Multi-dimensional measures of Servant-Leaders

Science of Servant-
Leadership and Needs
in a Global Perspective

© 2010 Dr. Inge Nuijten

Several questions I hope
you’re able to answer…
- How can we recognize servant-leaders?
- How can research help practice? and VV?
- How can research help students? and VV?
- How can research help education? and VV?


“… When an idea becomes popular I have to let go
and move on to something else. But you’ve held
on to the spirit of servant-leadership, you’ve kept
it vague and indefinable, which I think is a great
strategic advantage. People can come every year
to figure out what the hell this is. And by not
answering, they’re forced to come next year…”
Peter Block (ISLC, 2005)


Servant-leadership theory
“Organizational goals will be achieved on a long
term basis only by first facilitating the growth,
development, and general well-being of the
individuals who comprise the organization”
Stone, Russell, & Patterson (2004)


“The servant leader is servant first. It begins with the natural feeling that
one wants to serve. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead.
The difference manifests itself in the care taken by the servant-first to
make sure other people’s highest-priority needs are being served.
The best test is this: Do those served grow as persons;
do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more
autonomous, more likely themselves to become servants?”
(Greenleaf, 1970)


Can we define/find key denominators?

What is really important?
What is servant-leadership?


The best test is…

The ‘basic psychological needs’
(Ryan & Deci, 2004):
Autonomie
Binding
Competentie


Self-determination theory

Investigating people’s inherent
growth tendencies and innate
psychological needs that are the basis
of their self-motivation, personality
integration, and personal well-being
(Ryan & Deci, 2000).


Self-determination theory
The basic psychological needs have been related to, i.e.:

- self-esteem, creativity, conceptual learning, and
achievement (Ilies, Morgeson, & Nahrgan, 2005);

- engagement, productivity, and wellness (Ryan & Deci,
2006).


Another universal ‘need’

TRUST
“It is almost impossible to deliver good
performance without trust, because if trust
is gone passion is replaced by fear”


The Role of Trust

Trust is important for different organizational
outcomes: satisfaction, commitment, turnover
intentions, performance (Dirks & Ferrin, 2002).

Leader’s support for self-determination has been linked to
trust (Deci, Connell, & Ryan, 1989).


Interesting to study…

Servant- Basic psychological
Trust
Leadership needs


But…

What is servant-leadership?


Larry Spears
Ten characteristics of servant leadership

1. Listening
2. Empathy
3. Healing
4. Awareness
5. Persuasion
6. Conceptualization
7. Foresight
8. Stewardship
9. Commitment to the growth of people
10. Building community


Available theory and measures…
• Graham, 1990
• Laub, 1999
• Page & Wong, 2000
• Russell & Stone, 2002
• Patterson, 2003
• Ehrhart, 2004
• Dennis & Bocarnea, 2005
• Barbuto & Wheeler, 2006


Empowerment

Empowerment : a motivational concept focused
on enabling people (Conger, 2000),

Showing confidence in the follower’s integrity,
ability and motivation, and attending to the
follower’s feelings and needs (Bass, 2000).


Humility
Humility is the ability to look at one’s own
accomplishments and talents in their proper
perspective (Patterson, 2003).

Rowatt et al. (2006) characterize humility as:
down-to-earth and intellectually open,
respectful, willing to admit imperfections, and a
lack of self-focus or self-serving biases.


Interesting to study…

Empowerment Autonomy

Trust Relatedness

Humility Competence


Results Study 1


Results Study 2

Note. The hypothesized paths are all significant p < .011


Performance?


2 December 2009: Toro Announces
20 Percent Increase in
Regular Quarterly Dividend

Hypothesis

Servant-
Performance
Leadership


Results Study 3

F(2, 140) = 3.77,
p= .03, ηp2 = .05


But what is
servant-leadership?


Humility


Accountability


Stewardship


Standing back

"Van een schouderklopje heeft nog nooit iemand
een blessure opgelopen!" _ Foppe de Haan


Authenticity


“A servant-leader has moral
character, the wisdom to foresee
what’s needed, the ability meet
the needs of others and the
courage to act on that.”


Several questions to discuss
- How can we share our knowledge worldwide?
- How can we improve research? (needs?)
- How can we improve education? (needs?)
- How can we best help society? (needs?)
- How can we best help future generations?


Dank u wel!
Als u (onderzoeks)vragen heeft:
www.ingenuijten.nl
E-mail: IngeSPT@gmail.com


Multi-dimensional measures of Servant-Leaders

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