This is the presentation given by Dr Terry Martin at the CASA UASSC in May 2016. He is the current Industry Chair. Note that the original presentation contains extensive animation. In order to maintain the animation effect, the presentation has been split into individual slides however this now makes it more than 270 slides. This may be offputting to some!
Please note that the contents are the view of Dr Martin and are not necessarily endorsed by CASA.
The presentation covers 5 key areas:
Part 1: (Slides 1-65) Covers some innovative UAV applications such as NASA UTM, and Google Loon, before discussing the impact of automation on the jobs market, internationally and Nationally. The key point is that disruption and automation mean that many jobs are at risks, and Australia could be vulnerable if it continues on its current path
Part 2 (Slides 67-82) then provides an overview of the recently amended RPAS regulatory framework
Part 3 (Slides 83- 171 ) then works through whats broken in the current RPAS UASSC before describing the efforts of Europe and the US, the implications of Australian having no UAV Roadmap, the need for a pragmatic appreciation of our national capacity, particularly when it comes to the expertise necessary to making assessments about risk, safety and equipage requirements.
Part 4 (172 - 243 ) Selected elements of Detect and Avoid and Command and Non Payload Communications are outlined
Part 5 (244- 286) proposed steps we could take to identify our priorities, identify the operational and technical shortcomings that are hindering UAV integration and work with Industry more effectively to achieve that end state. This includes the restructure plans for the UASSC Working Groups.
3. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Presentation Overview
1. Background
• UAVs are goodness & some examples
• Links to Innovation, Automation and Jobs market in Australia
• Role of Regulation in a Healthy Innovation Ecosystem
• Status Update on Regulatory Environment
Background
4. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Presentation Overview
1. Background
2. Key Problems
• No Publically Available Plan
• Available Workforce
• Uncertain Scope ofWork
• What needs to be done
• National Priorities
• Skill and Substantiation:Avoiding Schedule Slippage …
Key Problems
5. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Presentation Overview
1. Background
2. Key Problems
3. Future Directions
Future Directions
6. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Presentation Overview
1. Background
2. Key Problems
3. Future Directions
• What’s Feasible with our workforce,
• Motivating & recruiting Industry Help
• Restructuring & Streamlining Working Groups
• Targeting Effort
• Identifying & Prioritising what’s necessary
• 80:20 Rule: Freeing up CASA staff from tactical day to day..
• CoordinatedTrials that support CASA strategic intent
Future Directions
9. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
NASA UAV Traffic Management (UTM)
Overview
Principal Investigator: Parimal Kopardekar
”a cloud-based system that will help manage traffic at low altitudes and avoid collisions of UASs being operated beyond visual line of
sight”
10. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
NASA UAV Traffic Management (UTM)
Overview
VIDEO Played
LINK : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83Y14qglTCY
11. Build 1: Completed
• Establishment of Airspace Reservation
• Focus on drone traffic management over
unpopulated land/water
• Minimal GA traffic, Aimed at agriculture, firefighting
& infrastructure
Build 2: Oct 2016
• Drones flying BLOS,
• Drone tracking, low density ops
• Sparsely populated areas
12. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
NASA UTM Traffic Management
• NASA Strategy is Crawl, Walk, Run.
• UTM starting in low Risk Environment
• To be conducted at Stead Airport in Reno, Nevada
• 2500 to 10, 000 Operations per month
• Community Recognition of Jobs creation possibilities
Trial Goals
• Examine “system” ability to respond to Contingencies
• Vehicle, GCS
• UTM System
• Fused UTM and ATM System
• UTM is cloud based: Examining QoS
• Miniature ADSB System
• Obstacles: LegacyVs New Age companies
• Raft of Separation Issues: Non Cooperative Participants, GPS Anomalies
Block 2 Trials
13. Build 3: Jan 2018
• Drone ControlVia INTERNET
• Communication
• Drone to Drone
• Drone to ATC
• Safe Separation
• BLOS
• Flight over Moderate Population
• Package Delivery
Build 4: March 2019
• Flight over Urban Areas
• High Density DroneTraffic
• Autonomous D to D
communication
• Large Scale Contingency MGT
14. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
NASA UAS Traffic Management
• Vehicle toVehicle communications
• Universal Drone Registration database
• Open identification systems
• Tamper proof flight recorders
• Up to date 3D Mapping-Obstacles
• Dynamic weather information
Ongoing UTM Research
15. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
NASA Looking for Partners to Help Make UTM a Reality
Source: http://www.unmannedsystemsaustralia.com.au/latestnews/?p=1220
16. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
NASA Looking for Partners to Help Make UTM a Reality
Source: http://www.unmannedsystemsaustralia.com.au/latestnews/?p=1220
17. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
NASA Looking for Partners to Help Make UTM a Reality
Source: http://www.unmannedsystemsaustralia.com.au/latestnews/?p=1220
18. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
NASA Looking for Partners to Help Make UTM a Reality
Source: http://www.unmannedsystemsaustralia.com.au/latestnews/?p=1220
How Self Healing will these networks be?
How will QoS be determined and delivered>
19. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Disruption
Google & Facebook: Next Gen Content Distribution
http://www.youtube.com/user/ProjectLoon
Recent payloads delivering
22MB/sec to ground antenna & 5
MB to handset
“muscle behind the balloon effort is
comparable to other Google X projects
like Glass or self-driving cars”.
20. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
DISRUPTIONS
• Google & Facebook battling to control information distribution & social media
to 5BN people who don’t have “proper” internet access
• Both companies have a significant interest in expediting the delivery
• Googles Android captured 79% of world wide market
• More people = greater revenue.
• Some scepticism about motivation: providing service to Africa doesn’t make cost sense
• Definite Social benefits: medical/farming advice, weather
• Project Loon: High altitude (Stratospheric) balloons tested in NZ, California
and Brazil.
Google & Facebook
http://www.techtimes.com/articles/15684/20140917/google-wants-to-test-drones-that-deliver-internet-access-in-new-mexico.htm
21. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Disruption
• Balloons at the mercy of weather, harder to control, and
durability concerns
• Are safer if they fall to earth
• Cost significantly less.
Google & Facebook: Next-Gen Content Distribution
GoogleTitan
22. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Disruption
• Balloons at the mercy of weather, harder to control, and durability
concerns
• Are safer if they fall to earth
• Cost significantly less.
• Google & Facebook investigating using high altitude, long
endurance solar UAVs.
• Google trumped Facebook in purchasingTitan Aerospace ($60M).
• Developing 2 dragon-fly shaped UAVs.
• Smaller variant has wingspan larger than Boeing 767
Google & Facebook: Next-Gen Content Distribution
GoogleTitan
23. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Disruption
• Balloons at the mercy of weather, harder to control, and durability
concerns
• Are safer if they fall to earth
• Cost significantly less.
• Google & Facebook investigating using high altitude, long
endurance solar UAVs.
• Google trumped Facebook in purchasingTitan Aerospace ($60M).
• Developing 2 dragon-fly shaped UAVs.
• Smaller variant has wingspan larger than Boeing 767
Google & Facebook: Next-Gen Content Distribution
GoogleTitan
Facebook Aquila
http://www.theguardian.com/
• Facebook purchased Ascenta ($20M)
24. Multiple Ad-Hoc Networks
Multi-hop wireless network: each network node acts as a wireless terminal as well as a router
Cost effective positioning of assets according to requirements:
• nodes have the flexibility to manouver to meet dynamic demand.
Key R&D focus areas include:
• Mobility Models: plays a significant role in network performance
• Trajectory planning & prediction
• Collision Detection and avoidance: multiple trajectories
• Routing protocols that discover & adjust to network topology
26. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Multiple Adhoc Networks
Swarms
VIDEO PLAYED at LINK:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQIMGV5vtd4
27. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Disruption
Swarms
1. J. Arquilla, D. Ronfeldt,
RAND: “Swarming & the future
Conflict”.
1. J. Arquilla, D. Ronfeldt, RAND: “Swarming & the future Conflict”.
30. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Motivation
Google Cars are super Cautious
SOURCE: http://theoatmeal.com/blog/google_self_driving_car
SOURCE: http://www.google.com/images
GEEK HUMOUR
ENDLESS DOWHILE LOOP
32. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Motivation
Google Cars Sensors
VLP-64 LIDAR on Google Car
Flow Down Benefit: VLP-16 –LiDAR Puck:
• 16-channel real-time
• $7,999
• 600 grams.
• Range: 300m
33. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Motivation
Google Cars Sensors
Radar System
• Information fused with LIDAR
• 24GHz
• 300 metres Range
• Positioned on Bumper at front and red sides
Used for:
• Detecting oncoming vehicles parameters
• Self parking
• blind spot detection
• Pre-cash avoidance
34. ”It’s not competition which counts, but competition from the new commodity, new
technology, new source of supply, new type of organisation - competition which
commands a decisive cost or quality advantage and which strikes not at the profit
margins and outputs of the existing firms but at their very foundations”: Joseph Schumpeter
35. ”It’s not competition which counts, but competition from the new commodity, new
technology, new source of supply, new type of organisation - competition which
commands a decisive cost or quality advantage and which strikes not at the profit
margins and outputs of the existing firms but at their very foundations”: Joseph Schumpeter
36. Source: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/the-robots-are-coming-to-take-your-job/
”It’s not competition which counts, but competition from the new commodity, new
technology, new source of supply, new type of organisation - competition which
commands a decisive cost or quality advantage and which strikes not at the profit
margins and outputs of the existing firms but at their very foundations”: Joseph Schumpeter
NYT Best Seller:
• Increased impact of automation
37. Source: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/the-robots-are-coming-to-take-your-job/
”It’s not competition which counts, but competition from the new commodity, new
technology, new source of supply, new type of organisation - competition which
commands a decisive cost or quality advantage and which strikes not at the profit
margins and outputs of the existing firms but at their very foundations”: Joseph Schumpeter
NYT Best Seller:
• Increased impact of automation
Moving from
”Smokestack & Manufacturing Economies”
to
”Consumption, Services and HighValue
Technologies”
43. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Osborne & Frey, Citigroup
Studies by : Carl Frey & Michael Osborne, then Citigroup
• Advances in AI, Robotics, Data Mining, Machine Learning,
Computational Statistics are placing more jobs at Risk of being
Automated. High risk for
• United States- 47% of workers
• China - 77% of workers
• India - 69% of workers
• Automation may change the trend of offshoring to low cost regions
• Less low end manufacturing, more innovative technology
development
• Emerging Markets need to diversify to move up the value chain
High Risk of Jobs being Replaced by Automation
44. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Computerisation & Jobs Market
Next Decades
Source: Frey, Carl Benedikt and Michael Osborne. September 17, 2013. The Future of Employment: How
Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? University of Oxford
45. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Computerisation & Jobs Market
Next Decades
Management
Engineering/
Science
Education, Law,
Arts, Media
Healthcare
Source: Frey, Carl Benedikt and Michael Osborne. September 17, 2013. The Future of Employment: How
Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? University of Oxford
LOW RISK
46. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Computerisation & Jobs Market
Next Decades
Management
Engineering/
Science
Education, Law,
Arts, Media
Healthcare
Installation,
Maintenance
Source: Frey, Carl Benedikt and Michael Osborne. September 17, 2013. The Future of Employment: How
Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? University of Oxford
LOW RISK MEDIUM RISK
47. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Computerisation & Jobs Market
Next Decades
Management
Engineering/
Science
Education, Law,
Arts, Media
Healthcare
Service
Sales
Office and
admin.
