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Causes of revolutionary war 1
- 1. Causes of the American Revolution Ch 4, Sec 3
- 2. French and Indian War • France’s GOAL: Control Fur trade • Great Britain’s GOAL: 3G’S – Wealth – Spread Christianity – Glory of Power and Wealth in New World
- 3. Fate of New France • France won early victories • Later, Britain overpowered France • Treaty of Paris signed ending conflict • Britain gained Canada and land east of Miss. River
- 4. Pontiac’s War • After French and Indian war – Colonist headed West push Natives off land • Clashes with Natives – Indian leader: Pontiac – Attacked Ohio Country – British lost some land • Britain and Colonists fought back together
- 5. Proclamation of 1763 • Colonists couldn’t settle past Proclamation line – Appalachian Mts. • Britain wanted to protect colonists • British troops sent to colonies – Colonists had to pay for British troops – Ignored proclamation
- 6. Britain Imposed New Taxes • Britain in debt after wars • Increase taxes for citizens of Britain • Grenville, Prime Minister – Expected colonists to pay sm. tax too
- 7. Sugar Act • Approved by Parliament – Tax on molasses, sugar, etc. – Used for making RUM (profitable) • Merchants avoided tax by smuggling molasses into colonies • British officials bringing smugglers to trial
- 8. Stamp Act • New tax on legal documents such as: – Wills – Diplomas – Newspapers, etc . • All items needed a stamp showing tax was paid
- 9. “No Taxation W/O Representation” • Ideas of representation was rooted back to Magna Carta • Colonists okay with tax if passed by their own legislature. – Unacceptable without representation
- 10. Peaceful Protest • Crisis united colonists • Delegates from colonists met in NYC – Known as Stamp Act Congress – Drew Up a petition – Rejected Stamp Act • Parliament not interested in petition
- 11. Colonial Boycott • Colonists boycotted British goods • Hurt British economy and merchants • Parliament repealed Stamp Act
- 12. Townshend Acts • Parliament passed the Townshend Acts • Tax on – – – – – Glass Paper Paint Lead Tea • Colonists objected to tax w/o their consent
- 13. Writs of Assistance • Custom officials tried to stop smuggling • Legal documents called, “Writs of assistance”, allowed officials to inspect ships, homes etc. w/o reason
- 14. Colonial Protest Widen • Colonists stopped importing goods from Britain • Sons of Liberty – Staged mock hangings • Daughters of Liberty – Boycotted British cloth
- 15. Quartering Act • Colonists had to provide: –Housing –Candles –Bedding –Beverages to soldiers in the colonies
- 16. A Bloody Night, Boston Massacre • At Boston Customs house – Colonists shouted insults “Lobsterbacks” – Throw snowballs, shells, etc. • British soldiers fired into crowd • 5 colonists died
- 17. Committee of Correspondence • Samuel Adams started a letter writing campaign called Committee of Correspondence. • Tool to protest and communicate with other colonies.
- 18. Temporary Calm • Parliament repealed: – Townshend Acts – Quartering Act • Tax on Tea remained
- 19. Dispute Over Tea • Tea was a popular drink • Parliament passes the Tea Act • Colonists bought most of their tea from British East India Co. – BUT…Colonists Resented Act – Refused to buy British Tea – Tea in Britain not getting sold
- 20. Tea Act Passed • British East India Co. – Act Let Company bypass colonist tea merchants – Sold directly to colonists – Cost less • Colonial Merchants angry – Act violated Free enterprise
- 21. A New Boycott • Daughters of Liberty – Served coffee and “Liberty Tea” • Sons of Liberty – Kept British East India Co from unloading tea in harbor
- 22. Boston Tea Party • Three ships entered Boston Harbor • Sons of Liberty – Requested from Governor: • Ship leaves the harbor • He refused – Colonists disguised as Mohawks – Boarded ship – Dumped 342 chests of tea in harbor
- 23. Parliament Strikes Back with Intolerable Acts • British outraged by colonists’ behavior • Intolerable Act (4 Parts) – Shut down Boston Harbor – Forbid Town meetings – Custom Officials will be tried in Britain – Quartering Act stronger
- 24. Other Colonies Support Boston • Committee of Correspondence – Spread news about Boston – Colonies responded with food to help – Set day of Shame of the Intolerable Acts.
