This PowerPoint presentation provides an introduction to the U.S. Constitution, focusing on the Philadelphia Convention, the Constitution's core principles (federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, etc.), and the ratification debates between the Federalists and the Antifederalists. For more PowerPoint presentations and instructional materials, visit www.tomrichey.net!

1. The U.S. Constitution
Framing, Principles, & Ratification

2. USHC 1.4
Analyze how dissatisfactions with the
government under the Articles of
Confederation were addressed with the
writing of the Constitution of 1787,
including the debates and compromises
reached at the Philadelphia Convention
and the ratification of the Constitution.

3. Stated Purpose:
Amend the Articles
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy.

4. Statistics From the 1790 Census
State
Population
Percentage
of Total
Regional
Population
Number of
Slaves
Percentage of
Population
New Hampshire 141,885 4% 158 0%
Massachusetts 378,787 10% 0 0%
Connecticut 237,946 7% 2,759 1%
Rhode Island 68,825 2% 152 0%
NEW ENGLAND 23% 827,443
New Jersey 184,139 5% 11,423 6%
New York 340,120 9% 21,324 6%
Pennsylvania 434,373 12% 3,737 1%
MIDDLE STATES 958,632
NORTH OF MASON/DIXON LINE 49% 1,786,075 39,853 6%
Delaware 59,096 2% 8,887 15%
Maryland 319,728 9% 103,036 32%
Virginia 747,610 20% 293,427 39%
North Carolina 393,751 11% 100,572 26%
South Carolina 249,073 7% 107,094 43%
Georgia 82,548 2% 29,264 35%
SOUTHERN STATES 51% 1,851,806 642,280 94%
TOTAL POPULATION 3,637,881 SLAVE POPULATION 681,833 15%
Sources: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004986.html
http://manyeyes.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/visualizations/slave-population-of-us-states-and-te

5. new jersey plan
William
Paterson
Unicameral
Legislature
One Vote
Per State
VIRGINIA PLAN
James
Madison
Bicameral
Legislature
Based on
POPULATION
View Census Data

6. Hamilton’s Plan
The convention heard his
plan, but did not debate it.
For a national government
Hamilton
State Sovereignty

7. “GREAT COMPROMISE”
Roger Sherman (CT)
House of
Representatives
Lower House
Senate
Upper House
Based on POPULATION Two Votes Per State
Elected by Voters
(DIRECT)
Appointed by
State Legislatures
(INDIRECT)
View
Census
Data

8. QUESTION:
Should slaves be counted
for purposes of
representation in the
lower house of Congress?
Consider the interests of your
assigned state when answering.
View Census Data

9. The “Three-Fifths” Compromise
A “Not So Great” Compromise
FOR THE SOUTH FOR THE NORTH
For purposes of
representation in
Congress, slaves would
count for 3/5 of a person.
After 20 years, Congress
has the power to regulate
(or outlaw) the
international slave trade.

10. Electoral College
• # of Electors = Senators + Representatives
• Effect of 3/5 Compromise?
Each state will send electors
to cast votes for President.

12. Source: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/

13. Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com...electoral.college.map.2012.v.final.gif

15. The
Articles
States
Federal
States
States
1 Vote Per State
2/3
UNANIMOUS
The
Constitution
Shared
Federal
Federal & State
Federal (Interstate)
State (Intrastate)
Proportional (House)
Two Each (Senate)
Concurrent Majority +
President’s Signature
2/3 + 3/4
A COMPARISON
Sovereignty?
Foreign Relations?
Taxation?
Commerce
& Trade?
Representation?
To Legislate?
To Amend?

16. Limiting the Government
BACK
to Table of Contents
USHC 1.5
Explain how the fundamental
principle of limited government is
protected by the Constitution and
the Bill of Rights, including
democracy, republicanism,
federalism, the separation of
powers, the system of checks and
balances, and individual rights.
Federalism
Checks and
Balances
The Bill
of Rights

17. FEDERALISM
Delegated Powers
Powers given to the Federal Government
Reserved Powers
Powers kept by the states and people
Concurrent (Shared) Powers
Powers shared by both levels of gov.
Sovereignty is constitutionally divided
between a central authority and states.