support
Installation,
Maintenance
Source: Frey, Carl Benedikt and Michael Osborne. September 17, 2013. The Future of Employment: How
Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? University of Oxford
LOW RISK MEDIUM RISK HIGH RISK
48. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Computerisation & Jobs Market
Next Decades
Management
Engineering/
Science
Education, Law,
Arts, Media
Healthcare
Service
Sales
Office and
admin.
support
Transportation
Installation,
Maintenance
Source: Frey, Carl Benedikt and Michael Osborne. September 17, 2013. The Future of Employment: How
Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? University of Oxford
LOW RISK MEDIUM RISK HIGH RISK
49. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Disruption, Automation and Innovation
Percentage of Jobs at High Risk of Automation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
50. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Disruption, Automation and Innovation
Percentage of Jobs at High Risk of Automation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Least at Risk
• Technically Dynamic, Knowledge Centres
• Diversified & skill intensive workforces
• Professional Services
• Creative Industries
51. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Disruption, Automation and Innovation
Percentage of Jobs at High Risk of Automation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Least at Risk
• Technically Dynamic, Knowledge Centres
• Diversified & skill intensive workforces
• Professional Services
• Creative Industries
Most at Risk
• Manufacturing, Energy
• Banking
• Gaming, Low Level white & Blue collar
52. City State % Jobs at
Risk
Kurri Kurri NSW 58.6
Murray Bridge SA 57.3
Cessnock NSW 57.1
Melton VIC 56.8
Muswellbrook NSW 56.4
Warwick QLD 56.4
Port Pirie SA 55.3%
Griffith QLD 55.3
Colac VIC 54.9
Moe-Newborough VIC 54.7
SOURCE: Bernard Salt, KPMG
Disruption, Automation and Innovation
Percentage of Jobs at High Risk of Automation: Australia
53. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Innovations
Ageing Corporations
Source: http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/corporate-
australias-real-problem-ancient-companies-20151125-gl7wu2.html
“Innovation, by it's very nature,
involves taking risks.
“I'm not sure an anchor tenant that is a 105-
year old company is going to attract start-ups
and venture capital to create a tech hub”,
Scott Farquar, Co-Founder Atlassian
54. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Ageing Corporations
United States
89%
11%
US Market Capitilisation by Company
Age 2005
Over 85 Years
Old
Microsoft
55. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Ageing Corporations
United States
89%
11%
US Market Capitilisation by Company
Age 2005
Over 85 Years
Old
Microsoft
18%
14%
11%
8%8%
41%
US Market Capitalisation by Company
Age 2015
Apple
Google
Microsoft
Amazon
Facebook
Over 50 Years Old
56. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
11%
7%
6%
76%
AUS Market Capitalisation by
Company Age 2005
Westpac
Westfield
Telstra
Aging Corporations
Australia
57. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
11%
7%
6%
76%
AUS Market Capitalisation by
Company Age 2005
Westpac
Westfield
Telstra
Aging Corporations
Australia
8%
92%
AUS Market Capitalisation by
Company Age 2015
Telstra
Over 85
Years Old
58. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
11%
7%
6%
76%
AUS Market Capitalisation by
Company Age 2005
Westpac
Westfield
Telstra
Aging Corporations
Australia
8%
92%
AUS Market Capitalisation by
Company Age 2015
Telstra
Over 85
Years Old
Dominated by
Banks
Supermarket
&
Commodities
59. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Which Businesses Creates Jobs?
Kauffman foundation
• “Existing firms actually lose a million more jobs, per year, then they create.”
• Over last 25 years, almost all private sector jobs are created by businesses less than 5 years old
• Between 1988 & 2011, companies more than 5 years old, DESTROYED more jobs than they create
60. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Which Businesses Creates Jobs?
Kauffman foundation
• “Existing firms actually lose a million more jobs, per year, then they create.”
• Over last 25 years, almost all private sector jobs are created by businesses less than 5 years old
• Between 1988 & 2011, companies more than 5 years old, DESTROYED more jobs than they create
US Bureau of Economic Research
• “The younger companies are, the more jobs they create, regardless of size”
61. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Which Businesses Creates Jobs?
Kauffman foundation
• “Existing firms actually lose a million more jobs, per year, then they create.”
• Over last 25 years, almost all private sector jobs are created by businesses less than 5 years old
• Between 1988 & 2011, companies more than 5 years old, DESTROYED more jobs than they create
US Bureau of Economic Research
• “The younger companies are, the more jobs they create, regardless of size”
Washington Post
• “Once large enough, firms start hunting overseas for cheaper labour options”,
• “Small companies produce 16 time more patents per worker than large firms”, and
this is typically associated with an infusion of jobs creation,
• Level of jobs creation linked to level of R&D, and collaboration
62. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Ageing Corporations
Comparison
89%
11%
US Market Capitilisation by Company
Age 2005
Over 85 Years
Old
Microsoft
11%
7%
6%
76%
AUS Market Capitalisation by
Company Age 2005
Westpac
Westfield
Telstra
Over 80 Years Old
8%
92%
AUS Market Capitalisation by
Company Age 2015
Telstra
Over 85
Years Old
18%
14%
11%
8%8%
41%
US Market Capitalisation by Company
Age 2015
Apple
Google
Microsoft
Amazon
Facebook
Over 41 Years Old
63. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Ageing Corporations
Comparison
89%
11%
US Market Capitilisation by Company
Age 2005
Over 85 Years
Old
Microsoft
11%
7%
6%
76%
AUS Market Capitalisation by
Company Age 2005
Westpac
Westfield
Telstra
Over 80 Years Old
8%
92%
AUS Market Capitalisation by
Company Age 2015
Telstra
Over 85
Years Old
18%
14%
11%
8%8%
41%
US Market Capitalisation by Company
Age 2015
Apple
Google
Microsoft
Amazon
Facebook
Over 41 Years Old
Corporate Australia is
• “Ancient” with slow moving inertia
• "deeply risk-averse" and "dominated by rent-seeking oligopolists“,
which is increasingly troubles our policy makers., Fairfax
Media's Jessica Irvine
Old, large corporations become increasingly risk averse over their life
spans. They rise to the challenge of innovative competitors by putting larger
barriers in place rather than innovating themselves.
Look at the behaviour of the coal industry, supermarkets and the taxi industry all
trying to get the government to make it more difficult for new entrants”
64. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Our Banking & Real Estate Sector
Australia's banking sector has a high reliance on overseas funding.
• Underpins the funding for our real estate market
Our 1 trillion foreign debt
• twice the size of our income from exports, dividends and royalties
• This ratio more than any other country except Greece & US
• Oz is spending 5.6% of its foreign income meeting interest payments, more than any other advanced
country aside from Spain and at similar levels to Mexico
• Credit ratings agency considering loweringAustralia's rating from AAA
• Concern that if global financial market lose confidence in Australia, it will be difficult for government and
banks to refinance Debt
The Australian Newspaper 12 May 2016
65. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Supporting Innovation
Ingredients of supportive business ecosystem for innovation & job creation[1]:
• A pro-entrepreneurship culture
• Guidance from experienced entrepreneurs
• A supportive Regulatory Environment
• A collaborative Business Culture
• Visible Successes & Role Models
• RiskTolerance
• Available Capital
• Technical Skills
Key Ingredients for Innovation & Start-ups
[1] Startup AUS Crossroads 2015: http://startupaus.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Crossroads-2015.pdf
66. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Summary So Far
• Concerning signs that Australian Economy is skewed with Aging Companies,
• Government push for Innovation
• UAVs offering up great potential, …. maybe even some jobs
• Key to Innovation is the right conditions, INCLUDING a supportive
Regulatory BODY
• Supportive DOES NOT MEAN bypassing safety
68. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
The Australian Framework
RPAS Regulation Updates
• CASR Part 101: Commenced 1 July 2002
• CASA reviewing & modernising CASR Part 101
• Phase 1:
• Amendments to CASR Part 101 to be in Force Sep 2016
• Incorporates new framework derived from EASA
• Suite of Advisory Circulars under development
• Developing Manual of Standards
69. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
The Australian Framework
Australia: “Close Following”
Certified Specific Open
Restricted Specific Small RPAS Very small RPAS Toys
European Approach
Australian Draft Framework
Regulated Specific Open
Standard Restricted Specific Limited Small RPAS Very small RPAS
EASA CONOPS: safe, proportional and operation-centric approach.
70. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
The Australian Framework
RPAS Regulation Updates
• CASR Part 101: Commenced 1 July 2002
• CASA reviewing & modernising CASR Part 101
• Phase 1:
• Amendments to CASR Part 101 to be in Force Sep 2016
• Incorporates hooks for new framework derived from
EASA
• Suite of Advisory Circulars under development
• Developing Manual of Standards
• Phase 2: complete re-write of RPAS
regulation CASR Part 102
71. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Regulated Specific
Open
Small RPAS Very small RPAS
Element of
Initial
Airworthiness
CPA like
Oversight of
Integrity. NAA
led
Industry Appointed
Oversight No Integrity Oversight
Operational
Restrictions
CASA Airworthiness Framework
Operational Airworthiness
72. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Regulated Specific
Open
Small RPAS Very small RPAS
Element of
Initial
Airworthiness
CPA like
Oversight of
Integrity. NAA
led
Industry Appointed
Oversight No Integrity Oversight
Operational
Restrictions
Proportionate &SAFE: Operational Restrictions commensurate
with technical integrity & operational environment
CASA Airworthiness Framework
Operational Airworthiness
73. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Regulated Specific
Open
Small RPAS Very small RPAS
Element of
Initial
Airworthiness
CPA like
Oversight of
Integrity. NAA
led
Industry Appointed
Oversight No Integrity Oversight
Operational
Restrictions
Enter the US Element
Derivative of US sUAS
NPRM
CASA Airworthiness Framework
Operational Airworthiness
74. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Regulated Specific
Open
Small RPAS Very small RPAS
Element of
Initial
Airworthiness
CPA like
Oversight of
Integrity. NAA
led
Industry Appointed
Oversight No Integrity Oversight
Operational
Restrictions
Enter the US Element
Derivative of US sUAS
NPRM
Open = Small SegregatedVLOS Container
CASA Airworthiness Framework
Operational Airworthiness
75. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Regulated Specific
Open
Small RPAS Very small RPAS
Element of
Initial
Airworthiness
No Integrity Oversight
Operational
Restrictions
Line of Sight operations only
DAYVFR
Below 400 ft AGL
limited levels of autonomy permissible but must be able to override
• MTOM ≤ 25kg
• V < 87 KCAS
• Qualified Operator
• Not over people
• MTOM ≤ 2kg
V < 30 KCAS
Frangible Materials
Operations over people allowed
CASA Airworthiness Framework
Operational Airworthiness
76. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CONOPS Consideration Standard Restricted Specific Limited
Over population etc
Controlled Airspace
BVLOS
IFR Conditions
Above 400 feet AGL
Within 3 NM of Aerodrome
The Australian Framework
Work Outstanding
Regulated Specific
77. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CONOPS Consideration Standard Restricted Specific Limited
Over population etc
Controlled Airspace
BVLOS
IFR Conditions
Above 400 feet AGL
Within 3 NM of Aerodrome
The Australian Framework
Work Outstanding
Regulated Specific
78. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CONOPS Consideration Standard Restricted Specific Limited
Over population etc
Controlled Airspace
BVLOS
IFR Conditions
Above 400 feet AGL
Within 3 NM of Aerodrome
Airworthiness Expectations based on CPA Regulations e.g.TC/CoA
The Australian Framework
Work Outstanding
Regulated Specific
79. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CONOPS Consideration Standard Restricted Specific Limited
Over population etc
Controlled Airspace
BVLOS
IFR Conditions
Above 400 feet AGL
Within 3 NM of Aerodrome
The Australian Framework
Work Outstanding
Regulated Specific
80. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CONOPS Consideration Standard Restricted Specific Limited
Over population etc
Controlled Airspace
BVLOS
IFR Conditions
Above 400 feet AGL
Within 3 NM of Aerodrome
The Australian Framework
Work Outstanding
Regulated Specific
Work to be done
• What Equipment
• What Restrictions
• What Procedures
• WhatTraining
• How is RISK Assessed?
81. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CONOPS Consideration Standard Restricted Specific Limited
Over population etc
Controlled Airspace
BVLOS
IFR Conditions
Above 400 feet AGL
Within 3 NM of Aerodrome
The Australian Framework
Work Outstanding
Regulated Specific
82. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CONOPS Consideration Standard Restricted Specific Limited
Over population etc
Controlled Airspace
BVLOS
IFR Conditions
Above 400 feet AGL
Within 3 NM of Aerodrome
The Australian Framework
Work Outstanding
Regulated Specific
Operational
Flexibility
Platform
Technical
Integrity
Equipage
Operator
Competence
84. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Key Problems
• Accelerated Regulatory Development needs a Cultural Change
• Lack of Roadmap
• More People with the right skills
• Uncertainty/Disagreement around Scope ofWork
Summary of Issues
87. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Key Problems
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
No Consultation,
Too Many Surprises
NoTransparent
Vision or Plan
88. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Key Problems
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
No Consultation,
Too Many Surprises
Industry
Disengagement
NoTransparent
Vision or Plan
89. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No
Consultation,
Too Many
Surprises
Industry
Disengagement
NoTransparent
Vision or Plan
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
Communication andTrust.
90. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No
Consultation,
Too Many
Surprises
Fragmented
Availability
Industry
Disengagement
NoTransparent
Vision or Plan
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
UASSC
Observers/Workers
Industry has DAY JOBS
Communication andTrust.
91. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No
Consultation,
Too Many
Surprises
Volunteer
Workforce
Fragmented
Availability
Industry
Disengagement
NoTransparent
Vision or Plan
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
UASSC
Observers/Workers
Industry has DAY JOBS
Communication andTrust.
92. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No
Consultation,
Too Many
Surprises
Volunteer
Workforce
Fragmented
Availability
Industry
Disengagement
NoTransparent
Vision or Plan
Limited,
unreliable
Industry
Contribution
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
UASSC
Observers/Workers
Industry has DAY JOBS
Communication andTrust.
93. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No
Consultation,
Too Many
Surprises
Volunteer
Workforce
Fragmented
Availability
Industry
Disengagement
NoTransparent
Vision or Plan
Limited,
unreliable
Industry
Contribution
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
UASSC
Observers/Workers
Industry has DAY JOBS
Communication andTrust.
94. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No
Consultation,
Too Many
Surprises
Volunteer
Workforce
Fragmented
Availability
Fragmented
&/or Delayed
Feedback
Industry
Disengagement
NoTransparent
Vision or Plan
Limited,
unreliable
Industry
Contribution
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
UASSC
Observers/Workers
Industry has DAY JOBS
Communication andTrust.
95. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Industry
Disengagement
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
96. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CASA:
Limited
Workforce
Industry
Disengagement
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
97. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CASA:
Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Industry
Disengagement
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
98. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CASA:
Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Industry
Disengagement
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
99. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CASA:
Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Industry
Disengagement
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Fragmented
&/or Delayed
Feedback
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
100. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CASA:
Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Industry
Disengagement
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Loadshed,
shortcuts,
Bypass
Fragmented
&/or Delayed
Feedback
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
101. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CASA:
Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Industry
Disengagement
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Loadshed,
shortcuts,
Bypass
High Latency
Doc
Development
Fragmented
&/or Delayed
Feedback
Key Problem
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
102. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CASA: Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Fragmented &/or
Delayed Feedback
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Loadshed,
shortcuts,
Bypass
High Latency Doc
Development
Key Complaints
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
103. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CASA: Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Reduced
Consultation
Fragmented &/or
Delayed Feedback
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Loadshed,
shortcuts,
Bypass
High Latency Doc
Development
Key Complaints
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
104. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No Consultation,
Too Many Surprises
CASA: Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Reduced
Consultation
Fragmented &/or
Delayed Feedback
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Loadshed,
shortcuts,
Bypass
High Latency Doc
Development
Negative
Reinforcement
Key Complaints
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
105. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No Consultation,
Too Many Surprises
CASA: Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Reduced
Consultation
Fragmented &/or
Delayed Feedback
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Loadshed,
shortcuts,
Bypass
High Latency Doc
Development
Industry
Disengagement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Key Complaints
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
106. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No Consultation,
Too Many Surprises
CASA: Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Reduced
Consultation
Fragmented &/or
Delayed Feedback
Limited,
unreliable
Industry
Contribution
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Loadshed,
shortcuts,
Bypass
High Latency Doc
Development
Industry
Disengagement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Key Complaints
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
107. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No Consultation,
Too Many Surprises
CASA: Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Reduced
Consultation
Fragmented &/or
Delayed Feedback
Limited,
unreliable
Industry
Contribution
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Loadshed,
shortcuts,
Bypass
High Latency Doc
Development
Industry
Disengagement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Key Complaints
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
108. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
No Consultation,
Too Many Surprises
CASA: Limited
Workforce
CASA: Management &
Public Expectations
Reduced
Consultation
Fragmented &/or
Delayed Feedback
Limited,
unreliable
Industry
Contribution
CASA:
Time Poor
Deadlines
Reduced
Overall
Workforce
Loadshed,
shortcuts,
Bypass
High Latency Doc
Development
Industry
Disengagement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Key Complaints
CASA Sub-Committee Plenary
TRUST
COMMUNICATION
SHORT-TERM ACTIONS
A LONGTERM PLAN
111. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Key Problem
The Lack of a Roadmap
• Industry want to start BVLOS, …..Soon
• Current rate of progress not satisfactory if we want to maximise benefits
for country
• Potential Investors lose confidence: take their money elsewhere
• Regulatory INACTION has a real price for our nation
• First Moving Nations gain a competitive edge:
• Setup right Environment for Innovation The Crossroads
112. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Key Problem
The Lack of a Roadmap: The Crossroads
The Crossroads
113. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Key Problem
The Lack of a Roadmap: The Crossroads
The Crossroads
CASA Resources are finite Insufficient to examine all the elements that go
into integrating UAS into NAS
114. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Key Problem
The Lack of a Roadmap: The Crossroads
The Crossroads
CASA Resources are finite Insufficient to examine all the elements that go
into integrating UAS into NAS
Adopted Close Follower Approach BUT beholden to European timeframes
115. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Key Problem
The Lack of a Roadmap: The Crossroads
The Crossroads
CASA Resources are finite Insufficient to examine all the elements that go
into integrating UAS into NAS
Adopted Close Follower Approach BUT beholden to European timeframes
US and Europe both have publically available
Roadmaps & Plan.
Australia does not!
116. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Key Problem
The Lack of a Roadmap: The Crossroads
The Crossroads
CASA Resources are finite Insufficient to examine all the elements that go
into integrating UAS into NAS
Adopted Close Follower Approach BUT beholden to European timeframes
What elements will be Australianised?
• Australian specific safety implications,
• Economic priorities,
• Technical areas of uncertainty R&D we must perform
• Gaps in national capacity
US and Europe both have publically available
Roadmaps & Plan.
Australia does not!
