, which became effective in 2011, provides for awards
  • 9. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 9 of up to 30% of recoveries from SEC enforcement actions resulting in sanctions exceeding $1 million. Whistleblowers can go directly to the SEC to report wrongdoing, and are not required to notify their company (Ernst & Young, 2012). Provisions regarding “conflict minerals”—minerals mined in areas where there is armed conflict and/or human rights violations—are of special concern for the electronics industry, where supply chains are complex and suppliers are limited. One study reported that only about 11.3% of electronics manufacturers are prepared to comply with the new rules (Matthews, 2012). In its report, Ernst & Young (2012) states that the SEC Whistleblower Program and the conflict minerals regulations will require companies to review and revise their internal procedures and policies regarding fraud reporting and supply chain logistics. Additionally, the report goes on to say, Dodd-Frank’s disclosure rules, in particular SOP votes, has created a new atmosphere of transparency, and encouraged public companies to open up dialogue with their stakeholders; some public companies have already begun beefing up their proxy statement disclosures and communicating more with their investors. Just as with other provisions of Dodd-Frank, there are exceptions to these rules. Under the JOBS Act of 2012, organizations classified as “emerging growth companies” (EGC) will be exempt from SOP requirements and certain other regulations for up to five years from going public (Ernst & Young, 2012), providing they continue to meet the definition of an EGC. When the Great Recession hit, credit rating agencies fell under fire for allegedly giving overly optimistic ratings to questionable derivatives and mortgage-backed securities, leading investors to believe the investments were more stable than they actually were (CNBC, 2012). Under Dodd-Frank, rating agencies will be made to make their ratings and results available to the public online (Weise, 2012), and the SEC will have the power to de-certify any agency it feels
  • 10. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 10 provides “misleading” ratings (CNBC, 2012). Derivatives trading is now subject to numerous regulations and reporting requirements, including regulation by the SEC or Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), and the establishment of an exchange where derivatives can be traded publicly (eliminating “backroom deals”). However, the law did not specify how the exchange was to be set up, and some derivatives—certain energy companies, banks, and hedge funds—are exempted from the law (CNBC, 2012). Conclusion Dodd-Frank is a massive, complicated piece of legislation that is arguably more complex and leaves more uncertainty in its wake than Obamacare. This is compounded by the fact that while most Americans understand healthcare and health insurance on at least a basic level, they do not understand the high-level finance concepts, such as hedge funds, SOP voting and derivatives, that Dodd-Frank deals with. Additionally, Dodd-Frank is, in effect, an incomplete law that is heavy on rules but contains almost no actual rule-making or implementation processes. Exactly how all of its goals were to be achieved was shoved down the line, which is why so much of the law has yet to be implemented. Ernst & Young (2012) states in its report that “the pace of Dodd-Frank implementation is unlikely to quicken and deadlines will continue to be missed.” Although the reelection of President Obama at the end of 2012 ensured that Dodd-Frank would not be repealed outright, the law remains controversial. The finance industry continues to resist it at every turn. Consumers do not understand the law and do not see how it benefits them. Between the ongoing controversy and resistance, and because so many rules are yet to be written to implement its provisions, the law may end up gutted in the end.
  • 11. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 11 References Anderson, H. (July 19, 2012). CU Witnesses Disagree on Dodd-Frank’s Impact During Congressional Hearing. Credit Union Times. http://www.cutimes.com/2012/07/19/cuwitnesses-disagree-on-dodd-franks-impact-during Dodd, C.J. (October 21, 2011). Five Myths About Dodd-Frank. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-the-dodd-frankfinancial-regulations/2011/10/19/gIQAtq7j4L_story.html Ernst & Young (Spring 2012). Dodd-Frank Act: Key Points for Companies Beyond the Financial Services Sector. Retrieved from http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/DoddFrank-Act/$FILE/Dodd-Frank-Act.pdf Financial Services Roundtable, The. (June 2012). Economic Impact of the Dodd-Frank Act. Retrieved from http://www.fsround.org/fsr/publications_and_research/files/EconomicImpact-Dodd-Frank-Act-June-2012.pdf Goad, B. (January 28, 2013). Report: More Than Half of Dodd-Frank Rules Still in the Works. The Hill. Retrieved from http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/finance/279675-report-morethan-half-of-dodd-frank-rules-still-in-the-works Goessl, L. (January 28, 2013). Credit Card “Checkout Fees” For Consumers Permitted as of Jan. 27. Digital Journal. Retrieved from http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/342280 Grover, E. (November 30, 2012). Dodd-Frank Regulations Strangling Economy. The Washington Times. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/nov/30/dodd-frank-regulations-stranglingeconomy/ Khimm, S. (May 15, 2012). Why Dodd-Frank Could Be a Harder Sell Than Obamacare. The
  • 12. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 12 Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/post/why-dodd-frank-could-be-aharder-sell-than-obamacare/2012/05/15/gIQAcR6RRU_blog.html Koba, M. (May 11, 2012). CNBC Explains: Dodd-Frank Act. Retrieved from http://www.cnbc.com/id/47075854/CNBC_Explains_DoddFrank_Act Matthews, C. (October 25, 2012). Electronic Makers Unprepared for “Conflict Mineral” Rules. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/corruptioncurrents/2012/10/25/electronic-makers-unprepared-for-conflict-mineral-rules/ Primack, D. (January 22, 2013). How Goldman Sachs Beat the Volcker Rule. Retrieved from http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2013/01/22/goldman-sachs-volcker-rule/ Weise, K. (January 12, 2012). Dodd-Frank in One Graph. BloombergBusinessWeek Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/doddfrank-in-one-graph01122012-gfx.html Whitney, J. (April 7, 2011). Dodd-Frank: New Consumer Protections and the CFPB. Retrieved from http://www.ihoep.com/userfiles/file/IHOEP Dodd Frank 4_7_11.ppt Zeisel, S. (February 2013). CFPB: Growing Pains of a New Agency. Novantas Review. Retrieved from http://www.novantas.com/article.php?id=371