- 25. First Continental Congress • Delegates from 12 colonies met – Known as 1st Continental Congress • Agreed to boycott and stop exporting goods to Britain • Each colony would create a Militia (army of citizens)
Notas del editor
- By 1760, the British and their Indian allies had driven France from Ohio Valley.Their troubles in the region were not over. With the French gone, British colonist headed West to claim the lands for themselves. Clashes with Native Americans. As Settlers moved into the valley, they often clashed with these Native Americans. Angry Native American found a leader called Pontiac, an Ottawa chief who fought on the side of the French. Pontiac spoke of the British calling them, “dogs dress in red”” who have come to us of hunting grounds and drive away the game. War on the FrontierPontiac and a group of Indian attacked British troops; This was called the Pontiac’s WarIn a few short months the Native captured forts in Ohio Country. British and colonial troops then struck back and regained much of the lost land. Pontiac War was short livedIn October 1763, a Treat of Paris was signed; ending the Pontiac’s War
- Pontiac’s War convinced British officials that they should stop colonist from settling on the western frontier. To do this, the govt. issued the Proclamation of 1763. This proclamation drew an imaginary line along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonist were forbidden to settle west of the line. All settlers already west of the line were “to remove themselves” at once. The proclamation was meant to protect Indians in the Western land. To enforce it, Britain sent 10,000 troops to the colonies. Few troops went to the frontier, most staying in cities along the Atlantic CoastProclamation angered colonies. Some colonies, claimed land in the West. Also, colonist now had to pay for the additional British troops that had been sent to enforce the proclamation. In the end, many settlers simply ignored the proclamation and moved west anyway.
- After the French and Indian War and the Pontiac’s War, Britain was deeply in debt. As a result: Taxes paid by citizens in Britain rose sharply. British prime minister, George Grenville, decided that colonist in North America should help share the burden. Colonist are expected to serve the colonial power. Grenville reasoned that the colonist would not oppose small tax increases.
- In 1764, Grenville asked Parliament to approve the Sugar Act, which put a new tax on molasses. Molasses was needed by the colonist to make RUM that they profited from makingAs a result of the Sugar Act, most colonial merchants simply avoided the tax by smuggling molasses into the colonies. Often, they bribed tax collectors to look the other way. The Sugar Act made it easier for British officials to bring colonial smugglers to trial.
- Grenville also persuaded Parliament to pass the Stamp Act of 1765.The act placed new taxes on legal documents such as: willsDiplomasMarriage paperNewspapersAlmanacsPlaying cardsDiceAll items named in the law had to carry a stamp showing that the tax had been paid Stamp taxes were used in Britain and other countries to raise money.
- Colonist replied that the Stamp Act taxes were unjust. The taxes, they claimed, went against the principle that there should be no taxations without representation. That principle was rooted in English tradition dating back to the magna Carta. Colonist insisted that only they or their elected representatives had the right to pass taxes. Since the colonist did not elect representatives to Parliament, Parliament had no right to tax them. The colonist were willing to pay taxes…..Buy only if the taxes were passed by their own colonial legislatures.
- The Stamp act crisis united colonist from New Hampshire to Georgia. Critics of the law called for delegates from every colony to meet in New York City. These a congress would form to consider actions against the hated Stamp Act. In Oct. 1765, nine colonies sent delegate to what became known as the Stamp Act Congress. The delegated drew up petitions to King George III and to Parliament. The delegates rejected the Stamp Act and asserted that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies. Parliament paid little attention.
- Colonist took other steps to change the law. They joined together to boycott British goods. The boycott means to refuse to buy certain goods and services. The boycott of British goods took its toll. Trade fell off by 14 personBritish merchants complained that they were facing ruin. So, too, did British workers who made goods for the colonies. Finally, in 1766, Parliament repealed, or canceled, the Stamp Act. At the same time, however, it passed a law asserting that Parliament had the right to raise taxes in “all cases whatsoever”
- In May, 1767, Parliament responded the debate over taxing the colonies. In a fierce exchange, George Grenville, now a member of Parliament, clashed with Charles Townshend, the official in change of the British treasure.“You are cowards, you are afraid of the Americas, you dare not tax Americans?The next month, Parliament pass the Townshend Acts, which taxes goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. The taxes were low, but colonist still objected. The principle of the same Parliament did not have the right to tax them without their consent.