124. BVLOS
SEGREGATION is a tenuous Strategy for BVLOS
NOTAMS ……Really ???
ATM and Airspace Integration
Operational contingency procedures and systems
Data communication links incl. spectrum issues
Detect & Avoid systems
Methodology for Determining Risk
125. BVLOS
SEGREGATION is a tenuous Strategy for BVLOS
NOTAMS ……Really ???
Oh ….
And Integrity Requirements for flight over people
127. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
Close Following
Certified Specific Open
Restricted Specific Small RPAS Very small RPAS Toys
European Approach
Australian Draft Framework
Regulated Specific Open
Standard Restricted Specific Limited Small RPAS Very small RPAS
EASA CONOPS: safe, proportional and operation-centric approach.
128. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
Roadmap identifies all the issues necessary to integrate RPAS into
the NAS and established a step by step process.
Includes 3 Annexes:
• Annex A- Regulatory Approach:
• Identifies improvements to existing regulatory framework
• Annex B- Strategic Research Plan
• Identifies technology enablers and necessary R&D
• Annex C- Study on Societal Impact
The European Exemplar
Goals
Milestones
Gaps & Barriers
Action Items
Priorities &Timelines
A vision without a plan is just a dream, …
129. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
EC 1
Justify &
Validate RPAS
Safety
Objective
EC 2
Secure C2,
Datalinks &
Bandwidth
EC 3
RPAS
Integration into
ATM,
DAA and SA
EC 4
Security
EC 5
Safe
Automation &
Predictable
Behaviours
EC 6
Automated
Take Off &
Landing,
Surface
Operations
European Roadmap: Annex B
Understanding the Scope of Work
140. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
Europe: Copying their Homework
Goals
Milestones
Gaps & Barriers
Task List
Priorities,Timelines, People
Operational & Technology gaps:
1. Integration into ATM and Airspace
environments
2. Surface operations incl. take-off and landing
3. Operational contingency procedures and
systems
4. Data communication links incl. spectrum
issues
5. Detect & Avoid systems and operational
procedures
6. Security issues
7. Verification and Validation Methods
141. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
United States Identified R&D Areas/Gaps
Airspace Operations
• Develop Integrated Separation Concepts
• Develop Airspace Integration Safety Cases
• Develop SAA Sensors & Fusion Requires
• Develop Separation Algorithms
• AssessAvailability/Quality of Surveillance Data
• Safe and EfficientTerminal Airspace & Surface
Operations
Unmanned Aircraft
• State Awareness and RealTime Mission
Management
• Airframe Certification
• Precise Location & Navigation
• UAS Avionics & Control Systems
Certification
Communications
• Impact of UAS Ops on NextGen comms systems
• Availability of UAS Control frequency Spectrum
• Develop &Validate UAS Control System
Performance Requirement
• Ensure security of safety critical comms with civil
UAS
• Design & Develop UAS Control Datalink for
allocated frequency spectrum bands
Human Systems Integration
• DisplayTraffic/airspace information
• Effective Human Automation Interaction
• Pilot Centric GCS
• Definition Roles and Responsibilities
• Predictability & Contingency Mgt
• System Level Issues
• Support for Future Capability of UAS
142. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
Europe: Technology and Operational Gaps
Operational & Technology
gaps:
1. Integration into ATM and Airspace
environments
2. Surface operations incl. take-off and
landing
3. Operational contingency procedures
and systems
4. Data communication links incl.
spectrum issues
5. Detect & Avoid systems and
operational procedures
6. Security issues
7. Verification and Validation Methods
143. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
Europe: Technology and Operational Gaps
14 Key R&D Activities:
• EVLOS/VLOS
• 1.RPAS activities awareness for security
• 2. Operations in Urban Areas
• 3. Human Factors
• IFR/VFR
• 4. Visual Detectability solutions
• 5. DAA
• 6. Comms C2 Datalink
• 7. Airspace & Airport Access
• 8 Contingency
• BVLOS
• 9. DAA
• 10. Comms C2 Datalink
• 11 Airspace & Airport Access
• 12. Security
• 13 Human Factors: BVLOS & IFR/VFR
• 14 Best Practice Demonstration
GAPS LINKED
TO
ACTION
&
MILESTONES
Operational & Technology
gaps:
1. Integration into ATM and Airspace
environments
2. Surface operations incl. take-off and
landing
3. Operational contingency procedures
and systems
4. Data communication links incl.
spectrum issues
5. Detect & Avoid systems and
operational procedures
6. Security issues
7. Verification and Validation Methods
144. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
Europe: Technology and Operational Gaps
14 Key R&D Activities:
• EVLOS/VLOS
• 1.RPAS activities awareness for security
• 2. Operations in Urban Areas
• 3. Human Factors
• IFR/VFR
• 4. Visual Detectability solutions
• 5. DAA
• 6. Comms C2 Datalink
• 7. Airspace & Airport Access
• 8 Contingency
• BVLOS
• 9. DAA
• 10. Comms C2 Datalink
• 11 Airspace & Airport Access
• 12. Security
• 13 Human Factors: BVLOS & IFR/VFR
• 14 Best Practice Demonstration
GAPS LINKED
TO
ACTION
&
MILESTONES
Operational & Technology
gaps:
1. Integration into ATM and Airspace
environments
2. Surface operations incl. take-off and
landing
3. Operational contingency procedures
and systems
4. Data communication links incl.
spectrum issues
5. Detect & Avoid systems and
operational procedures
6. Security issues
7. Verification and Validation Methods
Timelines &
Difficulty
Identified
145. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
Europe: Technology and Operational Gaps
14 Key R&D Activities:
• EVLOS/VLOS
• 1.RPAS activities awareness for security
• 2. Operations in Urban Areas
• 3. Human Factors
• IFR/VFR
• 4. Visual Detectability solutions
• 5. DAA
• 6. Comms C2 Datalink
• 7. Airspace & Airport Access
• 8 Contingency
• BVLOS
• 9. DAA
• 10. Comms C2 Datalink
• 11 Airspace & Airport Access
• 12. Security
• 13 Human Factors: BVLOS & IFR/VFR
• 14 Best Practice Demonstration
GAPS LINKED
TO
ACTION
&
MILESTONES
Operational & Technology
gaps:
1. Integration into ATM and Airspace
environments
2. Surface operations incl. take-off and
landing
3. Operational contingency procedures
and systems
4. Data communication links incl.
spectrum issues
5. Detect & Avoid systems and
operational procedures
6. Security issues
7. Verification and Validation Methods
Timelines &
Difficulty
Identified
Re-OccurringThemes
• Detect & Avoid
• CNPC
• ATM
• Human Factors
• Risk & Safety Management
• Training
146. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
The European Exemplar: Milestones, Priorities & Timelines
5.VFR
4. IFR
3.
BVLOS
2.
EVLOS
1.VLOS
Priorities: Identifies 5 types of Operations:
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2023 2028
TimelinesMilestones
Initial
Integration
Evolution
147. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
European Strategic R& D
148. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
European Roadmap: Breakdown for each Activity
149. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
European Roadmap: Breakdown for each Activity
RelatedTechnology Gaps: BVLOS
DAA
• EC Gap 3.3 Airborne DAA
• EC Gap 3.4 Ground DAA
• EC 3.8 Ground & Obstacle Avoidance
• EC Gap 3.7Weather Detection
• EC Gap 3.8 Detectability Solutions
• EC Gap 3.10 Other Hazards
Activity
Related technology Gaps
Context & Objectives
Descriptions
150. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
European Roadmap: Breakdown for each Activity
RelatedTechnology Gaps: BVLOS
DAA
• EC Gap 3.3 Airborne DAA
• EC Gap 3.4 Ground DAA
• EC 3.8 Ground & Obstacle Avoidance
• EC Gap 3.7Weather Detection
• EC Gap 3.8 Detectability Solutions
• EC Gap 3.10 Other Hazards
Dependencies
• DAA System Compatibility
• Barometric System
• TCAS/ACAS
• ATM System Other Hazards
Activity
Related technology Gaps
Context & Objectives
Descriptions
SESAR Implications
Deliverables
Key Dependencies
Planning:WBS & Schedule
151. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
European Roadmap: Breakdown for each Activity
RelatedTechnology Gaps: BVLOS
DAA
• EC Gap 3.3 Airborne DAA
• EC Gap 3.4 Ground DAA
• EC 3.8 Ground & Obstacle Avoidance
• EC Gap 3.7Weather Detection
• EC Gap 3.8 Detectability Solutions
• EC Gap 3.10 Other Hazards
Dependencies
• DAA System Compatibility
• Barometric System
• TCAS/ACAS
• ATM System Other Hazards
Required Expertise: DAA
• Sensors (Cooperative & Non-
Cooperative)
• Sensor Integration, Blending, target
tracking
• System Architectures
• Separation & Avoidance Logic,
ACAS Logic
• Operations
• Information Processing
Activity
Related technology Gaps
Context & Objectives
Descriptions
SESAR Implications
Deliverables
Key Dependencies
Planning:WBS & Schedule
Required Expertise
Planning: Risk & opportunities
152. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
Activity 14:
• Establishing AvailableTechnologies
• Supporting Industry Development
•Supporting & Prioritising Development whichALSO
helps:
• the Regulatory Body accelerate regulation
• Supports the Collective Good rather than Individual Business
Interests
Demonstrating Best Practice
153. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Uncertainty about Scope of Work
Activity 14:
• Establishing AvailableTechnologies
• Supporting Industry Development
•Supporting & Prioritising Development whichALSO
helps:
• the Regulatory Body accelerate regulation
• Supports the Collective Good rather than Individual Business
Interests
Demonstrating Best Practice
This will be relevant when I talk about trials
155. Key Questions
• Do our operational priorities differ from
US/Europe?
• Do we understand implications of their
priorities & timelines?
156. Key Questions
• Do our operational priorities differ from
US/Europe?
• Do we understand implications of their
priorities & timelines?
• Is “Close Following” a conscious decision
or really a “Wait & See” Strategy
• If we don’t want to “close-follow”, how
will the gaps be addressed
• What is being done to establish answers?
• Who will pay the price?