18. From The Federalist, No. 45
The powers delegated by the
proposed Constitution to the
federal government, are few and
defined. Those which are to remain
in the State governments are
numerous and indefinite.
The former will be exercised principally on
external objects, as war, peace, negotiation,
and foreign commerce… The powers reserved
to the several States will extend to all the
objects which… concern the lives, liberties,
and properties of the people…
Source: http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa45.htm
MADISON

19. Federal States

20. Federal
[Delegated]
State
[Reserved]
Federalism
AMENDMENT X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to
the states respectively, or to the people.
Concurrent
View
Completed
Chart
Graphic Organizer 3.3

21. Federalist
39 NATIONAL FEDERAL
Ratification
Congress
Electoral
College
Operation
of the
government
Powers
of the
government
Amendments

22. Separation of Powers
Montesquieu
–French Philosopher
–The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
Montesquieu
THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
LEGISLATIVE
(Congress)
EXECUTIVE
(President)
JUDICIAL
(Courts)

23. Power
Which Branch Has The
Power?
Which Branch's Power
is Being Checked?
(Could be more than one)
1) Create and pass legislation.
2) Veto bills.
3) Ratify treaties.
4) Appoint Federal judges.
5) Impeachment of federal officials.
6) Confirm presidential appointments.
7) Declare laws unconstitutional.
8) Override Presidential Vetoes.
9) Judges are appointed for life.
10) Controls appropriations of money.
Graphic Organizer 3.4

24. The Veto
• From Latin: “I Forbid”
• President checks Congress’ legislative power
• 2/3 Vote of Both Houses to Override
– 1845 – First Veto Overridden

25. View
Completed
Chart
Graphic Organizer 3.4
VETO

26. Ratifying the Constitution
1787-1788 USHC 1.4
Analyze how dissatisfactions with the
government under the Articles of
Confederation were addressed with the
writing of the Constitution of 1787,
including the debates and
compromises reached at the
Philadelphia Convention and the
ratification of the Constitution.

27. Federalists Antifederalists
Supported Opposed
Ratification (Approval)

28. A Federal Process
– State Conventions
– Legislatures
– States necessary to ratify:
______
• Interactive Ratification Map
Ratification

29. Leading Antifederalists
Patrick
Henry
(VA)
Samuel
Adams
(MA)
Richard
Henry Lee
(VA)
George
Clinton
(NY)

30. Antifederalist Pseudonyms
Brutus Federal Farmer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms_used_in_the_American_constitutional_debates

31. Antifederalist Positions
Fears Platform
Tyranny
“Special Interests”
Aristocracy
Excessive Taxation
Autocratic Government
Term Limits
(Rotation in Office)
Bill of Rights
States’ Rights
Federal Taxation
Recall
Agrarianism

32. The Federalist
(aka, The Federalist Papers)
James
Madison
Alexander
Hamilton
John
Jay

33. Federalist Positions
Fears Platform
“The Mob”
Unstable Government
Rebellions
Civil War
Humiliation Abroad
Strong Central
Government
National Greatness
Commerce
Bill of Rights

34.  One of the First Consuls of the Roman
Republic
 Valerius saves the Republic
 Cognomen Publicola,
 “The People’s Friend”

35. The Ratification Debate
Federalists
Antifederalists
Reservationists Irreconcilables
Ratify
Constitution
“as is”
Ratify
Constitution
with
Amendments
(i.e., Bill of Rights)
Don’t
Ratify
Constitution

36. The Federal Pillars
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/ratification/federalpillars.html

37. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/s1.html

38. Ratification of the Constitution
Date State
Votes
Yes No
1 December 7, 1787 Delaware 30 0
2 December 12, 1787 Pennsylvania 46 23
3 December 18, 1787 New Jersey 38 0
4 January 2, 1788 Georgia 26 0
5 January 9, 1788 Connecticut 128 40
6 February 6, 1788 Massachusetts 187 168
7 April 28, 1788 Maryland 63 11
8 May 23, 1788 South Carolina 149 73
9 June 21, 1788 New Hampshire 57 47
10 June 25, 1788 Virginia 89 79
11 July 26, 1788 New York 30 27
12 November 21, 1789 North Carolina 194 77
13 May 29, 1790 Rhode Island 34 32

39. • Partly National, Partly Federal
– State Conventions
– Legislatures
– States necessary to ratify:
______
• Interactive Ratification Map
Ratification

41. THE BILL OF RIGHTS
1ST Speech, Press, Assembly, Religion, Petition [Expression]
2ND Bear Arms
3RD Quartering Troops in Peacetime
4TH Unreasonable Searches and Seizures
5TH Rights of Accused Persons Self-Incrimination
6TH Speedy and Public Trial / Right to Counsel (Criminal)
7TH Trial By Jury in Civil Suits
8TH Cruel and Unusual Punishments Excessive Bails
9TH Protection of Un-enumerated Rights
10TH Powers of States and People