- The Townshend Act also set up new ways to collect taxes. Custom officials were sent to American post with orders to stop smuggling. Using legal documents know as writs of assistance, the officers would be allow to inspect a ship’s cargo without giving a reason. Colonist protested that the writs of assistance violated their rights as British citizens. Under British law, a government official would not search person’s property w/o a good reason for suspecting that the person had committed a crime.
- Colonist responded swiftly and strongly to the Townshend Acts. Colonist merchants and planters signed agreement promising to stop importing goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. The colonist hoped that the new boycott would win repeal of the Townshend Act. To Protest British policies, some angry colonist formed the Sons of Liberty. From Boston to Charleston, Sons of Liberty staged mock hangings of cloth of straw likeness, dress as British officials. The hangings were meant to show tax collectors what might happened to them if they tried to collect the unpopular taxes. Some women joined the Daughters of Liberty. They paraded, signed petitions, and organized a boycott of fine British cloth. They urged colonial women to raise more sheep, prepared more wool, and spin and weave their own cloth. Some Sons and Daughters of Liberty also used other methods to support their cause. The visited merchants and urged them to boycott British imports. A few event threatened people who continued to buy British goods.
- In New York, a dispute arose over the Quartering Act. Under that law, colonist had to provide housing, candles, bedding, and beverages to soldiers stationed in the colonies. Britain also send to military united to Boston to protect custom officials from local citizens. To many Bostonians, the soldiers were daily reminder that Britain was trying to buy them into paying unjust taxes. When British soldiers walked along the street of Boston, they risked insults or even beatings.
- On March 5, 1770, a crown gathered outside the Boston Customs house. Colonist shouted insults at the “Lobsterbacks” as they called the red-coated British who guarded the building. Then the Boston crowd began to throw snowballs, oyster shells, and chunks of ice at the soldiers. The crowd grew larger and rowdier. Suddenly, the soldiers panicked. They fired into the crown. When the smoke from the musket cleared, five people lay dead or dying. Colonist were quick to protect the incident, which they called the Boston Massacre.
- The soldiers were arrested and tried in court. John Adams agreed to defend them, saying that they deserved a fair trail. He wanted to show the world that the colonist believe in justice, even if the British govt. did not. At the trial, Adams argued that the crowd had provided the soldiers. His arguments convinced the jury. In the end, the heaviest punishment any soldiers received was a branding on the hand. Samuel Adams later started a letter-writing campaign by forming a committee of correspondence. Members of the committee regularly wrote letters and pamphlets reporting to other colonist on events in Mass. Within three months, there were 80 committees organized in Mass. Before long committee of correspondence became a major tool of protest in every colony.
- On the day of the Boston Massacre, a bill was introduced into Parliament to repealed most of the Townshend Acts. British merchants hared by the American boycott of British goods, had again pressured Parliament to end the taxesThe Quartering Act was repeal and most of the taxes that had angered the Americans were ended. However, King George III asked Parliament to keep the tax on Tea. News of the repeal delighted the colonist. Most people dismissed the remaining tax on tea as unimportant and ended their boycott of British goods. Yet the basic issue …Britain’s power to tax the colonist. .. Remained unsettled.
- Tea was tremendously popular in the colonies. By 1770, at least one million Americans brewed tea twice a day. They would rather go without their dinners than without their teaParliament Passes the Tea Act. Most of the tea was brought to the colonies by the British East India Company. The company bought tea in southern Asia, shipped it to the colonies, and then sold it to colonial tea merchants. To make a profit, the merchants sold the tea at a higher price than they had paid for it. In the 1700s’ however, the British East India Company found itself in deep financial trouble. The British Parliament had kept a tax on tax as a symbol of it right to tax the colonies. The tax was small one, but colonist resented it. Many of them refused to buy British tax. As a result more than 15 million pounds of tea sat unsold in British warehouse.