Operational & Technology
gaps:
1. Integration into ATM and Airspace
environments
2. Surface operations incl. take-off and
landing
3. Operational contingency procedures
and systems
4. Data communication links incl.
spectrum issues
5. Detect & Avoid systems and
operational procedures
6. Security issues
7. Verification and Validation Methods
157. Key Questions
• Do our operational priorities differ from
US/Europe?
• Do we understand implications of their
priorities & timelines?
• Which parts are relevant to Australia, which
parts are not?
158. Key Questions
• Do our operational priorities differ from
US/Europe?
• Do we understand implications of their
priorities & timelines?
• Which parts are relevant to Australia, which
parts are not?
• What are our National UAV Priorities?
159. Key Questions
• Do our operational priorities differ from
US/Europe?
• Do we understand implications of their
priorities & timelines?
• Which parts are relevant to Australia, which
parts are not?
• What are our National UAV Priorities?
• Agriculture, Mining, Emergency Services,…
160. Key Questions
• Do our operational priorities differ from
US/Europe?
• Do we understand implications of their
priorities & timelines?
• Which parts are relevant to Australia, which
parts are not?
• What are our National UAV Priorities?
• Agriculture, Mining, Emergency Services,…
• EVLOS, BVLOS, IFR/VFR
14 Key R&D Activities:
• EVLOS/VLOS
• 1.RPAS activities awareness for security
• 2. Operations in Urban Areas
• 3. Human Factors
• IFR/VFR
• 4. Visual Detectability solutions
• 5. DAA
• 7. CNPC
• 9. Airspace & Airport Access
• 11 Contingency
• BVLOS
• 6. DAA
• 8. CNPC
• 11 Airspace & Airport Access
• Human Factors:
• 13 BVLOS & IFR/VFR
• 14 Best Practice Demonstration
162. Key Questions
• Where do we have the skills to:
• Make decisions on what is relevant (C2,
DAA, ATM)
163. Key Questions
• Where do we have the skills to:
• Make decisions on what is relevant (C2,
DAA, ATM)
Required Expertise: DAA
• Sensors (Cooperative & Non-Cooperative)
• Sensor Integration, Blending, target tracking
• System Architectures
• Separation & Avoidance Logic,ACAS Logic
• Operations
• Information Processing
• Aircraft Performance & Manoevreability
• ATC
164. Key Questions
• Where do we have the skills to:
• Make decisions on what is relevant (C2,
DAA, ATM)
Required Expertise: DAA
• Sensors (Cooperative & Non-Cooperative)
• Sensor Integration, Blending, target tracking
• System Architectures
• Separation & Avoidance Logic,ACAS Logic
• Operations
• Information Processing
• Aircraft Performance & Manoevreability
• ATC
Required Expertise: CNPC
• DigitalComms
• Terrain, Urban, Obstacle Database Mgt
• Comms, Nav, Surveillance (CNS)
• EM Spectrum Environment & Measurement
• Spectrum Management
• SATCOM Infrastructure
• Small UAVs
• RCP, QoS, Safety & Security
• GNSS
• Modelling & Simulation
• Advanced Control
165. Key Questions
• Where do we have the skills to:
• Make decisions on what is relevant (C2,
DAA, ATM)
Required Expertise: DAA
• Sensors (Cooperative & Non-Cooperative)
• Sensor Integration, Blending, target tracking
• System Architectures
• Separation & Avoidance Logic,ACAS Logic
• Operations
• Information Processing
• Aircraft Performance & Manoevreability
• ATC
Required Expertise: CNPC
• DigitalComms
• Terrain, Urban, Obstacle Database Mgt
• Comms, Nav, Surveillance (CNS)
• EM Spectrum Environment & Measurement
• Spectrum Management
• SATCOM Infrastructure
• Small UAVs
• RCP, QoS, Safety & Security
• GNSS
• Modelling & Simulation
• Advanced Control
Required Expertise: ATM & Operations
• ATC & ATM Specialists
• Flight Planning
• Knowledge of ATM SurveillanceAssets
• Knowledge of ATC Procedures & Services
• Knowledge of NextGen, SESAR, OneSky
• Operators
• RPA End Users: Pilot & Payload
• Small & Large
• CPA Pilots
• NewTechnologies: Airware, LATAS, UTM
166. Key Questions
• Where do we have the skills to:
• Make decisions on what is relevant (C2,
DAA, ATM)
• Address particular gaps
Required Expertise: DAA
• Sensors (Cooperative & Non-Cooperative)
• Sensor Integration, Blending, target tracking
• System Architectures
• Separation & Avoidance Logic,ACAS Logic
• Operations
• Information Processing
• Aircraft Performance & Manoevreability
• ATC
Required Expertise: CNPC
• DigitalComms
• Terrain, Urban, Obstacle Database Mgt
• Comms, Nav, Surveillance (CNS)
• EM Spectrum Environment & Measurement
• Spectrum Management
• SATCOM Infrastructure
• Small UAVs
• RCP, QoS, Safety & Security
• GNSS
• Modelling & Simulation
• Advanced Control
Required Expertise: ATM & Operations
• ATC & ATM Specialists
• Flight Planning
• Knowledge of ATM SurveillanceAssets
• Knowledge of ATC Procedures & Services
• Knowledge of NextGen, SESAR, OneSky
• Operators
• RPA End Users: Pilot & Payload
• Small & Large
• CPA Pilots
• NewTechnologies: Airware, LATAS, UTM
167. Key Questions
• Where do we have the skills to:
• Make decisions on what is relevant (C2,
DAA, ATM)
• Address particular gaps
• Operational Procedure Generation
Required Expertise: DAA
• Sensors (Cooperative & Non-Cooperative)
• Sensor Integration, Blending, target tracking
• System Architectures
• Separation & Avoidance Logic,ACAS Logic
• Operations
• Information Processing
• Aircraft Performance & Manoevreability
• ATC
Required Expertise: CNPC
• DigitalComms
• Terrain, Urban, Obstacle Database Mgt
• Comms, Nav, Surveillance (CNS)
• EM Spectrum Environment & Measurement
• Spectrum Management
• SATCOM Infrastructure
• Small UAVs
• RCP, QoS, Safety & Security
• GNSS
• Modelling & Simulation
• Advanced Control
Required Expertise: ATM & Operations
• ATC & ATM Specialists
• Flight Planning
• Knowledge of ATM SurveillanceAssets
• Knowledge of ATC Procedures & Services
• Knowledge of NextGen, SESAR, OneSky
• Operators
• RPA End Users: Pilot & Payload
• Small & Large
• CPA Pilots
• NewTechnologies: Airware, LATAS, UTM
168. Key Questions
• Where do we have the skills to:
• Make decisions on what is relevant (C2,
DAA, ATM)
• Address particular gaps
• Operational Procedure Generation
• ATM Integration
• Technology Specification Development
• Technical Solution Development
Required Expertise: DAA
• Sensors (Cooperative & Non-Cooperative)
• Sensor Integration, Blending, target tracking
• System Architectures
• Separation & Avoidance Logic,ACAS Logic
• Operations
• Information Processing
• Aircraft Performance & Manoevreability
• ATC
Required Expertise: CNPC
• DigitalComms
• Terrain, Urban, Obstacle Database Mgt
• Comms, Nav, Surveillance (CNS)
• EM Spectrum Environment & Measurement
• Spectrum Management
• SATCOM Infrastructure
• Small UAVs
• RCP, QoS, Safety & Security
• GNSS
• Modelling & Simulation
• Advanced Control
Required Expertise: ATM & Operations
• ATC & ATM Specialists
• Flight Planning
• Knowledge of ATM SurveillanceAssets
• Knowledge of ATC Procedures & Services
• Knowledge of NextGen, SESAR, OneSky
• Operators
• RPA End Users: Pilot & Payload
• Small & Large
• CPA Pilots
• NewTechnologies: Airware, LATAS, UTM
169. Key Questions
• Where do we have the skills to:
• Make decisions on what is relevant (C2,
DAA, ATM)
• Address particular gaps
• Operational Procedure Generation
• ATM Integration
• Technology Specification Development
• Technical Solution Development
• Assess Risk & Develop Mitigation when
Solutions not present
Required Expertise: DAA
• Sensors (Cooperative & Non-Cooperative)
• Sensor Integration, Blending, target tracking
• System Architectures
• Separation & Avoidance Logic,ACAS Logic
• Operations
• Information Processing
• Aircraft Performance & Manoevreability
• ATC
Required Expertise: CNPC
• DigitalComms
• Terrain, Urban, Obstacle Database Mgt
• Comms, Nav, Surveillance (CNS)
• EM Spectrum Environment & Measurement
• Spectrum Management
• SATCOM Infrastructure
• Small UAVs
• RCP, QoS, Safety & Security
• GNSS
• Modelling & Simulation
• Advanced Control
Required Expertise: ATM & Operations
• ATC & ATM Specialists
• Flight Planning
• Knowledge of ATM SurveillanceAssets
• Knowledge of ATC Procedures & Services
• Knowledge of NextGen, SESAR, OneSky
• Operators
• RPA End Users: Pilot & Payload
• Small & Large
• CPA Pilots
• NewTechnologies: Airware, LATAS, UTM
170. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Skills to Deal with Scope of Work
If we bypass what the US/Europeans are doing,
• was the decision underpinned by knowledge and expertise or ignorance,
business agendas or simply plucked?
• What are the safety implications?
• Are there disengaged people in the room that know better?
• Are there engaged people who don’t?
Safety
New
Tech &
Security
DAA
& CNPC
Current
ATM
Procs
Risk
to
People
Separation
Standards
Different
Flight
Profiles
Safety
DAA & CNPC
Current
ATM
Procs
Separation
Standards
171. Key Questions
• Can we improve pace of change?
• Yes.
