1. School Counseling
PowerPoint produced by Melinda Haley, M.S., New Mexico State University.
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2. History and Development of School Counseling
• School Counseling began as a vocational guidance movement
and emerged from the Industrial Revolution.
• 1895 George Merrill began to experiment with vocational
guidance at the California School of Mechanical Arts in San
Francisco.
• Jesse B. Davis is thought to be the first to implement a
systematic guidance system in public schools.
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3. History and Development of School Counseling
• Eli Weaver: In 1908, he organized guidance services for the city
of New York.
• Frank Goodwin: In 1911, he organized a system wide guidance
program for the schools of Cincinnati.
• Anna Y. Reed: Developed a guidance program in the city of
Seattle in the early 1900’s, which focused on employability of
students.
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4. History and Development of School Counseling
Frank Parsons the “Father of Guidance.”
Stressed the scientific approach to selecting a career.
In selecting a vocation:
•One must have a clear self-understanding of one’s
aptitudes, abilities, interests, resources and limitations.
• Knowledge of the requirements, advantages, and
disadvantages of different employment.
• An understanding of how these two are related.
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5. History and Development of School Counseling
Emergence of Guidance and Counseling in the Schools
Before WWII
• Intelligence Testing (Binet, Terman and Otis).
• Progressive education (John Dewey).
• Psychological trait measurement (E. G.
Williamson).
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6. History and Development of School Counseling
Emergence of Guidance and Counseling in the Schools
World War II to the Space Age:
• Carl Rogers
• Governmental Influence (Veterans Administration, George
Bearden Act, Sputnik I, National Defense Education Act).
• Organizational Changes and Professional Influences
The development of professional organizations.
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7. History and Development of School Counseling
Emergence of Guidance and Counseling in the Schools
Post 1960’s:
• Development of technology
• Changing roles of women and families
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act
•“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”
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8. History and Development of School Counseling
Emergence of Guidance and Counseling in the Schools
Post 1960’s:
• Redefining the role of the school counselor
• Education Act for All Handicapped Children of 1975
• Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
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9. School Counseling Presentation Resources
Schmidt, J. J. (2003). Counseling in schools: Essential services
and comprehensive programs, 4th ed. Boston, MA.: Allyn &
Bacon.
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