- Parliament tried to help the British East India Company by passing the Tea Act of 1773. The act let the company bypass the tea merchants and sell directly to colonists. Although colonists would still have to pay the tea tax, they would not have to pay the higher price charged by tea merchants. As a result, the tea itself would cost less than ever before.Parliament hoped this would encourage Americans to buy more British tea. To the surprise of Parliament, colonist protested the Tea Act. American tea merchants were angry because they had been but out of the tea trade. They believed that forcing Americans to buy tea thought the British East India Co. violated the Americans right to conduct free enterprise. (capitalism)Even tea drinkers, who would have benefited from the law, didn’t like the Tea Act. They believed that it was a British trick to make them accept Parliament’s right to tax the colonies.
- Once again, colonists responded to the new tax with a boycott. Daughters of Liberty and women led the boycott. They served coffee or made “liberty tea” from raspberry leaves. At some ports, Sons of Liberty enforced the boycott by keeping the British East India Co. from unloading cargoes of tea.
- Three ships loaded with tea reached Boston harbor in late Nov. 1773. The colonist governor of Mass. Thomas Hutchinson, insisted that they unload their cargo as usual. Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty had other plans. On the night of Dec. 16, they met in Old South Meetinghouse. They sent a message to the governor, demanding that the ships leave the harbor. When the governor rejected the demand, Adams stood up and declared, “This meeting can do nothing further to save the country” Adam’s words seemed to be a signal. As if on cue, a group of men in Indian disguises burst into the meetinghouse. From the gallery above, voices cried, “Boston harbor a teapot tonight! The Mohawks are coming!”The disguised colonists left the meetinghouse and headed for the harbor. Others joined them along the way. Under a nearly full moon, the men boarded the ship, split open the tea chest, and dumped the tea into the harbor. By 10PM, the Boston Tea Party, as it was later called, was over. The contents of 342 chests of tea floated in Boston Harbor.
- Colonist had mixed reactions to the Boston Tea Party.Some cheered it as a firm protest against unfair British laws. Others worried that it would encourage chaos or free-for-all in the colonies. The British were outraged by what they saw as Boston’s lawless behavior. In 1774, Parliament, encouraged by King George III, acted to punish Mass. Colonists called the four laws they passed the Intolerable Acts because they were so harsh. 1st Parliament shut down the port of Boston. No ships could enter or leave the harbor…..NOT even a small boat. Harbor would remain closed until colonist paid for the tea they destroyed in the harbor and repay British official for damage to person property. 2nd. Parliament forbade Mass colonist to hold town meetings more than once a year w/o governors' permission. In past, colonists could meet whenever they wished. 3rd. Parliament allowed custom officers and other officials who might be charged with major crimes to be tried in Britain or Canada instead of Mass. Colonists argued that a dishonest official could break the law in the colonies and avoid punishment. 4th. Parliament passed a new Quartering Act. No longer would redcoats camp in tents on Boston Common. Instead, colonists would have to house British colonists in their homes.
- Committee of Correspondence spread news of Intolerable Acts to other colonies. They warned that the people of Boston faced hunger while their ports were closed. People from other colonies responded quickly Carts from different colonist brought rice, corn, flour etc. In the Virginia assemble, Thomas Jefferson suggested that a day be set set to make the shame of the Intolerable Acts. Governor of Virginia rejected the idea. The colonist went ahead anyways on June 1, 1774, church bells rang slowly. Merchants closed their shops. Many colonists prayed and fasted all day.
- In Sept. 1774, colonial leaders called a meeting in Philadelphia. The delegates from 12 colonies gathered in what because known as the First Continental Congress. Only George didn’t not send delegates. After much debate, the delegates passed a resolution backing Massachusetts in its struggle. They agreed to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerable Acts Acts were repealed. The delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia. DEF: a Militia is an army of citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency. Before leaving Philadelphia, the delegates agree to meet again in May 1775. Little did they suspect that before then, an incident in Mass would change the fate of the colonists forever.
- In Mass, colonists were already preparing to resist. Newspapers called on citizens to prevent what they called, “the Massacre of American Liberty”. Volunteers known as minutemen trained regularly. Minutemen got their name because they kept their muskets at hand and were prepared to fight at a minutes’ notice. In towns near Boston, minutemen collected weapons and gunpowder. Meanwhile, Britain built up its forces. More troops arrived in Boston., bringing the total number of British soldiers in that city of 4,000.