• If we convince industry to re-engage
• Seek the Goldilocks Effect
Required Expertise: DAA
• Sensors (Cooperative & Non-Cooperative)
• Sensor Integration, Blending, target tracking
• System Architectures
• Separation & Avoidance Logic,ACAS Logic
• Operations
• Information Processing
• Aircraft Performance & Manoevreability
• ATC
Required Expertise: CNPC
• DigitalComms
• Terrain, Urban, Obstacle Database Mgt
• Comms, Nav, Surveillance (CNS)
• EM Spectrum Environment & Measurement
• Spectrum Management
• SATCOM Infrastructure
• Small UAVs
• RCP, QoS, Safety & Security
• GNSS
• Modelling & Simulation
• Advanced Control
Required Expertise: ATM & Operations
• ATC & ATM Specialists
• Flight Planning
• Knowledge of ATM SurveillanceAssets
• Knowledge of ATC Procedures & Services
• Knowledge of NextGen, SESAR, OneSky
• Operators
• RPA End Users: Pilot & Payload
• Small & Large
• CPA Pilots
• NewTechnologies: Airware, LATAS, UTM
Manpower & Skill
CASA & Industry
174. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
RTCA White Papers & MOPS
Focused on UA which require approval to fly in airspace
normally frequented by commercial transport aircraft
Facilitates transition to/from Class A or special use airspace,
traversing Class D, E, & G airspace
Not applicable to sUAS:
• Must be > 55lb
• Capable of DAA forCooperative & Uncooperative. radar,
ADSB,TCAS…
Phase 1 MOPS
175. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
RTCA White Papers & MOPS
Focused on UA which require approval to fly in airspace
normally frequented by commercial transport aircraft
Facilitates transition to/from Class A or special use airspace,
traversing Class D, E, & G airspace
Not applicable to sUAS:
• Must be > 55lb
• Capable of DAA forCooperative & Uncooperative. radar,
ADSB,TCAS…
Phase 1 MOPS
0
500
1000
2011 2012 2013 2014
DJI
176. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
RTCA White Papers & MOPS
Focused on UA which require approval to fly in airspace
normally frequented by commercial transport aircraft
Facilitates transition to/from Class A or special use airspace,
traversing Class D, E, & G airspace
Not applicable to sUAS:
• Must be > 55lb
• Capable of DAA forCooperative & Uncooperative. radar,
ADSB,TCAS…
Phase 1 MOPS
0
500
1000
2011 2012 2013 2014
DJI
Still Prudent to pay attention to Contents,
• Unknown Unknowns are not good when approving BVLOS or
• Accepting lower quality equipment
177. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Encounter Set: Understanding the Risk
DetectEncounters
Own-ship
Data
Tracker
Alerting
Guidance
Display Pilot
Aircraft
Model
178. DAATimelineAllocation Summary
DAA MOPS Appendix J,Table J-2
Step Time (sec)
Detect (Sensor) 5
Track (Sensor) 5
Evaluate (DAAP) 1
TransmitTracks (CNPC) 2
Display 1
Declare (DGP) 1
Determine (Pilot) 10 ( NASA HITL)
Pilot-ATC Interaction 10 ( NASA HITL)
Pilot Input (Pilot) 5 (NASA HITL)
RLP B (CNPC) 2 )
Maneuver (UA) 30 (Depends on speed)
Well Clear Boundary 35
Total 107
179. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
SC-228 MOPS Development
Radar Declaration Range
180. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
SC-228 MOPS Development
Alert
Pilot
Detect
Intruder
Determine
Resolution
15 s
Radar Declaration Range
181. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
SC-228 MOPS Development
Alert
Pilot
Detect
Intruder
Determine
Resolution
15 s
Negotiate
ATC
Clearance
10 s
Radar Declaration Range
182. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
SC-228 MOPS Development
Alert
Pilot
Detect
Intruder
Determine
Resolution
15 s
Negotiate
ATC
Clearance
10 s 30.0 s
maneuver
to
remain
well clear
(Aircraft Performance
Radar Declaration Range
183. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
SC-228 MOPS Development
Alert
Pilot
Detect
Intruder
Determine
Resolution
15 s
Negotiate
ATC
Clearance
10 s 30.0 s
maneuver
to
remain
well clear
(Aircraft Performance
35.0 s
DAAWell Clear
Radar Declaration Range
184. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
SC-228 MOPS Development
Alert
Pilot
Detect
Intruder
Determine
Resolution
15 s
Negotiate
ATC
Clearance
10 s 30.0 s
maneuver
to
remain
well clear
(Aircraft Performance
35.0 s
DAAWell Clear
Radar Declaration Range
110 seconds
RDR
Can vary up to 110 seconds as function of intruder
speed, ownship speed and intruder bearing angle
185. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
DAA Performance Assessment
Key ASTM F2411 SAA Requirement for Class 3
220 Degrees
30 Degrees
186. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
DAA Performance Assessment
Key ASTM F2411 SAA Requirement for Class 3
220 Degrees
30 Degrees
Day, Night, Bright Light, & any
weather
187. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
188. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
189. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
190. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
191. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
192. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
193. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
194. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
195. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
196. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
197. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Angular Resolution & Stabilisation
Radar shall correct for pitch up of 5 degree
199. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Practicalities of DAA
Minimum Maneuvering Time Example
60 kts
200. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Practicalities of DAA
Minimum Maneuvering Time Example
60 kts
A380
240 kts
24 m
12 m
201. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Practicalities of DAA
Minimum Maneuvering Time Example
60 kts
300 kts closing speed
A380
240 kts
24 m
12 m
202. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Practicalities of DAA
Minimum Maneuvering Time Example
DJI Phantom 3
Max Descent: 590.551 feet per minute
Max Speed 16 m/s (no wind) = 31 kts
60 kts
Scan Eagle:
• Max ROC: 150m/min (491 feet per minute)
• Lets assume can descend at same rate ( not a given)
• Cruise Speed
300 kts closing speed
A380
240 kts
24 m
12 m
203. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Practicalities of DAA
Minimum Maneuvering Time Example
DJI Phantom 3
Max Descent: 590.551 feet per minute
Max Speed 16 m/s (no wind) = 31 kts
60 kts
Scan Eagle:
• Max ROC: 150m/min (491 feet per minute)
• Lets assume can descend at same rate ( not a given)
• Cruise Speed
300 kts closing speed
A380
240 kts
24 m
12 m
• Time to climb/descend 12 m is 4.8 seconds (
12
150
) mins
• 300 kts closing speed = 5 nm per minute
• Decision to MOVE must be made at (
4.8
60
) x 5kts : 740 m range
• Assumes an instantaneous reaction..
205. A380 79.8 m
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0200040006000800010000
NoofPixelsRepresentingAircraft
Range between A380 and State Aircraft
At 3000 m :
• 20 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 11 pixels
• Approx 1% of HFOV (1024 pixels)
At 2000 m:
• 13 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 16 Pixels
• Approx 1.5% of HFOV
25 m
For 300 kt Closing Speed
5mm focal length
3.75 um pixel width
HFOV =44 degrees
206. A380 79.8 m
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0200040006000800010000
NoofPixelsRepresentingAircraft
Range between A380 and State Aircraft
At 3000 m :
• 20 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 11 pixels
• Approx 1% of HFOV (1024 pixels)
At 2000 m:
• 13 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 16 Pixels
• Approx 1.5% of HFOV
25 m
At 1000 m
• 6.5 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 33 Pixels
• 3 % of HFOV (44 degrees)
For 300 kt Closing Speed
5mm focal length
3.75 um pixel width
HFOV =44 degrees
207. At 1000 m
• 6.5 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 33 Pixels
• 3 % of HFOV
At 3000 m
• 20 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 11 pixels
• 1% of HFOV
For 300 kt Closing Speed
5mm focal length
3.75 um pixel width
210. 220 Degrees
At 1000 m
• 6.5 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 33 Pixels
• 3 % of 44degree HFOV
44 Degrees HFOV
211. 220 Degrees
At 1000 m
• 6.5 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 33 Pixels
• 3 % of 44degree HFOV
44 Degrees HFOV
Actually 0.6% of 220 degrees
FoR required by specification
212. 220 Degrees
At 1000 m
• 6.5 seconds to Collision,
• Intruder is 33 Pixels
• 3 % of 44degree HFOV
44 Degrees HFOV
Actually 0.6% of 220 degrees
FoR required by specification
Thankfully,A380’s don’t operate at
low level without ATC separation…..
but willATC know about the UAV?
213. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
ATM Operations
Aircraft Performance: Different climb & descent rates, turn radius, cruise speed
Issues for DAA & ATM
Missions: RPAS loitering & Surveillance: CPA Point A to B
100 kts
300 ft/min
Radius ~ 1 NM
450 kts
1500 ft/min
Radius ~ 8 NM
Loiter Pattern
Point to Point
214. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Encounters
80 Baseline Stressing Cases @ 6,000’ or 18,000’ Alt
24-Head-On
• 250kt or 500kt
• 0, 1500, 3000 fpm
• 0, 2500’, 12000’ HMD
• 0, 500’, 1000’ VMD
12-Overtake
• 150kt vs. 100 or 140kt
• 0, -1500 fpm
• 0, 250’ HMD
• 0, 500’ VMD
32-Converging
• 250kt or 500kt
• 0 or -3000 fpm
• 0, 2500’, 12000’ HMD
• 0, 500’, 1000’ VMD
• 60 , 90 , 120 IA
12-Maneuvering Intr
• 250kt or 500kt
• 0 or +1500 fpm
• 0, 2500’, 12000’ HMD
• 0, 500’ VMD
15 Additional Cases
5-USAF
• Crossing Geometry
• Alt-Crossing Before
CPA
5-MIT/LL
• Mixed Geometry
5-NASA
• Parallel Course
• Vertically
Converging
+
1. Lincoln Labs Data
• Correlated
• Uncorrelated
2. Scripted Stress Cases
215. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Encounters: Head On Encounters
24 Head On
• 250kt or 500kt
• 0, 1500, 3000 fpm
• 0, 2500’, 12000’ HMD
• 0, 500’, 1000’VMD
1. Lincoln Labs Data
• Correlated
• Uncorrelated
2. Scripted Stress Cases
*.KMZ Images generated using Code from Institute for Aerospace Research,
National Research Centre, Canadian with support from Kris Ellis
216. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Converging Encounters
32 Converging Encounters
• 250kt or 500kt
• 0 or -3000 fpm
• 0, 2500’, 12000’ HMD
• 0, 500’, 1000’VMD
• 60 , 90 , 120 IA
1. Lincoln Labs Data
• Correlated
• Uncorrelated
2. Scripted Stress Cases
*.KMZ Images generated using Code from Institute for Aerospace Research,
National Research Centre, Canadian with support from Kris Ellis
217. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Manoevering Encounters
12 Maneuvering Stress Cases
• 250kt or 500kt
• 0 or +1500 fpm
• 0, 2500’, 12000’ HMD
• 0, 500’VMD
1. Lincoln Labs Data
• Correlated
• Uncorrelated
2. Scripted Stress Cases
*.KMZ Images generated using Code from Institute for Aerospace Research,
National Research Centre, Canadian with support from Kris Ellis
218. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Overtaking Encounters
12 Overtaking Encounters
1. Lincoln Labs Data
• Correlated
• Uncorrelated
2. Scripted Stress Cases
• 150kt vs. 100 or 140kt
• 0, -1500 fpm
• 0, 250’ HMD
• 0, 500’VMD
*.KMZ Images generated using Code from Institute for Aerospace Research,
National Research Centre, Canadian with support from Kris Ellis
219. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Overtaking Encounters
12 Overtaking Encounters1. Lincoln Labs Data
• Correlated
• Uncorrelated
2. Scripted Stress Cases
• 150kt vs. 100 or 140kt
• 0, -1500 fpm
• 0, 250’ HMD
• 0, 500’VMD
*.KMZ Images generated using Code from Institute for Aerospace Research,
National Research Centre, Canadian with support from Kris Ellis
220. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Detect & Avoid
Overtaking Encounters
12 Overtaking Encounters1. Lincoln Labs Data
• Correlated
• Uncorrelated
2. Scripted Stress Cases
• 150kt vs. 100 or 140kt
• 0, -1500 fpm
• 0, 250’ HMD
• 0, 500’VMD
This is for Large UAVs conducting BVLOS
Which parts are not relevant for sUAS!
How will these decision be made?
And what about C2 LinkVulnerabilities!
*.KMZ Images generated using Code from Institute for Aerospace Research,
National Research Centre, Canadian with support from Kris Ellis
222. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Command Non Payload Control
RTCA SC-228 White Paper C2 Data Link
Source: RTCAWP-2: Command & Control Data Link ( 18 Mar 2014)
UAS Data Link
223. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Command Non Payload Control
RTCA SC-228 White Paper C2 Data Link
Source: RTCAWP-2: Command & Control Data Link ( 18 Mar 2014)
UAS Data Link
UAS Payload Link
Out of Scope
Payload Link: carries all logical flows associated with mission
payload package.
No Safety of flight information, so not required to be in
aviation safety protected spectrum.
224. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Command Non Payload Control
RTCA SC-228 White Paper C2 Data Link
Source: RTCAWP-2: Command & Control Data Link ( 18 Mar 2014)
UAS Data Link
UAS Control & NON
Payload Comms (CNPC)
Link
UAS Payload Link
Command & Non-Payload Comms; Carries all logical flows
associated with controlling the flight of the aircraft as well as
aircraft system status monitoing and link mgt. Expected to be
relatively low bandwidth
225. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Command Non Payload Control
RTCA SC-228 White Paper C2 Data Link
Source: RTCAWP-2: Command & Control Data Link ( 18 Mar 2014)
UAS Data Link
UAS Control & NON
Payload Comms (CNPC)
Link
PilotATC Link
UAS Payload Link
Voice
Data eg CPDLC
226. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Command Non Payload Control
RTCA SC-228 White Paper C2 Data Link
Source: RTCAWP-2: Command & Control Data Link ( 18 Mar 2014)
UAS Data Link
UAS Control & NON
Payload Comms (CNPC)
Link
UAS Control LinkPilotATC Link
Telecommand Link
UAS Payload Link
UPLINK from pilot to AC to Aircraft
• Information needed to control flight trajectory
• Information needed to control all aircraft systems required
for safe flight
227. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Command Non Payload Control
RTCA SC-228 White Paper C2 Data Link
Source: RTCAWP-2: Command & Control Data Link ( 18 Mar 2014)
UAS Data Link
UAS Control & NON
Payload Comms (CNPC)
Link
UAS Control LinkPilotATC Link
Telemetry Link
UAS Payload Link
Telemetry link DOWNLINK from AC to Pilot
Aircraft location, attitude & speed
System status
Onboard NAVAID data
Track data
FPV is on board
228. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Command Non Payload Control
• C2 Link provides reliable communication between PIC and RPA and ATC
• May or may not occur via RPA
Expectations
229. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Command Non Payload Control
• C2 Link provides reliable communication between PIC and RPA and ATC
• May or may not occur via RPA
• Reliability of link must be appropriate for the environment
• Airports and DenseTraffic
• Departure & Arrival
• Enroute:
• Class A airspace Oceanic
• What is the Quality of Service of the link
• RF propagation, Signal Fading,Antenna Placement, frequency diversity
• Protection from interference:Which Spectrum,CAPACITY expectations, Security
Expectations
230. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Command Non Payload Control
• C2 Link provides reliable communication between PIC and RPA and ATC
• May or may not occur via RPA
• Reliability of link must be appropriate for the environment
• Airports and DenseTraffic
• Departure & Arrival
• Enroute:
• Class A airspace Oceanic
• What is the Quality of Service of the link
• RF propagation, Signal Fading, Antenna Placement, frequency diversity
• Protection from interference: Which Spectrum, CAPACITY expectations, Security
• BVLOS vehicles must have an ability to maintain predictable flight on a planned heading & altitude
if they lose CNPC.
• What airspace could they enter if they lose link
• Contingency Management: Software Assurance
Expectations
231. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Availability and Continuity
Indigenous Capacity: Knowing your limitations
232. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CNPC
Critical Failure Modes
Overall
Availability & Continuity
233. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CNPC
Critical Failure Modes
Overall
Availability & Continuity
OR
C2 Link Interruption-No
Component Fail
RPAS C2 Link
Component Fail
234. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CNPC
Critical Failure Modes
Overall
Availability & Continuity
OR
C2 Link Interruption-No
Component Fail
RPAS C2 Link
Component Fail
Propagation
Event
Interference
Event
Airframe
Obstruction
Capacity
OR
235. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CNPC
Critical Failure Modes
Overall
Availability & Continuity
OR
C2 Link Interruption-No
Component Fail
Propagation
Event
Interference
Event
Airframe
Obstruction
Capacity
OR
236. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CNPC
Critical Failure Modes
Overall
Availability & Continuity
OR
C2 Link Interruption-No
Component Fail
Propagation
Event
Interference
Event
Airframe
Obstruction
Capacity
OR
David W. Matolak , Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Air-Ground Channel
Characterization Results , University of South Carolina
237. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
CNPC
Critical Failure Modes
Overall
Availability & Continuity
OR
C2 Link Interruption-No
Component Fail
Propagation
Event
Interference
Event
Airframe
Obstruction
Capacity
OR
How long is
Acceptable to lose
link?
David W. Matolak , Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Air-Ground Channel
Characterization Results , University of South Carolina
238. Prepared by :Terrence Martin Source Page 4-4 ICAO 9869
Dealing with Uncertainty
Separation: RCP Transaction times
Aircraft Separation is a function of many things, including
timeframe required for ATC to communicate with Aircraft
to effect a manouevers
RPAs can have different comms pathways, thus longer
comms timeframes eg satellite, HF etc
How much separation is required for these instances??
239. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Source:Page 4-4 ICAO 9869
Dealing with Uncertainty
C2 Link Required Communication Performance
RP Send
Message
ATC
receives
Indication
of
Message
Imbound
ATC
Understand
Message
ATC
Compose
Feedback
ATC
Sends
Message
RP Gets
Indication
of
Imbound
Message
RP
Compose
Message
RP
Completes
Action
RP
Transmits
Completion
Typical RPAS C2TransactionTime
TotalTime is combination of:
• Human to Machine & Machine Machine Interface
• Human ReactionTimes
• Tech Communication Media: Satellite, Microwave,….relayed or LOS
240. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Source:Page 4-4 ICAO 9869
Dealing with Uncertainty
C2 Link Required Communication Performance
RP Send
Message
ATC
receives
Indication
of
Message
Imbound
ATC
Understand
Message
ATC
Compose
Feedback
ATC
Sends
Message
RP Gets
Indication
of
Imbound
Message
RP
Compose
Message
RP
Completes
Action
RP
Transmits
Completion
Typical RPAS C2TransactionTime
TotalTime is combination of:
• Human to Machine & Machine Machine Interface
• Human ReactionTimes
• Tech Communication Media: Satellite, Microwave,….relayed or LOS
LongerTime: Greater Separation
• Eg CPDLC whilst travelling internationally means much greater separation
distances in Oceanic
241. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Dealing with Uncertainty
CASA AC 101-1 Sect 5.10.3 states:
The parameters, which determine acceptable intermittent loss of signal and total loss, will be
set by the manufacturer..
Should the determination of an acceptable duration for Lost Link
beforeATC is advised, at least involve the REGULATOR & ANSP
Indigenous Capacity : CNPC & RCP in Oz
242. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Dealing with Uncertainty
Indigenous Capacity: Lost Link Decision Times
Taxi, Takeoff and Landing. Within 5nm of runway and below 10kft.
• Lost C2 Link Decision time = 2 seconds.
• Short time required because risk may increase rapidly and the pilot may
not have time to intervene for a RPA with a low automation level.
• A Lost C2 Link must be declared quickly;
More automatic operation required by RPA if these times cant be achieved
2 NM 3 NM
400ft AGL
100ft AGL
0 NM
500ft
600ft AGL RPAS
How Long would it take for RPAS to Communicate Lost Link to ATC???
243. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Dealing with Uncertainty
Indigenous Capacity: Lost Link Decision Times
Departure and Arrival. RPA within 30nm of runway and below 18kft.
• RLOS at this longer range
• Lost C2 Link Decision time = 10seconds.
• Equivalent to the ATC RCP for terminal areas.
Enroute. RPA greater than 30nm from runway and below 60kft.
• Use BRLOS (terrestrial network)
• 10 seconds Lost C2 Link Decision time (non-satellite)
• 30 seconds when satellite C2 Link, e.g. when significantly further way
than 30nm.
245. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Directions
1. Goals, Milestones, National Priorities and what is Achievable
• Capturing & Communicating gaps preventing achievement
• Reality: National Aspirations tempered by Indigenous Capacity & Money
• 80:20 Rule
• Transparency: fostering industry Buy-In for solutions
Creating, Communicating and Enacting a Feasible Roadmap
246. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Directions
1. Goals, Milestones, National Priorities and what is Achievable
• Capturing & Communicating gaps preventing achievement
• Reality: National Aspirations tempered by Indigenous Capacity & Money
• 80:20 Rule
• Transparency: fostering industry Buy-In for solutions
2. Workforce:
• What is available, what is required, and how can we improve it
• Fostering Industry Buy-In
• Working Group Restructure: Motivation, Skills
Creating, Communicating and Enacting a Feasible Roadmap
247. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Directions
1. Goals, Milestones, National Priorities and what is Achievable
• Capturing & Communicating gaps preventing achievement
• Reality: National Aspirations tempered by Indigenous Capacity & Money
• 80:20 Rule
• Transparency: fostering industry Buy-In for solutions
2. Workforce:
• What is available, what is required, and how can we improve it
• Fostering Industry Buy-In
• Working Group Restructure: Motivation, Skills
3. CoordinatedTrials
Creating, Communicating and Enacting a Feasible Roadmap
248. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Directions
Australian Goals & timeliness will be a
compromise:
• Our Economic Priorities
• Our Indigenous Capacity
• CASA & Industry
• Money
• R&D expertise
• There will be some reliance on
overseas regulatory development
CANWE FINESSE an
OPTIMAL BALANCE?
Goals, National Priorities & Achievability
14 Key R&D Activities:
• EVLOS/VLOS
• 1.RPAS activities awareness for security
• 2. Operations in Urban Areas
• 3. Human Factors
• IFR/VFR
• 4. Visual Detectability solutions
• 5. DAA
• 6. Comms C2 Datalink
• 7. Airspace & Airport Access
• 8 Contingency
• BVLOS
• 9. DAA
• 10. Comms C2 Datalink
• 11 Airspace & Airport Access
• 12. Security
• 13 Human Factors: BVLOS & IFR/VFR
• 14 Best Practice Demonstration
Goals
Milestones
Gaps & Barriers
Action Items
Priorities &Timelines
249. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Directions
Goals, National Priorities & Achievability
14 Key R&D Activities:
• EVLOS/VLOS
• 1.RPAS activities awareness for security
• 2. Operations in Urban Areas
• 3. Human Factors
• IFR/VFR
• 4. Visual Detectability solutions
• 5. DAA
• 6. Comms C2 Datalink
• 7. Airspace & Airport Access
• 8 Contingency
• BVLOS
• 9. DAA
• 10. Comms C2 Datalink
• 11 Airspace & Airport Access
• 12. Security
• 13 Human Factors: BVLOS & IFR/VFR
• 14 Best Practice Demonstration
Goals
Milestones
Gaps & Barriers
Action Items
Priorities &Timelines
Still important that we:
250. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Directions
Goals, National Priorities & Achievability
14 Key R&D Activities:
• EVLOS/VLOS
• 1.RPAS activities awareness for security
• 2. Operations in Urban Areas
• 3. Human Factors
• IFR/VFR
• 4. Visual Detectability solutions
• 5. DAA
• 6. Comms C2 Datalink
• 7. Airspace & Airport Access
• 8 Contingency
• BVLOS
• 9. DAA
• 10. Comms C2 Datalink
• 11 Airspace & Airport Access
• 12. Security
• 13 Human Factors: BVLOS & IFR/VFR
• 14 Best Practice Demonstration
Goals
Milestones
Gaps & Barriers
Action Items
Priorities &Timelines
Still important that we:
•Identify gaps &/or available
mitigations and prioritise their
treatment
• Relevant to Australian Priorities
251. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Directions
Goals, National Priorities & Achievability
14 Key R&D Activities:
• EVLOS/VLOS
• 1.RPAS activities awareness for security
• 2. Operations in Urban Areas
• 3. Human Factors
• IFR/VFR
• 4. Visual Detectability solutions
• 5. DAA
• 6. Comms C2 Datalink
• 7. Airspace & Airport Access
• 8 Contingency
• BVLOS
• 9. DAA
• 10. Comms C2 Datalink
• 11 Airspace & Airport Access
• 12. Security
• 13 Human Factors: BVLOS & IFR/VFR
• 14 Best Practice Demonstration
Goals
Milestones
Gaps & Barriers
Action Items
Priorities &Timelines
Still important that we:
•Identify gaps &/or available
mitigations and prioritise their
treatment
• Relevant to Australian Priorities
•Do it quickly, without
compromising safety
• Take what is useful: dispense with
what is not
252. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Directions
Goals, National Priorities & Achievability
14 Key R&D Activities:
• EVLOS/VLOS
• 1.RPAS activities awareness for security
• 2. Operations in Urban Areas
• 3. Human Factors
• IFR/VFR
• 4. Visual Detectability solutions
• 5. DAA
• 6. Comms C2 Datalink
• 7. Airspace & Airport Access
• 8 Contingency
• BVLOS
• 9. DAA
• 10. Comms C2 Datalink
• 11 Airspace & Airport Access
• 12. Security
• 13 Human Factors: BVLOS & IFR/VFR
• 14 Best Practice Demonstration
Goals
Milestones
Gaps & Barriers
Action Items
Priorities &Timelines
Still important that we:
•Identify gaps &/or available
mitigations and prioritise their
treatment
• Relevant to Australian Priorities
•Do it quickly, without
compromising safety
• Take what is useful: dispense with
what is not
•Communicate to Industry what is
needed
• Allow them to help
253.
254.
255.
256. Priorities & Demographics
Airspace Size
/Weight
Population
G Small
Barren,
Rural,
Urban,
City??
Med
Large
E Small
Med
Large
D Small
Med
Large
257. Priorities & Demographics EVLOS BVLOS BRLOS IMC
Airspace Size
/Weight
Population
G Small
Barren,
Rural,
Urban,
City??
Med
Large
E Small
Med
Large
D Small
Med
Large
258. Priorities & Demographics BVLOS BRLOS IMC
Airspace Size
/Weight
Population
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
G Small
Barren,
Rural,
Urban,
City??
Med
Large
E Small
Med
Large
D Small
Med
Large
259. Priorities & Demographics BVLOS
Airspace Size /Weight Population
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
D
Small
Barren, Rural,
Urban, City??
N N Y Y
Med Y Y N Y
Large Y Y N Not yet
Understood
260. Priorities & Demographics BVLOS
Airspace Size /Weight Population
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
D
Small
Barren, Rural,
Urban, City??
N N Y Y
Med Y Y N Y
Large Y Y N Not yet
Understood
Identifies
• Easy Pickings
• Missing Enablers
• Accountable Organisation
• Uncertainties
261. Priorities & Demographics BVLOS
Airspace Size /Weight Population
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
D
Small
Barren, Rural,
Urban, City??
N N Y Y
Med Y Y N Y
Large Y Y N Not yet
Understood
Uncertainty
• What Equipment
• What Restrictions
• What Procedures
• WhatTraining.
Identifies
• Easy Pickings
• Missing Enablers
• Accountable Organisation
• Uncertainties
262. Priorities & Demographics BVLOS
Airspace Size /Weight Population
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
D
Small
Barren, Rural,
Urban, City??
N N Y Y
Med Y Y N Y
Large Y Y N Not yet
Understood
Uncertainty
• What Equipment
• What Restrictions
• What Procedures
• WhatTraining.
Identifies
• Easy Pickings
• Missing Enablers
• Accountable Organisation
• Uncertainties
• Trials
• Close Following
263. Priorities & Demographics BVLOS
Airspace Size /Weight Population
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
D
Small
Barren, Rural,
Urban, City??
N N Y Y
Med Y Y N Y
Large Y Y N Not yet
Understood
Uncertainty
• What Equipment
• What Restrictions
• What Procedures
• WhatTraining.
Identifies
• Easy Pickings
• Missing Enablers
• Accountable Organisation
• Uncertainties
• Trials
• Close Following
Highlights
• Capacity Shortfalls
• Internal to CASA/ASA
• Indigenous
264. Priorities & Demographics BVLOS
Airspace Size /Weight Population
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
D
Small
Barren, Rural,
Urban, City??
N N Y Y
Med Y Y N Y
Large Y Y N Not yet
Understood
Uncertainty
• What Equipment
• What Restrictions
• What Procedures
• WhatTraining.
Identifies
• Easy Pickings
• Missing Enablers
• Accountable Organisation
• Uncertainties
• Trials
• Close Following
Highlights
• Capacity Shortfalls
• Internal to CASA/ASA
• Indigenous
• Could GetVery Busy……
• Could we reduce/bypass lower priority work
266. Priorities & Demographics BVLOS
Airspace Size /Weight Population
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
OPERATION IDENTIFIED AS HIGH NATIONAL
IMPORTANCE
Y Y N ?????
267. Priorities & Demographics BVLOS
Airspace Size /Weight Population
TechSpec
Gaps
Procedural
Gaps
Tech
Solutions
Operational
Mitigations
OPERATION IDENTIFIED AS HIGH NATIONAL
IMPORTANCE
Y Y N ?????
OPERATION WITH HIGH COMMUNITY DEMAND N Y Y ?????
268. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Direction
80:20 Rule
• Training
• Operations
• InitialAirworthiness
• Continuing Airworthiness
• ATM Interoperability
MOPS Expectations
269. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Direction
80:20 Rule
Treating All CONOPS Equally
270. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Direction
80:20 Rule
Treating All CONOPS Equally
• Training
• Ops
• Initial Airworthiness
• Continuing
Airworthiness
• ATM Interoperability
271. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Direction
80:20 Rule
Treating All CONOPS Equally
• Training
• Ops
• Initial Airworthiness
• Continuing
Airworthiness
• ATM Interoperability
• Training
• Ops
• Initial Airworthiness
• Continuing
Airworthiness
• ATM Interoperability
272. Prepared by :Terrence Martin
Future Direction
80:20 Rule
Treating All CONOPS Equally
• Training
• Ops
• Initial Airworthiness
• Continuing
Airworthiness
• ATM Interoperability
• Training
• Ops
• Initial Airworthiness
• Continuing
Airworthiness
• ATM Interoperability
• Training
• Ops
• Initial Airworthiness
• Continuing
Airworthiness
• ATM Interoperability